GNU Emacs#Extensibility

File:Richard Stallman - Fête de l'Humanité 2014 - 010.jpg, founder of the GNU Project and author of GNU Emacs]]

The original EMACS was written in 1976 by David A. Moon and Guy L. Steele Jr. as a set of macros for the TECO editor, and in 1984, Richard Stallman began work on GNU Emacs, to produce a free software replacement to the proprietary Gosling Emacs. GNU Emacs was initially based on Gosling Emacs, but Stallman's replacement of its Mocklisp interpreter with a true Lisp interpreter required that nearly all of its code be rewritten. This became the first program released by the then-nascent GNU Project. GNU Emacs is written in C and provides Emacs Lisp, also implemented in C, as an extension language. Version 13, the first public release, was made on March 20, 1985. The first widely distributed version of GNU Emacs was version 15.34, released later in 1985. Early versions of GNU Emacs were numbered as "1.x.x," with the initial digit denoting the version of the C core. The "1" was dropped after version 1.12 as it was thought that the major number would never change, and thus the major version skipped from "1" to "13". A new third version number was added to represent changes made by user sites.{{cite web|url=https://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/emacs.git/tree/etc/NEWS.1-17|title=NEWS.1–17|quote=There is a new version numbering scheme. What used to be the first version number, which was 1, has been discarded since it does not seem that I need three levels of version number. However, a new third version number has been added to represent changes by user sites. This number will always be zero in Emacs when I distribute it; it will be incremented each time Emacs is built at another site.}} In the current numbering scheme, a number with two components signifies a release version, with development versions having three components.{{cite web|url=https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_node/efaq/Latest-version-of-Emacs.html#Latest-version-of-Emacs |title=GNU Emacs FAQ |quote=A version number with two components (e.g., ‘22.1’) indicates a released version; three components indicate a development version (e.g., ‘23.0.50’ is what will eventually become ‘23.1’).}}

GNU Emacs was later ported to the Unix operating system. It offered more features than Gosling Emacs, in particular a full-featured Lisp as its extension language, and soon replaced Gosling Emacs as the de facto Unix Emacs editor. Markus Hess exploited a security flaw in GNU Emacs's email subsystem in his 1986 cracking spree, in which he gained superuser access to Unix computers.{{cite journal | last=Stoll | first=Clifford | author-link=Clifford Stoll | title=Stalking the wily hacker | year=1988 | journal=Communications of the ACM | volume=31 | issue=5 | pages=484–497 | doi=10.1145/42411.42412 | s2cid=6956966 | doi-access=free }}

Although users commonly submitted patches and Elisp code to the net.emacs newsgroup, participation in GNU Emacs development was relatively restricted until 1999, and was used as an example of the "Cathedral" development style in The Cathedral and the Bazaar. The project has since adopted a public development mailing list and anonymous CVS access. Development took place in a single CVS trunk until 2008, and today uses the Git{{cite web|url=https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/emacs|title=Re: GNU EMACS|publisher=GNU|access-date=2014-11-16}}] DVCS.

Richard Stallman has remained the principal maintainer of GNU Emacs, but he has stepped back from the role at times. Stefan Monnier and Chong Yidong have overseen maintenance since 2008.{{cite web|url=https://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/emacs-devel/2008-02/msg02140.html|title=Re: Looking for a new Emacs maintainer or team|publisher=gnu.org Mailing List|access-date=2008-02-23}}; see also [https://www.networkworld.com/article/913338/software-stallman-on-handing-over-gnu-emacs-its-future-and-the-importance-of-nomenclature.html "Stallman on handing over GNU Emacs, its future and the importance of nomenclature"] On September 21, 2015 Monnier announced that he would be stepping down as maintainer effective with the feature freeze of Emacs 25.{{cite web|url=https://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/emacs-devel/2015-09/msg00849.html|title=Feature freeze|website=lists.gnu.org}} Longtime contributor John Wiegley was announced as the new maintainer on November 5, 2015.{{cite news|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2015/11/05/wiegley_new_emacs_maintainer/|title=Emacs gets new maintainer as Richard Stallman signs off|website=The Register }} Wiegley was joined by Eli Zaretskii in July, 2016,{{cite web|url=https://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/emacs-devel/2016-07/msg00373.html|title=Welcoming a new co-maintainer: Eli Zaretskii|website=lists.gnu.org}}{{refn|Zaretskii has been contributing to GNU Emacs from 1990s, and was awarded the 2022 Free Software Award by FSF.{{citation|url=https://www.fsf.org/news/free-software-awards-winners-announced-eli-zaretskii-tad-skewedzeppelin-gnu-jami| title=Free Software Awards winners announced: Eli Zaretskii, Tad (SkewedZeppelin), GNU Jami | publisher=Free Software Foundation | date=2023-03-18 | accessdate=2023-03-29}}}} and Lars Ingebrigtsen in September, 2020.{{cite web|url=https://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/emacs-devel/2020-09/msg00143.html|title=Lars Ingebrigtsen is now one of the Emacs maintainers|website=lists.gnu.org}}

The terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL) state that the Emacs source code, including both the C and Emacs Lisp components, are freely available for examination, modification, and redistribution.

Older versions of the GNU Emacs documentation appeared under an ad-hoc license that required the inclusion of certain text in any modified copy. In the GNU Emacs user's manual, for example, this included instructions for obtaining GNU Emacs and Richard Stallman's essay The GNU Manifesto. The XEmacs manuals, which were inherited from older GNU Emacs manuals when the fork occurred, have the same license. Newer versions of the documentation use the GNU Free Documentation License with "invariant sections" that require the inclusion of the same documents and that the manuals proclaim themselves as GNU Manuals.{{Citation needed|date=July 2023}}

For GNU Emacs, like many other GNU packages, it remains policy to accept significant code contributions only if the copyright holder executes a suitable disclaimer or assignment of their copyright interest to the Free Software Foundation (FSF.) Small contributions of fewer than 10 lines of code are exempt. This policy is in place so that the FSF can defend the software in court if its copyleft license is violated.

In 2011, it was noticed that GNU Emacs had been accidentally releasing some binaries without corresponding source code for two years, in opposition to the intended spirit of the GPL.{{cite web|url=https://www.networkworld.com/article/737764/opensource-subnet-say-what-gnu-emacs-violates-the-gpl.html |title=Say what? GNU Emacs violates the GPL |publisher=Network World | date=Jul 29, 2011 |first=Joe |last=Brockmeier|access-date=2016-01-19}}[http://brownrudnick.com/blog/emerging-technologies/license-revoked-applying-section-4-of-the-gpl-and-the-lessons-of-best-buy-to-googles-android/ License revoked: Applying Section 4 of the GPL and the lessons of Best Buy to Google’s Android] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160127150256/http://brownrudnick.com/blog/emerging-technologies/license-revoked-applying-section-4-of-the-gpl-and-the-lessons-of-best-buy-to-googles-android/ |date=2016-01-27 }} by Edward J. Naughton (Aug 8, 2011){{Cite web|title=Emacs Has Been Violating the GPL Since 2009 – Slashdot|url=https://developers.slashdot.org/story/11/07/29/1445252/Emacs-Has-Been-Violating-the-GPL-Since-2009|access-date=2022-01-10|website=developers.slashdot.org|date=29 July 2011 |language=en}} Richard Stallman described this incident as "a very bad mistake,"{{Cite web|title=Re: Compiled files without sources????|url=https://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/emacs-devel/2011-07/msg01155.html|access-date=2022-01-10|website=lists.gnu.org}} which was promptly fixed. The FSF did not sue any downstream redistributors who unknowingly violated the GPL by distributing these binaries.

File:Emacs Dired buffers.png buffers in GNU Emacs]]

File:GNU Emacs editing C code.png source code in GNU Emacs]]

File:Cpp in GNU emacs.png code from GNU Emacs]]

In its normal editing mode, GNU Emacs behaves like common text editors by allowing the user to type text with the keyboard and move the editing point with arrow keys. Escape key sequences or pressing the control key and/or the meta key, alt key or super keys in conjunction with a regular key produces modified keystrokes that invoke functions from the Emacs Lisp environment. Commands such as save-buffer and save-buffers-kill-emacs combine multiple modified keystrokes.

Some GNU Emacs commands work by invoking external programs, such as ispell for spell-checking and the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) for program compilation. Emacs also supports "inferior processes," long-lived child processes that interact with the editor. This is used to implement {{mono|shell-mode}}, running a Unix shell as inferior process, as well as read–eval–print loop (REPL) modes for various programming languages. Emacs' support for external processes makes it suitable for interactive programming along the lines of Interlisp or Smalltalk.{{cite journal|title=GNU Emacs as a dynamically extensible programming environment | doi=10.1002/spe.4380181006 | volume=18| issue=10 |journal=Software: Practice and Experience|pages=999–1009|year = 1988|last1 = Halme|first1 = Heikki| last2=Heinänen | first2=Juha | s2cid=8629911 }}

Users who prefer the widely used IBM Common User Access keyboard shortcut layout can use {{mono|cua-mode}}, a package that originally was a third-party add-on but has been included in GNU Emacs since version 22.

Emacs uses the "minibuffer," normally the bottommost line, to display messages and request information, functions that are often performed by dialog boxes in GUI editors. The minibuffer holds information such as text to target in a search or the name of a file to read or save. When applicable, command-line completion is available using the tab and space keys.

Emacs keeps text in data structures known as buffers. Buffers may or may not be displayed onscreen, and all buffer features are accessible by both Emacs Lisp programs and the user interface.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h34pwy005nYC&pg=PA264|title=Beautiful Architecture: Leading Thinkers Reveal the Hidden Beauty in Software Design|isbn=9780596554392|last1=Spinellis|first1=Diomidis|last2=Gousios|first2=Georgios|date=2009-01-15|publisher="O'Reilly Media, Inc." }} The user can create new buffers and dismiss unwanted ones, and many buffers can exist at the same time, limited only by available memory.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t0NECwAAQBAJ&pg=PA853|title=Statistical Analysis and Data Display: An Intermediate Course with Examples in R|isbn=9781493921225|last1=Heiberger|first1=Richard M.|last2=Holland|first2=Burt|date=2015-12-23|publisher=Springer }} Emacs can be configured to save the list of open buffers on exit, and reopen this list when it is restarted.{{cite web|url=https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_node/emacs/Saving-Emacs-Sessions.html|title=Saving Emacs Sessions}}

Some buffers contain text loaded from text files, which the user can edit and save back to permanent storage. These buffers are said to be "visiting" files. Buffers also serve to display other data, such as the output of Emacs commands, dired directory listings, documentation strings displayed by the "help" library and notification messages that in other editors would be displayed in a dialog box. Some of these notifications are displayed briefly in the minibuffer, and GNU Emacs provides a {{mono|*Messages*}} buffer that keeps a history of the most recent notifications of this type. When the minibuffer is used for output from Emacs, it is called the "echo area".{{cite web|url=https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_node/emacs/Echo-Area.html|title=Echo Area}} Longer notifications are displayed in buffers of their own. The maximum length of messages that will be displayed in the minibuffer is, of course, configurable.

Buffers can also serve as input and output areas for an external process such as a shell or REPL. Buffers which Emacs creates on its own are typically named with asterisks on each end, to distinguish from user buffers. The list of open buffers is itself displayed in this type of buffer.

Most Emacs key sequences remain functional in any buffer. For example, the standard Ctrl-s isearch function can be used to search filenames in dired buffers, and the file list can be saved to a text file just as any other buffer. Dired buffers can be switched to a writable mode, in which filenames and attributes can be edited textually; when the buffer is saved, the changes are written to the filesystem. This allows multiple files to be renamed using the search and replace features of Emacs. When so equipped, Emacs displays image files in buffers. Emacs is binary safe and 8-bit clean.{{cite web|url=https://www2.lib.uchicago.edu/keith/tcl-course/emacs-tutorial.html|title=A Tutorial Introduction to GNU Emacs}}

Emacs can split the editing area into separate non-overlapping sections called "windows," a feature that has been available since 1975, predating the graphical user interface in common use. In Emacs terminology, "windows" are similar to what other systems call "frames" or "panes"{{snd}} a rectangular portion of the program's display that can be updated and interacted with independently. Each Emacs window has a status bar called the "mode line" displayed by default at the bottom edge of the window. Emacs windows are available both in text-terminal and graphical modes and allow more than one buffer, or several parts of a buffer, to be displayed at once. Common applications are to display a dired buffer along with the contents of files in the current directory (there are special modes to make the file buffer follow the file highlighted in dired), to display the source code of a program in one window while another displays a shell buffer with the results of compiling the program, to run a debugger along with a shell buffer running the program, to work on code while displaying a man page or other documentation (possibly loaded over the World Wide Web using one of Emacs' built-in web browsers) or simply to display multiple files for editing at once such as a header along with its implementation file for C-based languages. In addition, there is {{mono|follow-mode}}, a minor mode that chains windows to display non-overlapping portions of a buffer. Using {{mono|follow-mode}}, a single file can be displayed in multiple side-by-side windows that update appropriately when scrolled. In addition, Emacs supports "narrowing" a buffer to display only a portion of a file, with top/bottom of buffer navigation functionality and buffer size calculations reflecting only the selected range.

Emacs windows are tiled and cannot appear "above" or "below" their companions. Emacs can launch multiple "frames", which are displayed as individual windows in a graphical environment. On a text terminal, multiple frames are displayed stacked filling the entire terminal, and can be switched using the standard Emacs commands.{{cite web|url=https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_node/emacs/Frames.html|quote=However, it is still possible to create multiple “frames” on text terminals; such frames are displayed one at a time, filling the entire terminal screen|title=Frames – GNU Emacs Manual}}

GNU Emacs can display or edit a variety of different types of text and adapts its behavior by entering add-on modes called "major modes". There are major modes for many different purposes including editing ordinary text files, the source code of many markup and programming languages, as well as displaying web pages, directory listings and other system info. Each major mode involves an Emacs Lisp program that extends the editor to behave more conveniently for the specified type of text. Major modes typically provide some or all of the following common features:

• Syntax highlighting ("font lock"): combinations of fonts and colors, termed "faces,"

{{cite book | first1 = Debra | last1 = Cameron | first2 = Bill | last2 = Rosenblatt | first3 = Eric S. | last3 = Raymond | author3-link = Eric S. Raymond | title = Learning GNU Emacs | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=-RtYk55cqfgC | access-date = 2010-11-02 | edition = 2 | series = In a Nutshell Series | year = 1996 | publisher = O'Reilly Media, Inc. | isbn = 978-1-56592-152-8 | page = 533 | quote = A face is a font and colour combination. }}

that differentiate between document elements such as keywords and comments.

• Automatic indentation to maintain consistent formatting within a file.
• The automatic insertion of elements required by the structure of the document, such as spaces, newlines, and parentheses.
• Special editing commands, such as commands to jump to the beginning or the end of a function while editing a programming file or commands to validate documents or insert closing tags while working with markup languages such as XML.

The use of "minor modes" enables further customization. A GNU Emacs editing buffer can use only one major mode at a time, but multiple minor modes can operate simultaneously. These may operate directly on documents, as in the way the major mode for the C programming language defines a separate minor mode for each of its popular indent styles, or they may alter the editing environment. Examples of the latter include a mode that adds the ability to undo changes to the window configuration and one that performs on-the-fly syntax checking. There is also a minor mode that allows multiple major modes to be used in a single file, for convenience when editing a document in which multiple programming languages are embedded.

GNU Emacs supports the capability to use it as an interpreter for the Emacs Lisp language without displaying the text editor user interface. In batch mode, user configuration is not loaded and the terminal interrupt characters C-c and C-z will have their usual effect of exiting the program or suspending execution instead of invoking Emacs keybindings. GNU Emacs has command line options to specify either a file to load and execute, or an Emacs Lisp function may be passed in from the command line. Emacs will start up, execute the passed-in file or function, print the results, then exit.{{cite web|url=https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_node/emacs/Initial-Options.html#Initial-Options|title=Initial Options|quote=In batch mode, Emacs does not display the text being edited, and the standard terminal interrupt characters such as C-z and C-c have their usual effect. Emacs functions that normally print a message in the echo area will print to either the standard output stream (stdout) or the standard error stream (stderr) instead. (To be precise, functions like prin1, princ and print print to stdout, while message and error print to stderr.) Functions that normally read keyboard input from the minibuffer take their input from the terminal’s standard input stream (stdin) instead.}} The shebang line #!/usr/bin/emacs --script allows the creation of standalone scripts in Emacs Lisp.{{Cite web |title=Emacs Lisp as a scripting language |url=https://leancrew.com/all-this/2008/04/emacs-lisp-as-a-scripting-language/ |access-date=2023-06-27 |website=leancrew.com}}

File:GNU Emacs manual cover design.png

The GNU Emacs Manual, written by Richard Stallman, is bundled with GNU Emacs and can be viewed with the built-in info browser.{{cite book |last1=Stallman |first1=Richard |display-authors=etal|title=GNU Emacs Manual |year=1987 |publisher=Free Software Foundation |location=Boston, MA, USA |bibcode=1987gem..book.....S |edition=19 |url=https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/pdf/emacs.pdf |access-date=8 January 2022}} Two additional manuals, the Emacs Lisp Reference Manual by Bil Lewis, Richard Stallman, and Dan Laliberte and An Introduction to Programming in Emacs Lisp by Robert Chassell, are included. All three manuals are also published in book form by the Free Software Foundation.

GNU Emacs has support for many alphabets, scripts, writing systems, and cultural conventions and provides spell-checking for many languages by calling external programs such as ispell. Version 24 added support for bidirectional text and left-to-right and right-to-left writing direction for languages such as Arabic, Persian and Hebrew.

Many character encoding systems, including UTF-8, are supported. GNU Emacs uses UTF-8 for its encoding as of version 23, while prior versions used their own encoding internally and performed conversion upon load and save. The internal encoding used by XEmacs is similar to that of GNU Emacs but differs in details.

The GNU Emacs user interface originated in English and, with the exception of the beginners' tutorial, has not been translated into any other language.

A subsystem called Emacspeak enables visually impaired and blind users to control the editor through audio feedback.

File:Emacs+AucTeX.png, a set of tools for editing TeX and LaTeX documents]]

The behavior of GNU Emacs can be modified and extended almost without limit by incorporating Emacs Lisp programs that define new commands, new buffer modes, new keymaps, add command-line options,{{cite web|url=https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_node/elisp/Command_002dLine-Arguments.html|title=Command Line Arguments}} and so on. Many extensions providing user-facing functionality define a major mode (either for a new file type or to build a non-text-editing user interface); others define only commands or minor modes, or provide functions that enhance another extension.

Since version 24 GNU Emacs includes a built-in package manager accessible with the list-packages command that allows users to search for and install packages. Historically, packages were downloaded manually, often distributed through the Usenet newsgroup gnu.emacs.sources. Now, packages can be retrieved from various ELPA (Emacs Lisp Package Archive) repositories, including one run by the GNU Project.{{cite web |url=https://elpa.gnu.org/ |publisher=Free Software Foundation}} Over time many popular packages have been included in Emacs by default; for example version 21 began bundling Org-mode, Calc, TRAMP, and many others.{{Cite web |title=Emacs 22.1 released |url=https://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/info-gnu-emacs/2007-06/msg00000.html |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=lists.gnu.org}}

File:Example_Org_file_showing_planning_for_a_short_trip.png buffer displaying notes for planning a trip]]

File:GNU Emacs showing a Magit buffer.png buffer displaying the Emacs git repository's log]]

Notable packages include:

• AUCTeX, tools to edit and process TeX and LaTeX documents
• Dired, a file manager
• Dissociated press, a Racter-like text generator
• Dunnet, a text adventure
• Emacs Web Wowser (eww), a web browser.
• Emacs Speaks Statistics (ESS) modes for editing statistical languages like R and SAS
• ERC, an IRC client{{cite mailing list | url = https://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/info-gnu-emacs/2007-06/msg00000.html | title = Emacs 22.1 released | date = 2007-06-03 | access-date = 2011-07-31 | mailing-list = info-gnu-emacs | last = Stallman | first = Richard | author-link = Richard Stallman }}
• Eshell, a command line shell written in Emacs Lisp. This allows closer integration with the Emacs environment than standard shells such as bash or PowerShell, which are also available from within Emacs. For example, in Eshell, Elisp functions are available as shell commands and output from Unix commands can be redirected to an Emacs buffer.
• Exwm, an X window manager allowing X11 apps to be run in an Emacs window.{{cite web|url=https://github.com/ch11ng/exwm|title=exwm: Emacs X Window Manager|first=Chris|last=Feng|date=27 November 2017|via=GitHub}}
• Gnus, a full-featured news client (newsreader) and email client and early evidence for Zawinski's Law
• Magit, for working with the version control system Git{{cite web|author=Jonas Bernoulli|title=It's Magit! A Git Porcelain inside Emacs|url=https://magit.vc/|accessdate=Feb 8, 2017}}{{cite book|last=Petersen|first=Mickey|url=https://www.masteringemacs.org/article/introduction-magit-emacs-mode-git|title=Mastering Emacs|section=An introduction to Magit, an Emacs mode for Git|accessdate=Feb 8, 2017}}
• MULtilingual Enhancement to Emacs (MULE) allows editing of text in multiple languages in a manner somewhat analogous to Unicode
• Org-mode for keeping notes, maintaining various types of lists, planning and measuring projects, and composing documents in many formats (such as PDF, HTML, or OpenDocument formats). There are static site generators using org mode, as well as an extension, Babel, allowing it to be used for literate programming.
• Rcirc, an IRC client
• Superior Lisp Interaction Mode for Emacs (SLIME) extends GNU Emacs into a development environment for Common Lisp. With SLIME (written in Emacs Lisp) the GNU Emacs editor communicates with a Common Lisp system (using the SWANK backend) over a special communication protocol and provides such tools as a read–eval–print loop, a data inspector and a debugger.
• Texinfo (Info), an online help-browser

In its early history, GNU Emacs often ran noticeably slower than rival text editors because the loading and interpreting of its Lisp-based code incurs a performance overhead. Modern computers are powerful enough to run GNU Emacs with ease, but versions prior to 19.29 (released in 1995) couldn't edit files larger than 8 MB. The file size limit was raised in successive versions, and 32 bit versions after GNU Emacs 23.2 can edit files up to 512 MB in size. Emacs compiled on a 64-bit machine can handle much larger buffers.{{cite web|url=https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_node/efaq/Problems-with-very-large-files.html|title=6.1 Does Emacs have problems with files larger than 8 megabytes?}}

While GNU Emacs is largely written in Emacs Lisp, it makes extensive use of natively compiled C code to improve performance. In addition to its own C code, it uses external libraries such as libxml2 for parsing XML. Packages installed by the user can load dynamic modules.{{Cite web |title=Emacs Dynamic Modules |url=https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_node/elisp/Dynamic-Modules.html |access-date=2022-04-15 |website=GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}}

Since version 28.1, Emacs can natively compile Emacs Lisp files via libgccjit, as opposed to just byte compiling them, resulting in a significant boost in performance.{{Cite web |title=Compilation of Lisp to Native Code |url=https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_node/elisp/Native-Compilation.html |access-date=2022-04-15 |website=GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual}}{{cite journal |last1=Corallo |first1=Andrea |last2=Nassi |first2=Luca |last3=Manca |first3=Nicola |date=2020-04-06 |title=Bringing GNU Emacs to Native Code |journal=European Lisp Symposium 2020|doi=10.5281/zenodo.3736362 |arxiv=2004.02504 }}

GNU Emacs runs on a wide variety of operating systems, including DOS, Windows,{{cite web | last = B | first = Ramprasad | title = GNU Emacs FAQ For Windows 95/98/ME/NT/XP and 2000 | date = 2005-06-24 | url = https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/windows/ntemacs.html | access-date = 2006-09-27 }}{{cite web|last=Borgman |first=Lennart |title=EmacsW32 Home Page |year=2006 |url=http://ourcomments.org/Emacs/EmacsW32.html |access-date=2006-09-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070306033256/http://ourcomments.org/Emacs/EmacsW32.html |archive-date=2007-03-06 }}{{cite web | title = GNU Emacs on Windows | publisher = Franz Inc. | year = 2006 | url = https://franz.com/emacs/ | access-date = 2006-09-27 }} and most Unix-like operating systems, such as Linux, the various BSDs, Solaris, AIX, HP-UX and macOS.{{cite web | title = Emacs For Mac OS X | url = https://emacsformacosx.com | access-date = 2022-02-09}}{{cite web | title = Carbon Emacs Package | url = http://th.nao.ac.jp/MEMBER/zenitani/emacs-e.html | access-date = 2012-06-10 }}{{cite web | title = Aquamacs is an easy-to-use, Mac-style Emacs for Mac OS X | url = http://aquamacs.org/ | access-date = 2006-09-27 }} Many Unix-like systems include Emacs by default.{{Cite web |title=gnu.org |url=https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_node/efaq/Installing-Emacs.html |access-date=2023-07-05 |website=www.gnu.org}} In 2023 an official port for Android was released.{{Cite web |title=Emacs {{!}} F-Droid – Free and Open Source Android App Repository |url=https://f-droid.org/packages/org.gnu.emacs/ |access-date=2023-06-26 |website=f-droid.org |language=en}} Version 23.1 removed support for some platforms deemed obsolete.

GNU Emacs runs both on text terminals and in graphical user interface (GUI) environments. On Unix-like operating systems, GNU Emacs can use the X Window System to produce its GUI either directly using Athena widgets or by using a "widget toolkit" such as Motif, LessTif, or GTK+. GNU Emacs can also use the graphics systems native to macOS and Windows to provide menubars, toolbars, scrollbars and context menus conforming more closely to each platform's look and feel.

{{main|XEmacs}}

File:Xemacs-21.5.b29.png/Linux]]

Lucid Emacs, based on an early version of GNU Emacs 19, was developed beginning in 1991 by Jamie Zawinski and others at Lucid Inc. One of the best-known forks in free software development occurred when the codebases of the two Emacs versions diverged and the separate development teams ceased efforts to merge them back into a single program.{{cite web | last = Stephen J. | first = Turnbull | title = XEmacs vs. GNU Emacs | url = https://www.xemacs.org/About/XEmacsVsGNUemacs.html | access-date = 2012-10-02 }} After Lucid filed for bankruptcy, Lucid Emacs was renamed XEmacs.{{Cite web |title=xemacs(1): Emacs: Next Generation – Linux man page |url=https://linux.die.net/man/1/xemacs |access-date=2023-06-26 |website=linux.die.net}} XEmacs development has slowed, with the most recent stable version 21.4.22 released in January 2009, while GNU Emacs has implemented many formerly XEmacs-only features. This has led some users to proclaim XEmacs' death.{{cite web|url=https://steve-yegge.blogspot.com/2008/04/xemacs-is-dead-long-live-xemacs.html|title=XEmacs is Dead. Long Live XEmacs!}}

Other forks, less known than XEmacs, include:

• Meadow{{snd}} a Japanese version for Microsoft Windows{{cite web |url=http://www.meadowy.org/meadow/pukiwiki-en/ |title=FrontPage – Meadow Wiki |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216081734/http://www.meadowy.org/meadow/pukiwiki-en/ |archive-date=2012-02-16 |date=Feb 16, 2012}}
• SXEmacs{{snd}} Steve Youngs' fork of XEmacs{{cite web|url=https://www.sxemacs.org/ |title=SXEmacs Website |publisher=Sxemacs.org |date=2009-10-11 |access-date=2009-11-08}}
• Aquamacs{{snd}} a version which focuses on integrating with the Apple Macintosh user interface
• Remacs{{snd}} an incremental port of GNU Emacs to the Rust programming language, incomplete and no longer maintained as of 2023.{{cite web|title=Remacs|url=https://github.com/Wilfred/remacs|website=The Remacs github repository|access-date=Feb 22, 2017}}

Changes in each Emacs release are listed in a NEWS file distributed with Emacs.{{cite web|url=https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/news/NEWS.24.5|title=NEWS.24.5|quote=GNU Emacs NEWS – history of user-visible changes.}} Changes brought about by downgrading to the previous release are listed in an "Antinews" file, often with some snarky commentary on why this might be desirable.{{cite web|url=https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_node/elisp/Antinews.html|title=Antinews|quote=For those users who live backwards in time, here is information about downgrading to Emacs version 24.5. We hope you will enjoy the greater simplicity that results from the absence of many Emacs 25.2 features.}}

{{Reflist|30em}}

• {{cite book | last = Stallman | first = Richard M. | author-link = Richard Stallman | year = 2002 | title = GNU Emacs Manual | edition = 15th | url = https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/ | publisher = GNU Press | isbn = 978-1-882114-85-6 }}
• {{cite web | last = Stallman | first = Richard M. | author-link = Richard Stallman | title = My Lisp Experiences and the Development of GNU Emacs | url = https://www.gnu.org/gnu/rms-lisp.html | year = 2002 | access-date = 2007-02-01 }}
• {{cite book | last = Chassel | first = Robert J. | author-link = Robert J. Chassell | year = 2004 | url = https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/emacs-lisp-intro/ | title = An Introduction to Programming in Emacs Lisp | publisher = GNU Press | isbn = 978-1-882114-56-6 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130703203143/http://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/emacs-lisp-intro/ | archive-date = 2013-07-03 }}
• {{cite book | last = Glickstein | first = Bob | date = April 1997 | title = Writing GNU Emacs Extensions | publisher = O'Reilly & Associates | isbn = 978-1-56592-261-7 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/writinggnuemacse00glic }}
• {{cite book |author1=Cameron, Debra |author2=Elliott, James |author3=Loy, Marc |author4=Raymond, Eric |author5=Rosenblatt, Bill | date = December 2004 | title = Learning GNU Emacs, 3rd Edition | url = http://shop.oreilly.com/product/9780596006488.do | publisher = O'Reilly & Associates | isbn = 978-0-596-00648-8 }}

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