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Furia (fungus)

{{Short description|Genus of fungi}}

{{other uses|Furia (disambiguation)}}

{{Automatic taxobox

| image = Snipe Fly Killer Fungus (33989146430).jpg

| image_caption = Furia ithacensis on a Rhagio mystaceus male. Rock Creek Park, Washington, DC, USA.

| taxon = Furia

| authority = R. A. Humber, 1989 Humber, R. A. 1989. Mycotaxon 34, 441-460.

| subdivision_ranks = Species

| subdivision =

| synonyms = Zoophthora subgen. Furia, A. Batko, 1966

}}

Furia is a genus of fungi within the family of Entomophthoraceae.{{cite journal |first1=Carolyn |last1=Elya |first2=Henrik H. |last2=De Fine Licht |title=The genus Entomophthora: bringing the insect destroyers into the twenty-first century & |journal=IMA Fungus |date=12 November 2021 |volume=12 |issue=34|page=34 |doi=10.1186/s43008-021-00084-w |pmid=34763728 |pmc=8588673 |doi-access=free }} This has been supported by molecular phylogenetic analysis (Gryganskyi et al. 2012).Gryganskyi AP, Humber RA, Smith ME et al (2012) Molecular phylogeny of the Entomophthoromycota. Mol Phylogenet Evol 65:682–694. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2012.07.026

Originally created in 1966 by Polish mycologist Andrzej Batko (1933-1997), as a subgenus of Zoophthora, The genus name of Furia is derived from the Latin furia - this is due to stress the destructive effect of the epizootic of this type species of the subgenus in populations of Lepidoptera caterpillars.Batko, A. 1966. Acta Mycologica, 2, 15-21. American mycologist Richard A. Humber raised Furia to the generic level.

Distribution

It has been recorded being found mainly in America and Europe (especially in Great Britain) also Spain,H.R. Engelmann (J. Cramer, Editor) {{google books|x0IlAQAAMAAJ|Nova Hedwigia, Volume 73; Volume 73 (2001)|page=167}} with a few sparse discoveries world wide,{{cite web |title=Furia (A.Batko) Humber, 1989 |url=https://www.gbif.org/species/2559967 |website=www.gbif.org |access-date=30 December 2022 |language=en}} such as Mexico,{{cite journal |last1=Sanchez-Pena |first1=Sergio R. |title=Entomopathogens from two Chihuahuan desert localities in Mexico, Projects: Fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, in north-eastern Mexico |journal=BioControl |date=April 2000 |volume=45 |issue=1 |pages=63–78 |doi=10.1023/A:1009915308907|s2cid=6876392 }} and Brazil.{{cite journal |last1=Leite |first1=Luis G. |last2=Alves |first2=Sérgio B. |last3=Batista Filho |first3=Antonio |last4=Roberts |first4=Donald W. |title=Effect of salts, vitamins, sugars and nitrogen sources on the growth of three genera of Entomophthorales: Batkoa, Furia, and Neozygites |journal=Mycol Res |date=July 2003 |volume=107 |issue=7 |pages=872–8 |doi=10.1017/s0953756203007974|pmid=12967215 }} In Poland and Austria, and a few other parts of Europe, the presence of the fungus Furia shandongensi {{Au|W.M. Wang, W.H. Lu & Z.Z. Li (1994)}} has been found on earwigs.{{cite journal |last1=Tkaczyk |first1=Cezary |last2=Bałazy |first2=Stanisław |last3=Krzyczkowski |first3=Tomasz |last4=Wegensteiner |first4=Rudolf |title=Extended studies on the diversity of arthropod-pathogenic fungi in Austria and Poland |journal=Acta Mycologica |date=2011 |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=211–222 |doi=10.5586/am.2011.014|doi-access=free }}

Species notes

Furia ithacensis is a species of the pathogenic fungus in America that causes a fatal disease in flies, specifically snipe flies (Rhagio sp.). The infected 'zombified' fly-host makes its a journey to some vegetation, normally the underside of a leaf and most often during the evening hours. By morning, the fly will already have been dead for hours. Its fungus-ridden cadaver will be perched on the leaf with its wings spread as though ready to take flight. Its dead body is bound to the leaf by hundreds of hyphae. The hyphae are specialized so that they grab the leaf with a strong sucker-like protrusions. The cadaver attracts new fly victims, especially searching males that are prompted by their sexual attraction to these flies. During the night, the fungus had been busy producing and expelling spores. These spores showered the environment surrounding the fly cadaver like fungal bullets of death. So, as curious flies and also males inspect the cadaver, they pick up the fungal spores, and the infection cycle starts again.{{cite web |first=Christine |last=Young |title=Furia ithacensis - Pathogenic Fungus on Snipe Fly (Rhagio sp.) - by Christine Young - JungleDragon |url=https://www.jungledragon.com/image/60993/furia_ithacensis_-_pathogenic_fungus_on_snipe_fly_rhagio_sp.html |website=www.jungledragon.com |access-date=30 December 2022 |language=en}}{{cite web |title=Snipe fly infected by a fungus, Furia ithacensis | website=YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bR5BZhDO5YM |access-date=30 December 2022 |language=en}}

The forest tent caterpillar (FTC), Malacosoma disstria {{Au|Hubner}} (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae), is a cyclic defoliator (leaf eater) of North American forests, including Florida,{{cite journal |last1=Samson |first1=Robert A. |last2=Nigg |first2=Herbert N. |title=Furia crustosa, Fungal Pathogen of Forest Tent Caterpillar in Florida |journal=The Florida Entomologist |date=June 1992 |volume=75 |issue=2 |pages=280–284|doi=10.2307/3495633 |jstor=3495633 }} and from Maryland and New York (state). Furia crustosa is now classed as a synonym of Furia gastropachae.{{cite journal |last1=Filotas |first1=Melanie J. |last2=Hajek |first2=Ann E. |last3=Humber |first3=Richard A. |title=Prevalence and biology of Furia gastropachae (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales) in populations of forest tent caterpillar (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) |journal=The Canadian Entomologist |date=2 April 2012 |volume=135 |issue=3 |pages=359–378 |doi=10.4039/n02-004 |publisher=Cambridge University Press|s2cid=85393118 }} The fungus Furia gastropachae {{Au|(Racib.) S. Keller}} has long been associated with FTC population decline. The species of fungus rarely infects species outside the genus Malacosoma. In 2002, Resting spores were observed even within the cadavers infected by other resting spores, a phenomenon not previously observed among the Entomophthorales. This allows the fungus to initiate cycles of secondary infection via conidia'. Also, host infection by resting spores was highest at intermediate levels of soil moisture. Infection of fourth instar larvae by resting spores and conidia was maximized at cooler temperatures (of 10 to 20 °C).{{cite web |last1=Filotas |first1=Melanie Jacqueline |title=Biology and Ecology of Furia Gastropachae a Fungal Pathogen of the Forest Tent Caterpillar Malacosoma Disstria |url=https://youbookinc.com/pdf/biology-and-ecology-of-furia-gastropachae-a-fungal-pathogen-of-the-forest-tent-caterpillar-malacosoma-disstria/ |access-date=30 December 2022 |date=2002}}

Furia vomitoriae affects bluebottle flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae). It forms masses of conidiophores erupting through the intersegmental areas (or clear bands) on the abdominal dorsum of the flies in Mexico.

Furia virescens {{Au|(Thaxt.) Humber}} infects moth species of Agrotis, causing black, shrivelled larva and Furia montana infects adult two-winged flies of the species Dipters.{{cite web |title=Furia virescens (an entomophagous fungus) |url=https://www.bioinfo.org.uk/html/Furia_virescens.htm |website=www.bioinfo.org.uk |access-date=30 December 2022}}{{cite journal |last1=Waterhouse |first1=G.M. |last2=Brady |first2=B.L. |title=Key to the Species of Entomophthora sensu lato |journal=Bull. Br. Mycol. Soc. |date=1982 |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=113–143|doi=10.1016/S0007-1528(82)80006-0 }}

Species

As accepted by Species Fungorum;{{cite web |title=Furia - Search Page |url=http://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/Names.asp?strGenus=Furia |website=www.speciesfungorum.org |publisher=Species Fungorum |access-date=29 December 2022}}

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{{div col end}}

Former species; (all family Entomophthoraceae)

  • F. crustosa {{Au|(D.M. MacLeod & Tyrrell) Humber (1989)}} = Furia gastropachae
  • F. gloeospora {{Au|(Vuill.) Z.Z. Li, B. Huang & M.Z. Fan (1997)}} = Pandora gloeospora
  • F. triangularis {{Au|(Villac. & Wilding) Z.Z. Li, M.Z. Fan & B. Huang (1998)}} = Erynia triangularis

References

{{Reflist}}

External links

  • {{cite web |url=https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-sciarid-fly-larva-lycoriella-auripila-killed-by-entomopthora-fungus-49319170.html |title=Sciarid fly larva Lycoriella auripila killed by entomopthora fungus Furia sciarae}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q17376154}}

Category:Entomophthorales

Category:Fungus genera