GLOBUS

Norway and the United States, both founding members of the newly-formed NATO, began cooperation on the GLOBUS project during the Cold War era of the 1950s. By 1988, the Globus I radar array was built and operational in the town of Vardø, just {{convert|50|km|mi|abbr=on}} from the border between Norway and the Soviet Union{{cite news |last1=Saradzhyan |first1=Simon |title=Russia Says U.S. Radar Violates ABM Treaty |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/archive/russia-says-us-radar-violates-abm-treaty |access-date=23 December 2020 |publisher=The Moscow Times |date=15 March 2000 }} and within visible range of the Kola Peninsula, which is known to contain high-security Russian naval bases. This came within the same year that the U.S. condemned the deployment of a large Soviet radar array near Krasnoyarsk, claiming that this violated the 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty.{{cite news |title=New Hard Line Ties A-Arms Cut, Razing of Soviet Radar Site |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-08-31-mn-1309-story.html |access-date=23 December 2020 |agency=United Press International |work=Los Angeles Times |date=31 August 1988}}

{{Infobox radar

| name = Globus II

| image = Globus ii 080603-F-1025B-011.jpg

| caption = Globus II in 2009

| country = U.S. (now in Norway)

| designer =

| manufacturer = Raytheon Company

| introdate = 1995

| number =

| type = Cassegrain feed antenna{{cite web |title=A GLOBUS II / HAVE STARE SOURCEBOOK |url=https://fas.org/spp/military/program/track/globusII.pdf |publisher=Federation of American Scientists |access-date=22 December 2020 |date=20 September 2013}}

| frequency = X band, 9.5 – 10.5 GHz

| PRF =

| beamwidth = <0.1°

| pulsewidth =

| RPM =

| range = {{convert|40000|km|mi|abbr=on}}

| altitude =

| diameter =

| height =

| width =

| azimuth =

| elevation =

| precision =

| power = 200 kW

| other names = HAVE STARE, AN/FPS-129

| related =

}}

Originally known as HAVE STARE, the Globus II radar was built by the Raytheon Company at Vandenberg Air Force Base, California and became operational in 1995. It is designated AN/FPS-129 according to the U.S. military's Joint Electronics Type Designation System, as it is the 129th design of an Army-Navy “Fixed, Radar, Search” electronic device.{{cite book|last=Winkler|first=David F.|title=Searching the Skies: The Legacy of the United States Cold War Defense Radar Program|chapter=Radar Systems Classification Methods|page=73|publisher=United States Air Force Headquarters Air Combat Command|location=Langley AFB, Virginia|year=1997|lccn=97020912|url=https://nuke.fas.org/guide/usa/airdef/1997-06-01955.pdf}} Although the cost of the radar is classified, it is believed to have cost more than US$100 million. In 1999 Raytheon moved the array to Vardø, Norway in fulfillment of a US$23.5 million contract with the U.S. Defense Department and operations resumed under Norwegian control in 2001.{{cite web |last1=Nilsen |first1=Thomas |title=Claims Vardø radar can be used in missile defence system |url=https://barentsobserver.com/en/security/claims-vardo-radar-can-be-used-missile-defence-system |publisher=The Barents Observer |access-date=23 December 2020 |date=17 November 2011}}

In 2016 construction began on a new array dubbed the Globus III to replace Globus I and work in concert with Globus II.{{cite news |url=https://forsvaret.no/aktuelt/ny-radar-i-vardoe |language=no |title=Modernisering av radaranlegget i Vardø |date=April 6, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170614173130/https://forsvaret.no/aktuelt/ny-radar-i-vardoe |archive-date=14 June 2017 |publisher=Norwegian Armed Forces}}{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/13/world/europe/arctic-norway-russia-radar.html |title=On a Tiny Norwegian Island, America Keeps an Eye on Russia |first=Andrew |last=Higgins |date=13 June 2017 |access-date=14 June 2017 |newspaper=The New York Times}} The new radar was estimated to cost US$121 million.{{cn|date=December 2020}} On 13 February 2018 it was reported that the local population felt misled about the size of the radar. The construction work was shrouded in secrecy, and many locals were critical, but they were reluctant to speak out because the project brought sorely needed employment to the community.{{cite news |last1=Wormdal |first1=Bård |title=Lokalbefolkningen raser mot feilinformasjon om ny topphemmelig radar |url=https://www.nrk.no/finnmark/lokalbefolkningen-raser-mot-feilinformasjon-om-ny-topphemmelig-radar-1.13901790 |work=NRK |date=13 February 2018 |language=no}} Testing was set to begin in autumn of 2018 with an expected operational date of 2022.

The site is administrated by NIS and operated by Norwegian personnel only. Their website officially states that the radar is used to:{{cite web |last1=Gulbrandsen |first1=Kim |title=Modernization of the radar system in Vardø |url=https://www.forsvaret.no/aktuelt-og-presse/arkiv/aktuelt/modernisering-av-radaranlegget-i-vardo |publisher=Norwegian Intelligence Service |access-date=20 July 2023 |language=no |date=6 April 2016}}

• Monitor, track and categorize objects in space
• Monitor our national area of interest in the north
• Carry out collection of data for national use in research and development

The installation is included as a dedicated sensor in the world-wide United States Space Surveillance Network for tracking objects orbiting Earth. Raytheon, the company that built Globus II, previously described it on their website as a radar "originally designed to collect intelligence data against ballistic missiles". The website has since been removed by request of the US DoD.{{cite web |author1=Raytheon Systems Company |author-link1=Raytheon |title=AN/FPS-129 HAVE STARE |url=https://www.armscontrol.ru/start/docs/HaveStareRaytheonWebPage.pdf |publisher=Center for Arms Control, Energy and Environmental Studies |access-date=27 May 2016 |date=15 November 1999}}{{cite journal |last=Sellevåg |first=Inge |title=Vardø Exposed |pages=26–29 |journal=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists |volume=56 |issue=2 |date=March–April 2000 |url=http://thebulletin.org/2000/march/national-missile-defense-vard%C3%B8-exposed |doi=10.1080/00963402.2000.11456939 |bibcode=2000BuAtS..56b..26S |s2cid=218769850 |access-date=2020-12-16 |archive-date=2014-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726034436/http://thebulletin.org/2000/march/national-missile-defense-vard%C3%B8-exposed |url-status=dead |url-access=subscription }}

In April 1998, a Norwegian journalist, Inge Sellevåg, from the daily newspaper Bergens Tidende discovered that NASA had no knowledge of a new radar being added to the system, despite the Globus II nearing operational condition. This led her to suspect it had other purposes, and Sellevåg discovered that it was also going to be used for national purposes such as intelligence gathering.

In 2000, during a storm, the radome was torn off and uncovered the Globus II radar dish. At that time it was pointing directly towards Russia. A local newspaper editor commented: "I'm not an expert, but I thought space was in the sky." Official comments claimed that the radar was still being tested and that it being pointed towards Russia was a pure coincidence. NIS official Tom Rykkin stated "if you use a small part of the brain, you know this also has an intelligence mission. ... In the intelligence business, there are certain things you don't make public. It is the nature of the business."{{cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB960245559833861741 |title=How A Storm Spread A Cold War Chill |first=Andrew |last=Higgins |date=6 June 2000 |work=The Wall Street Journal |access-date=3 September 2017}} The Russian Defense Ministry raised complaints that the radar installation violates the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty and were supported in this claim by missile defense expert Theodore Postol of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

In March 2017, nine Russian bombers took off from Russia's nearby Kola Peninsula and executed a mock air strike against the radar station, flying in attack formation and turning back just before breaching Norwegian airspace.{{cite web |last1=Nilsen |first1=Thomas |title=Norway says Russia's mock attack on Vardø radar troubles stability in the north |url=https://thebarentsobserver.com/en/security/2018/03/oslo-such-behavior-does-not-promote-good-neighborly-relations |publisher=The Barents Observer |access-date=21 December 2020 |date=13 March 2018}} Then in February of the following year, a very similar mock strike was carried out by eleven Russian fighter jets.

Regarding the GLOBUS system, Russian spokesperson Maria Zakharova stated in 2019 "There is every reason to believe that the radar will monitor precisely the territory of the Russian Federation and will become part of the US missile defense system" and added "It seems obvious to me that military preparations near Russian or any other borders cannot be ignored by our or other countries. We presume that we will take response measures to ensure our own security."{{cite web |last1=Nilsen |first1=Thomas |title=Moscow threatens response against Norwegian radar near Russian border |url=https://thebarentsobserver.com/en/security/2019/05/russia-warns-it-will-take-measures-response-new-spy-near-border-radar-arctic-norway |publisher=The Barents Observer |access-date=21 December 2020 |date=23 May 2019}}{{cite web |last1=O'Connor |first1=Tom |title=Russia Will 'Take Measures' Against U.S. Radar Near Its Border, Thought to Be Part of Missile Defense |url=https://www.newsweek.com/russia-us-radar-norway-defense-1434756 |publisher=Newsweek |access-date=22 December 2020 |date=23 May 2019}} Shortly after these statements Russia deployed a Bal missile system to the Sredny Peninsula, just {{convert|70|km}} from Vardø.{{cite web |last1=Nilsen |first1=Thomas |title=Russia deploys missile system 70 km from Norway's Vardø radar |url=https://thebarentsobserver.com/en/security/2019/08/russia-deploys-bastion-missile-system-70-km-norways-vardo-radar |publisher=The Barents Observer |access-date=30 December 2020 |date=7 August 2019}}

According to the U.S. Department of Defense in 2022, "The GLOBUS program is a dual band ground-based radar system consisting of an S-band solid state phased array, an X-band dish antenna, an Integrated System Controller (ISC), and a Mission Communications Suite (MCS) hosted at an Outside Continental United States (OCONUS) location. The S-band sensor is mounted on an azimuth-only pedestal, housed in a new facility. The X-band sensor is a large aperture dish mounted on an elevation/azimuth pedestal. Each sensor may operate independently or cooperatively under the control of the ISC."{{cite web |last1=Blinde |first1=Loren |title=USAF posts GLOBUS RFI |url=https://intelligencecommunitynews.com/usaf-posts-globus-rfi/ |website=Intelligence Community News |access-date=3 December 2023 |date=23 February 2022}}{{cite web |title=Request for Information: FA8555-22-R-GLOBUS |url=https://sam.gov/opp/88b8532ddf9c42b4bf32638f4d34fc93/view |website=SAM.GOV |access-date=3 December 2023 |date=22 February 2022}}

{{Reflist}}

{{Portal|Electronics}}

• List of radars
• List of military electronics of the United States

• [https://fas.org/spp/military/program/track/globusII.pdf A GLOBUS II / HAVE STARE SOURCEBOOK], Federation of American Scientists
• [http://www.globalsecurity.org/space/systems/havestare.htm AN/FPS-129 HAVE STARE X-Band Dish radar], GlobalSecurity.org
• {{cite web |work=Brennpunkt |title=Pentagons øye? |trans-title=The Pentagon's eye? |url=https://tv.nrk.no/serie/brennpunkt/ofaa12001105/11-10-2005 |publisher=NRK |language=no |date=11 October 2005}}

{{AN/FPS}}

Category:Military equipment introduced in the 1980s

Category:Military installations in Finnmark

Category:Missile defense

Category:United States Space Surveillance Network

Category:Vardø

Category:Military electronics of the United States