GAS5

Growth arrest-specific 5 is a non-protein coding RNA that in humans is encoded by the GAS5 gene.{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: growth arrest-specific 5 (non-protein coding)| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=60674}}{{Cite journal

| last1 = Smith | first1 = C. M.

| last2 = Steitz | first2 = J. A.

| title = Classification of gas5 as a multi-small-nucleolar-RNA (snoRNA) host gene and a member of the 5'-terminal oligopyrimidine gene family reveals common features of snoRNA host genes

| journal = Molecular and Cellular Biology

| volume = 18

| issue = 12

| pages = 6897–6909

| date=December 1998 | pmid = 9819378

| pmc = 109273

| url = | doi=10.1128/mcb.18.12.6897

}}

GAS5 noncoding RNA, which accumulates in growth arrested cells, acts as a decoy hormone response element for the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and hence blocks the upregulation of gene expression by activated GR.{{cite journal |vauthors=Kino T, Hurt DE, Ichijo T, Nader N, Chrousos GP | title = Noncoding RNA Gas5 Is a Growth Arrest and Starvation-Associated Repressor of the Glucocorticoid Receptor | journal = Sci Signal | volume = 3 | issue = 107 | pages = ra8 | year = 2010 | pmid = 20124551 | pmc = 2819218 | doi = 10.1126/scisignal.2000568 }}{{cite journal |vauthors=Garabedian MJ, Logan SK | title = Glucocorticoid receptor DNA binding decoy is a gas | journal = Sci Signal | volume = 3 | issue = 108 | pages = pe5 | year = 2010 | pmid = 20145207 | doi = 10.1126/scisignal.3108pe5 | s2cid = 21089519 }}

A number of studies have linked GAS5 to apoptosis and it may play a role in the progression of some types of cancer.{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/onc.2008.373 |vauthors=Mourtada-Maarabouni M, Pickard MR, Hedge VL, Farzaneh F, Williams GT |title=GAS5, a non-protein-coding RNA, controls apoptosis and is downregulated in breast cancer |journal=Oncogene |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=195–208 |year=2009 |pmid=18836484|doi-access= |s2cid=9209496 }}{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.cancergencyto.2008.01.013 |vauthors=Nakamura Y, Takahashi N, Kakegawa E, Yoshida K, Ito Y, Kayano H, Niitsu N, Jinnai I, Bessho M |title=The GAS5 (growth arrest-specific transcript 5) gene fuses to BCL6 as a result of t(1;3)(q25;q27) in a patient with B-cell lymphoma |journal=Cancer Genet Cytogenet |volume=182 |issue=2 |pages=144–9 |year=2008 |pmid=18406879}}{{cite journal |doi=10.1242/jcs.024646 |vauthors=Mourtada-Maarabouni M, Hedge VL, Kirkham L, Farzaneh F, Williams GT |title=Growth arrest in human T-cells is controlled by the non-coding RNA growth-arrest-specific transcript 5 (GAS5) |journal=J Cell Sci |volume=121 |issue=Pt 7 |pages=939–46 |year=2008 |pmid=18354083|doi-access= |s2cid=218512 }}

The GAS5 introns host several snoRNA sequences, including SNORD81, SNORD47, SNORD80, SNORD79, SNORD78, SNORD44, SNORD77, SNORD76, SNORD75 and SNORD74.{{cite journal |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2443.2000.00325.x |vauthors=Tanaka R, Satoh H, Moriyama M, Satoh K, Morishita Y, Yoshida S, Watanabe T, Nakamura Y, Mori S |title=Intronic U50 small-nucleolar-RNA (snoRNA) host gene of no protein-coding potential is mapped at the chromosome breakpoint t(3;6)(q27;q15) of human B-cell lymphoma |journal=Genes Cells |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=277–87 |year=2000 |pmid=10792466|doi-access=free }}{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0378-1119(00)00363-2 |vauthors=Raho G, Barone V, Rossi D, Philipson L, Sorrentino V |title=The gas 5 gene shows four alternative splicing patterns without coding for a protein |journal=Gene |volume=256 |issue=1–2 |pages=13–7 |year=2000 |pmid=11054530}}{{cite journal |doi=10.1073/pnas.231490998 |vauthors=Hirose T, Steitz JA |title=Position within the host intron is critical for efficient processing of box C/D snoRNAs in mammalian cells |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=98 |issue=23 |pages=12914–9 |year=2001 |pmid=11606788 |pmc=60799|bibcode=2001PNAS...9812914H |doi-access=free }} These intronic sequences are more conserved than the exons of the host gene, these sorts of genes are often called "inside-out genes".{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0959-437X(99)00022-2 |author=Eddy SR |title=Noncoding RNA genes |journal=Current Opinion in Genetics & Development |volume=9 |issue=6 |pages=695–9 |year=1999 |pmid=10607607}}

It was recently discovered that the nonsense-mediated degradation pathway can regulate the function of the GAS5 in mammalian cells.{{cite journal |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0055684 |vauthors=Tani H, Torimura M, Akimitsu N |title=The RNA degradation pathway regulates the function of GAS5 a non-coding RNA in mammalian cells |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=e556884 |year=2013 |pmid=23383264 |pmc=3559549|bibcode=2013PLoSO...855684T |doi-access=free }}

GAS5

References

Further reading