Gökçeler relief

{{Infobox artefact

| name = Gökçeler relief

| image = 270px

| image_caption = The Gökçeler relief, in Akhisar Museum, Turkey

| material =

| size =

| writing =

| created = 5th century BCE

| discovered = Gökçeler,Akhisar Manisa, Turkey
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| location = Akhisar Museum, Turkey

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{{Location map|Turkey#West_Asia

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|float = center

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|relief = yes

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|label = Gökçeler

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|position = right

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|lat_deg = 38

|lat_min = 34

|lat_sec = 25.33

|lat_dir = N

|lon_deg = 27

|lon_min = 17

|lon_sec = 10.29

|lon_dir = E

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The Gökçeler relief is an Achaemenid-era tomb relief made in the Anatolian-Persian style. It was found in 2004 in the village of Gökçeler in Manisa Province of present-day Turkey.{{sfn|Çevirici-Coşkun|2018|page=119-120, 128}} The area of discovery corresponds to the northern part of the historic region of Lydia, at a time when it was a satrapy (province) of the Achaemenid Persian Empire.{{sfn|Çevirici-Coşkun|2018|page=119}} The relief is made out of limestone and measures 1.79m × 0.55m × 0.25m. The relief is a "distinctive product of the artistic synthesis classified as Graeco-Persian or Anatolian-Persian".{{sfn|Çevirici-Coşkun|2018|page=128}} It was created between the late 6th century and early 5th century BC.{{sfn|Çevirici-Coşkun|2018|page=124}} It may be used as "yet further evidence for the presence of Persians in the region".{{sfn|Çevirici-Coşkun|2018|page=128}}

According to Figen Çevirici-Coşkun in Anatolian Studies, the relief probably depicts an African male figure presenting gifts to the tomb owner, the latter perhaps being a Persian noble or a non-Persian noble serving the Persians, who had adopted Persian cultural habits.{{sfn|Çevirici-Coşkun|2018|page=127}} The African figure was either a servant or friend of the tomb owner.{{sfn|Çevirici-Coşkun|2018|page=127}} Çevirici-Coşkun notes that this does not come as a surprise, as the Achaemenid Empire was multi-ethnic and the Persians lived together with other nations.{{sfn|Çevirici-Coşkun|2018|page=127}} Furthermore, archaeological data from Sardis (the capital of the Lydian satrapy) and Dascylium (the capital of the Hellespontine Phrygia satrapy) has shown the existence of cosmopolitan populations in these important satrapy centres.{{sfn|Çevirici-Coşkun|2018|page=127}} According to Elspeth R. M. Dusinberre, the figure remains ambiguous, and could also be a woman, although women are not generally depicted in Persian relief sculptures.{{cite book |last1=Dusinberre |first1=Elspeth R. M. (University of Colorado Boulder) |title=Empire, Authority, and Autonomy in Achaemenid Anatolia |date=2013 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-08755-1 |page=164 |url=https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139087551.006 |language=en |chapter=Dealing with the Dead|doi=10.1017/CBO9781139087551.006 }}

In terms of iconography, the gifts presented by the figure are "western Anatolian and Greek in origin", however, the clothing he wears are "clearly of Persian influence".{{sfn|Çevirici-Coşkun|2018|page=128}} The work is unique as it is, to date, the only known Anatolian-Persian sculptural work discovered in Anatolia depicting an African figure.{{sfn|Çevirici-Coşkun|2018|page=128}} The work testifies to the "multiracial social structure of the Lydia region during the late sixth to early fifth century BC".{{sfn|Çevirici-Coşkun|2018|page=128}} The stele is located in the Akhisar Museum.{{sfn|Çevirici-Coşkun|2018|page=119}}