GWR 2900 Class

After finally converting the last broad gauge lines in 1892, the Great Western Railway (GWR) began a period of modernisation as new cut-off lines shortened its routes to west of England, South Wales and Birmingham. During the first decade of the twentieth century the Chief Mechanical Engineer, George Jackson Churchward, designed or acquired a number of experimental locomotives with different wheel arrangements and boiler designs to help him plan for the future motive power needs of the railway.{{harvnb |Nock |1980 |p=11}} The first of these was a two-cylinder 4-6-0 locomotive, designed in 1901 whilst Churchward was still the Chief Assistant of his predecessor William Dean.

Between 1902 and 1905 Churchward built and tested three prototype locomotives with detail differences, before using the third as the basis for the production series.

File:Prototype 4-6-0 No.100.jpg

The first prototype was completed at the Swindon Works of the GWR (Lot 132) in February 1902.{{harvnb|le Fleming|1953 |p=H22}} It was numbered 100 and in June 1902 was named Dean (later William Dean) to mark the latter's retirement. The new design incorporated all of Churchward's current ideas including a domeless parallel boiler, raised Belpaire firebox, {{convert|19|in|cm|1|abbr=on}} diameter outside cylinders with {{convert|30|in|cm|1|abbr=on}} piston stroke, and boiler pressure of {{convert|200|psi|MPa|2|abbr=on|lk=on}}.{{harvnb |Nock |1983b |p=12}} The piston valves were driven by rocking levers actuated by the expansion link of Stephenson valve gear – this particular design was only used on No. 100.{{harvnb |Nock |1983b |p=21}} The parallel boiler was later replaced with a taper boiler, and then the first superheated taper boiler in 1910.

Churchward had studied American boiler design, but he was also later influenced by continental practice in efficient motion design. A de Glehn 4-4-2 compound engine was ordered from the Société Alsacienne de Constructions Mécaniques (SACM) for comparative trials on the GWR.[http://www.greatwestern.org.uk/m_in_snt.htm Great Western Society – GW 2900 Class overview] (Accessed 26 April 2009) According to E.C. Poultney, No. 100 was the first 4-6-0 locomotive to have high enough boiler capacity and steam ports large enough to handle the steam flow required by large cylinders: "The engine probably influenced to a large extent the use made of engines of the 4-6-0 type".{{harvnb|Poultney|1952 |p=47-7}} No.100 was renumbered 2900 in 1912, and was withdrawn from service in 1932.

File:GWR 4-6-0 No.98.jpg

A second prototype locomotive, No. 98, was built at Swindon Works in March 1903 (Lot 138) to a similar design but with a taper boiler, re-designed valve gear layout and cylinders and a shorter wheelbase.{{harvnb |le Fleming|1953 |p=H23}} Valve diameters were increased from {{convert|6+1/2|in|mm}} to {{convert|10|in|mm}}. According to Poultney, these improvements "may truly be said to be the keystone of the arch upon which all modern locomotives are designed".{{harvnb|Poultney|1952 |p=66}} In 1906 this locomotive was re-boilered with a {{convert|225|psi|MPa|2|abbr=on|lk=on}} boiler to correspond with the third prototype. This prototype locomotive was named Vanguard in 1907 (renamed Ernest Cunard in the same year). It was renumbered 2998 in 1912, received a superheated boiler in 1911 and was withdrawn in 1933.

A third prototype, No. 171, was built at Swindon in December 1903 (Lot 145) incorporating the improvements to No. 98 but with a {{convert|225|psi|MPa|2|abbr=on|lk=on}} boiler and minor amendments to the heating surface and grate area. It was built as a 4-6-0 but in October 1904 it was converted to a 4-4-2 to enable better comparison with the performance of the French built de Glehn 4-4-2 Compound; it was reconverted to 4-6-0 in July 1907. The conversion was carried out by substituting {{convert|4|ft|1+1/2|in|m|3|abbr=on}} trailing wheels with outside suspension for the final set of driving wheels. It was named Albion in 1904, renumbered 2971 in 1912, received a superheated boiler in 1910 and was withdrawn in 1946. No. 171 formed the basis of the main production series, introduced in 1905, although at this time Churchward was still unsure of the relative merits of the 4-4-2 and 4-6-0 wheel arrangements.

The Saint class appeared in four production series built between 1905 and 1913, each of which differed in dimensions. There were also differences between members of each series in terms of the boilers used, wheel arrangement, and arrangements for superheating. Different series and individual locomotives within series were also fitted with different tenders ranging from {{convert|3500|impgal|abbr=on}} to {{convert|4000|impgal|abbr=on}} capacity.

File:GWR 2900 Class No. 181.jpg

Whilst 171 was undergoing trials in 1905 nine further locomotives were ordered to be built at Swindon Works to a similar design (Lot 154) followed by a further ten (Lot 158), totalling 19 locomotives in this series. Thirteen of these were built as 4-4-2s and six as 4-6-0s. However, by January 1913, Churchward was persuaded by the superior adhesion provided by a 4-6-0 and they had all been converted to this wheel arrangement.{{harvnb |Atlantic Option}} The new locomotives were numbered 172–190 (renumbered 2972–2990 in 1912). Twelve of the series were named after characters in the novels of Sir Walter Scott. Directors of the GWR accounted for most of the other names. The series was withdrawn between 1931 and 1951.

A second series of ten similar locomotives appeared in May 1906 (Swindon Lot 164), numbered 2901–10 and named after historical, mythological or poetical 'Ladies'. Nos. 2904–6 had short tapered boilers and short smokeboxes, whereas Nos. 2902–03 and 2907–10 had longer versions. All except 2901 had {{convert|18.125|x|30|in|mm|0|abbr=on|lk=on}} cylinders, giving a tractive effort of {{convert|23382|lbf|kN|2|abbr=on}}. No. 2901 Lady Superior was the first British locomotive to be built with a modern Schmidt superheater. The remainder of the locomotives were fitted with Swindon No.3 superheaters between 1909 and 1911 and were withdrawn between 1933 and 1952.

In May 1906 Charles Collett, then assistant manager of Swindon Works, supervised a demonstration run of number 2903 Lady of Lyons, newly released from the erecting shop. By mile-post timings observed from the engine and from passing times recorded at Little Somerford and Hullavington signal boxes, {{frac|4|1|2}} miles apart and with a descending gradient of 1 in 300 between them, a speed of approximately {{convert|120|mph}} was recorded, but this is not reliable enough to be considered a record.{{cite journal |title=Two Miles a Minute |journal=The Railway Magazine |date=April 1932 |page=305}}{{cite web |title=This month in history |url=https://sr-rs.facebook.com/DidcotRailwayCentre/photos/this-month-in-history-may-1906-120-mph-with-a-saintmay-is-a-month-when-we-celebr/1775304622496418/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/facebook/161421647218065/1775304622496418 |archive-date=2022-02-26 |url-access=limited|publisher=Didcot Railway Centre |access-date=2 September 2018 |date=12 May 2017}}{{cbignore}}{{cite journal |title=Retirement of G.W.R. Chief Locomotive-Inspector |journal=The Times |date=14 January 1932 |page=20}}{{cite book| first=W.A.| last=Tuplin| year=1965| title=Great Western Saints and Sinners| publisher=George Allen and Unwin }}

File:Cardiff General Station geograph-2423641-by-Ben-Brooksbank.jpg departing east towards Birmingham, 1953]]

A third series of twenty further locomotives appeared during August and September 1907 (Swindon Lot 170), numbered 2911–30 and named after Saints. The framing for these had long curved ends under the cab and over the cylinders, which greatly improved the rather angular appearance of the earlier locomotives. They were fitted with cone boilers and smokeboxes. In October 1908, No. 2922 Saint Gabriel was fitted with a Swindon No. 2 superheater. The following year the Swindon No. 3 superheater became standard for the class.{{harvnb |le Fleming|1953 |p=H24}} Between 1909 and 1912 the remainder of the locomotives were fitted with the Swindon No. 3 superheater. The Saints were withdrawn between 1932 and 1951. No. 2925 Saint Martin was rebuilt with smaller wheels in December 1924 to become the prototype Collett 4900 and renumbered 4900 but still carrying the same name.

File:Swindon Locomotive Depot geograph-2428181-by-Ben-Brooksbank.jpg

A fourth series of 25 locomotives appeared during the years 1911 to 1913 (Swindon Lots 185, 189 and 192). These were numbered 2931–55 and named after famous Courts (i.e. mansions). They were all built with superheaters and there were detailed differences between the boilers used on different lots. They were all withdrawn between 1948 and 1953.

File:Swindon railway station geograph-2428215-by-Ben-Brooksbank.jpg-style rotary-cam poppet valves, at Swindon 1946]]

The locomotives performed well as passenger locomotives over all the long-distance routes of the GWR and on all but the fastest express trains until they gradually became displaced to secondary services by the Castle Class in the late 1920s and 1930s.{{Cite book |last=Nock |first=Oswald Stevens |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/11029500 |title=Great Western "Saint" class 4-6-0 |publisher=Patrick Stephens Ltd. |year=1983 |isbn=0-85059-632-7 |oclc=11029500}}{{Cite book |last=Waters |first=Laurence |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/972290341 |title=Great Western Saint Class Locomotives. |publisher=Pen and Sword |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-4738-5035-4 |oclc=972290341}} However, the {{convert|6|ft|8+1/2|in|m|3|abbr=on}} driving wheels limited their usefulness on freight trains. Churchward had recognized this limitation by the introduction of his GWR 4700 Class 2-8-0 design with {{convert|5|ft|8|in|m|3|abbr=on}} driving wheels in 1919, intended for express goods trains. However, Churchward's successor Charles Collett felt that a smaller-wheeled version of the 'Saint' class could form the basis of a successful mixed-traffic class of locomotives. He therefore rebuilt No. 2925 Saint Martin with {{convert|6|ft|m|3|abbr=on}} driving wheels to become the prototype of his successful Hall Class locomotives. Thus the 2900 class became a template for later GWR 2-cylinder 4-6-0 classes including the Modified Hall, Grange, Manor and County classes, all of which were of the same basic design.{{harvnb |le Fleming|1953 |p=H4}} Moreover they also influenced similar engines on other railways such as the LMS "Black Fives", the LNER B1s and the BR Standard Class 5s.{{harvnb |Tuplin|1958 |p=H33}}

Collett also experimented on several other members of the class. In 1923 No. 2933 was given an altered blastpipe and in 1927 No. 2947 was fitted with cylinder by-pass valves. In 1931 No. 2935 was rebuilt with Lentz-style rotary cam poppet valve gear,{{harvnb |le Fleming|1953 |p=H25}} which remained in use until the engine was scrapped in 1948.{{cite web |title=A History of Lentz Valve Gear on British Steam Locomotives |url=https://www.lner.info/article/tech/valvegear/lentz.php |website=LNER Encyclopedia |access-date=22 March 2021}}

The class incorporated many revolutionary advances which were influential in British locomotive design for the next fifty years. According to The Great Western Society, 'Saint' class locomotives "represented one of the most important steps forward in railway traction of the 20th century", and they "are now acknowledged to have had a profound influence on almost every aspect of subsequent steam locomotive development".{{harvnb|Saint Project}} W.A. Tuplin commented; "No other locomotive design, except perhaps Stephenson's 'Rocket', has represented such a long leap in the right direction as GWR No. 98.".

• On 6 January 1932, locomotive No. 2949 Stanford Court was hauling a milk train that overran signals at Didcot East Junction and collided with a freight train, which was being hauled by GWR 2800 Class 2-8-0 No. 2808. The locomotive was derailed and six wagons were slightly damaged.{{harvnb |Anderson |1932}}

The below list shows when all of the original 2900's were withdrawn from service.

{{main|GWR 2900 Class 2999 Lady of Legend}}

File:46945200094 ae34e6d299 Hugh.jpg, on the demonstration running line at Didcot Railway Centre in April 2019]]

None of the original Saints survived into preservation, so the Great Western Society purchased GWR 4900 Hall Class 4-6-0 No. 4942 Maindy Hall from Barry Scrapyard in 1974, with the intention to rebuild it as a Saint. This would reverse the procedure whereby a Saint was rebuilt as the Hall prototype. The project finally began in earnest in 1995, by which time engineering capability in the preservation movement had greatly increased. It was decided that the engine would be built in the original straight frame form like the first Saints instead of the later curved frame style as fitted to Maindy Hall.[https://didcotrailwaycentre.org.uk/article.php/63/2999-lady-of-legend 2999 - Lady of Legend] Didcot Railway Centre information page. Following thirty years of storage and fifteen years of rebuilding work, 2999 Lady of Legend made its first moves in April 2019 and was formally launched at the Didcot Railway Centre in the same month.[https://web.archive.org/web/20190926015414/https://newbuildsteam.com/2019/04/14/2999-lady-of-legend-launch-weekend/2999/ Lady of Legend: launch weekend] New Build Steam 14 April 2019

{{Clear}}

• List of GWR standard classes with two outside cylinders

{{reflist |24em}}

{{refbegin}}

• {{cite book|last=Allan |first=Ian |title=The ABC of Great Western Locomotives|date=March 1944|publisher=Ian Allan Publishing}}
• {{RCTS-LocosGWR-1|year=1968}}
• {{cite web |last=Anderson |first=E. P. |url=http://www.railwaysarchive.co.uk/documents/MoT_Didcot1932.pdf |title=Great Western Railway |publisher=Board of Trade |date=26 February 1932 }}
• {{cite book|last=Bradley|first=Rodger|title=GWR Two Cylinder 4–6–0s and 2–6–0s|year=1988|publisher=David and Charles Publishing plc|location=Newton Abbot, Devon}}
• {{cite book |last=Davies |first=Ken |title=The Locomotives of the Great Western Railway, part fourteen: Names and their Origins - Railmotor Services - War Service - The Complete Preservation Story |date=April 1993 |publisher=RCTS |location=Lincoln |isbn=0-901115-75-4 |oclc=59928196 }}
• {{cite book| title=The Locomotives of the Great Western Railway. Part 8. Modern Passenger Classes|date=July 1953|publisher=The Railway Correspondence and Travel Society |last=le Fleming |first=H.M. |editor-last=White |editor-first=D.E. |edition=1st |location=Kenilworth |isbn=0-901115-19-3 |oclc=500544523}}
• {{cite book |last=le Fleming |first=H.M. |editor-last=White |editor-first=D.E. |title=The Locomotives of the Great Western Railway, part nine: Standard Two-Cylinder Classes |date=February 1962 |publisher=RCTS |isbn=0-901115-37-1 |oclc=655827210 }}
• {{cite book|last=Nock|first=O. S. |authorlink=O.S. Nock

|title=British Locomotives of the 20th Century Vol.1. |year=1983a

}}

• {{cite book|last=Nock|first=O. S.|title=Great Western 'Saint' Class 4–6–0|year=1983b |publisher=Patrick Stephens Ltd|location=Cambridge|isbn=0-85059-632-7}}
• {{cite book|last=Nock|first=O. S.|title=The GWR Stars, Castles and Kings |year=1980|publisher=Book Club Associates|location=London}}
• {{cite book|last=Poultney |first=Edward Cecil |authorlink=Edward Cecil Poultney |title=British Express Locomotive Development|date=March 1952|publisher=George Allen and Unwin}}
• {{cite book|last=Tuplin |first=W.A. |title=Great Western Steam|date= 1958|publisher=George Allen and Unwin}}
• {{cite web |url=http://www.thesaintproject.co.uk/Pages/AtlanticOption.html |work=2999 Lady of Legend |title=The Atlantic Option |access-date=12 June 2015 |ref={{harvid|Atlantic Option}} }}
• {{cite web |url=http://www.thesaintproject.co.uk/Pages/LatestNews.html |work=2999 Lady of Legend |title=Latest News |date=May 2015 |access-date=12 June 2015 }}
• {{cite web |url=http://www.thesaintproject.co.uk/Pages/SaintProject.html |work=2999 Lady of Legend |title=The Saint Project |access-date=12 June 2015 |ref={{harvid|Saint Project}} }}
• {{cite web|url=http://www.didcotrailwaycentre.org.uk/guide/projects.html#2999|title=Lady of Legend details|work=Great Western Society website|access-date=10 June 2008|archive-date=6 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106150802/http://www.didcotrailwaycentre.org.uk/guide/projects.html#2999|url-status=dead}}

{{refend}}

{{Commons category|GWR 2900 Class}}

• Great Western Society "Great Western Archive", details of locomotives: [http://www.greatwestern.org.uk/m_in_snt_saint29a.htm 2900 - 2924],  [http://www.greatwestern.org.uk/m_in_snt_saint29b.htm 2925 - 2955],   [http://www.greatwestern.org.uk/m_in_snt_saint29c.htm 2971 - 2998]

{{GWR Locomotives}}

2900

Category:4-6-0 locomotives

Category:Railway locomotives introduced in 1902

Category:Scrapped locomotives

Category:Standard-gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain

Category:2′C h2 locomotives

Category:2′B1 h2 locomotives

Category:Passenger locomotives