G12/G13 alpha subunits

{{cs1 config|name-list-style=vanc}}

{{Short description|InterPro Family}}

{{DISPLAYTITLE:G₁₂/G₁₃ alpha subunits}}

{{infobox protein

|Name= guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein) alpha 12

|caption=

|image=

|width=

|HGNCid=4380

|Symbol=GNA12

|AltSymbols=

|EntrezGene=2768

|OMIM=604394

|RefSeq=NM_007353

|UniProt=Q03113

|PDB=

|ECnumber=

|Chromosome=7

|Arm=p

|Band=22.3

|LocusSupplementaryData=

}}

{{infobox protein

|Name=guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein), alpha 13

|caption=

|image=

|width=

|HGNCid=4381

|Symbol=GNA13

|AltSymbols=

|EntrezGene=10672

|OMIM=604406

|RefSeq=NM_006572

|UniProt=Q14344

|PDB=

|ECnumber=

|Chromosome=17

|Arm=q

|Band=24

|LocusSupplementaryData=

}}

G₁₂/G₁₃ alpha subunits are alpha subunits of heterotrimeric G proteins that link cell surface G protein-coupled receptors primarily to guanine nucleotide exchange factors for the Rho small GTPases to regulate the actin cytoskeleton.{{cite journal |vauthors=Dhanasekaran N, Dermott JM | title = Signaling by the G12 class of G proteins | journal = Cell. Signal. | volume = 8 | issue = 4 | pages = 235–45 | year = 1996 | pmid = 8842523 | doi = 10.1016/0898-6568(96)00048-4 }} Together, these two proteins comprise one of the four classes of G protein alpha subunits.{{cite journal |vauthors=Strathmann MP, Simon MI | title = G alpha 12 and G alpha 13 subunits define a fourth class of G protein alpha subunits | journal = Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. | volume = 88 | issue = 13 | pages = 5582–6 | year = 1991 | pmid = 1905812 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.88.13.5582 | pmc = 51921 | bibcode = 1991PNAS...88.5582S | doi-access = free }} G protein alpha subunits bind to guanine nucleotides and function in a regulatory cycle, and are active when bound to GTP but inactive and associated with the G beta-gamma complex when bound to GDP.{{cite journal |last1=Gilman |first1=AG |date=1987 |title= G proteins: transducers of receptor-generated signals |journal= Annual Review of Biochemistry |volume=56 |pages=615–649 |doi=10.1146/annurev.bi.56.070187.003151 |pmid=3113327 }}{{cite journal |last1=Rodbell |first1=M |date=1995 |title=Nobel Lecture: Signal transduction: Evolution of an idea |journal=Bioscience Reports |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=117–133 |doi=10.1007/bf01207453 |pmid=7579038 |s2cid=11025853 |pmc=1519115 }} G₁₂/G₁₃ are not targets of pertussis toxin or cholera toxin, as are other classes of G protein alpha subunits.{{cite journal |vauthors=Harhammer R, Nürnberg B, Harteneck C, Leopoldt D, Exner T, Schultz G | title = Distinct biochemical properties of the native members of the G₁₂ G-protein subfamily. Characterization of G alpha 12 purified from rat brain | journal = Biochem. J. | volume = ( Pt 1) | pages = 165–71 | series = 319 | year = 1996 | issue = Pt 1 | pmid = 8870664 | doi = 10.1042/bj3190165| url = http://www.biochemj.org/bj/319/bj3190165.htm | pmc = 1217750 }}

G proteins G₁₂ and G₁₃ regulate actin cytoskeletal remodeling in cells during movement and migration, including cancer cell metastasis.{{cite journal |vauthors=Wang D, Tan YC, Kreitzer GE, Nakai Y, Shan D, Zheng Y, Huang XY | title = G proteins G12 and G13 control the dynamic turnover of growth factor-induced dorsal ruffles | journal = J. Biol. Chem. | volume = 281 | issue = 43 | pages = 32660–7 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16943201 | doi = 10.1074/jbc.M604588200 | doi-access = free }} G₁₃ is also essential for receptor tyrosine kinase-induced migration of fibroblast and endothelial cells.{{cite journal |vauthors=Shan D, Chen L, Wang D, Tan YC, Gu JL, Huang XY | title = The G protein G alpha(13) is required for growth factor-induced cell migration | journal = Dev. Cell | volume = 10 | issue = 6 | pages = 707–18 | year = 2006 | pmid = 16740474 | doi = 10.1016/j.devcel.2006.03.014 | doi-access = free }}