GRB 080916C

{{Short description|Most powerful gamma-ray burst ever recorded (1/15/21)}}

{{Infobox astronomical event

| ra = {{RA|07|59|23.24}}

| dec = {{DEC|-56|38|16.8}}

| energy = 8.8{{e|54}} ergs

}}

GRB 080916C is a gamma-ray burst (GRB) that was recorded on September 16, 2008, in the Carina constellation and detected by NASA's Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope. The burst lasted for 23 minutes (1400 s). It is one of the most extreme gamma-ray bursts ever recorded,{{Cite journal |last1=Greiner |first1=J. |last2=Clemens |first2=C. |last3=Krühler |first3=T. |last4=Kienlin |first4=A. von |last5=Rau |first5=A. |last6=Sari |first6=R. |last7=Fox |first7=D. B. |last8=Kawai |first8=N. |last9=Afonso |first9=P. |last10=Ajello |first10=M. |last11=Berger |first11=E. |last12=Cenko |first12=S. B. |last13=Cucchiara |first13=A. |last14=Filgas |first14=R. |last15=Klose |first15=S. |date=2009-04-01 |title=The redshift and afterglow of the extremely energetic gamma-ray burst GRB 080916C |url=https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2009/16/aa11571-08/aa11571-08.html |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |language=en |volume=498 |issue=1 |pages=89–94 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/200811571 |issn=0004-6361|arxiv=0902.0761 }} and was the most energetic gamma-ray burst ever recorded, until GRB 221009A was recorded in 2022. The explosion had the energy of approximately 9000 type Ia supernovae if the emission was isotropically emitted, and the gas jets emitting the initial gamma rays moved at a minimum velocity of approximately 299,792,158 m/s (99.9999% the speed of light), making this blast one of the most extreme recorded.{{Cite journal |last1=Abdo |first1=A. A. |last2=Ackermann |first2=M. |last3=Arimoto |first3=M. |last4=Asano |first4=K. |last5=Atwood |first5=W. B. |last6=Axelsson |first6=M. |last7=Baldini |first7=L. |last8=Ballet |first8=J. |last9=Band |first9=D. L. |last10=Barbiellini |first10=G. |last11=Baring |first11=M. G. |last12=Bastieri |first12=D. |last13=Battelino |first13=M. |last14=Baughman |first14=B. M. |last15=Bechtol |first15=K. |date=2009-03-27 |title=Fermi Observations of High-Energy Gamma-Ray Emission from GRB 080916C |journal=Science |language=en |volume=323 |issue=5922 |pages=1688–1693 |doi=10.1126/science.1169101 |issn=0036-8075|doi-access=free |pmid=19228997 }}[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/02/090219141458.htm Most Extreme Gamma-ray Blast Ever, Seen By Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope], Science Daily, February 19, 2009[https://web.archive.org/web/20090222072240/http://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20090219/sc_afp/sciencespaceastronomy Huge gamma-ray blast spotted 12.2 bln light-years from earth], AFP, February 19, 2009

The 16.5-second delay for the highest-energy gamma ray observed in this burst is consistent with some theories of quantum gravity, which state that all forms of light may not travel through space at the same speed. Very-high-energy gamma rays may be slowed down as they propagate through the quantum turbulence of space-time.[http://www.skyandtelescope.com/news/39867717.html Most Powerful Gamma-Ray Burst May Point to New Physics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504131228/http://www.skyandtelescope.com/news/39867717.html |date=2012-05-04 }}, Sky and Telescope, February 19, 2009[http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/41077/title/New_window_on_the_high-energy_universe New telescope finds strange behavior in gamma-ray bursts, and also documents the most energetic burst known] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629171655/http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/41077/title/New_window_on_the_high-energy_universe |date=2011-06-29 }}, Science News, February 20, 2009

The explosion took place 12.2 billion light-years (light travel distance) away. That means it occurred 12.2 billion years ago—when the universe was only about 1.5 billion years old. The burst lasted for 23 minutes, almost 700 times as long as the two-second average for high energy GRBs.{{Cite web |date=2009-02-18 |title=A Fireball at the edge of the Universe |url=https://irfu.cea.fr/dap/en/Phocea/Vie_des_labos/Ast/ast.php?t=fait_marquant&id_ast=2590 |access-date=2023-09-29 |website=irfu.cea.fr |language=en}} Follow-up observations were made 32 hours after the blast using the Gamma-Ray Burst Optical/Near-Infrared Detector (GROND) on the 2.2 metre telescope at the European Southern Observatory in La Silla, Chile, allowing astronomers to pinpoint the blast's distance to 12.2 billion light years.[http://www.astronomynow.com/090220fermisrecordbreakinggrb.html Fermi’s record breaking gamma-ray burst] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171021094409/http://www.astronomynow.com/090220fermisrecordbreakinggrb.html |date=2017-10-21 }}, Astronomy Now, February 20, 2009 The object's redshift is z = 4.35.{{cn|date=June 2022}}

If all that energy from GRB 080916C could be captured and converted into usable electricity at 100% efficiency, it would produce enough electricity to supply the entire planet Earth with 13.5 octillion years of power (according to electricity consumption of 2008).{{cn|date=June 2022}}