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Galdieria

{{Short description|Genus of red algae}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}

{{Automatic taxobox

| image = 12862 2020 1677 Fig1A-Galdieria.jpg

| image_caption =

| taxon = Galdieria

| authority = Merola et al., 1981

}}

Galdieria is a genus of red algae belonging to the order Galdieriales;{{Cite journal |last1=Park |first1=S.I. |last2=Cho |first2=C.H. |last3=Ciniglia |first3= C. |last4=Huang |first4=T.Y. |last5=Liu |first5=S.L. |last6=Bustamante |first6= D.E. |last7= Calderon |first7= M.S. |last8=Mansilla |first8=A. |last9=McDermott |first9=T. |last10=Andersen |first10=R.A. |last11=Yoon |first11=H.S. |date=2023 |title=Revised classification of the Cyanidiophyceae based on plastid genome data with descriptions of the Cavernulicolales ord. nov. and Galdieriales ord. nov.(Rhodophyta). |journal=Journal of Phycology |language=en |volume=59 |issue=3 |pages=444–466 |doi=10.1111/jpy.13322 |pmid=36792488 |bibcode=2023JPcgy..59..444P |issn=0022-3646|doi-access=free }} family Galdieriaceae.{{cite web |title=Galdieria Merola, 1982 :: Algaebase |url=https://www.algaebase.org/search/genus/detail/?genus_id=42894 |website=www.algaebase.org |access-date=11 May 2021}} It was created by an Italian botanist Aldo Merola in 1981 for the identification from the species of Cyanidium.{{Cite journal |last1=Merola |first1=Aldo |last2=Castaldo |first2=Rosa |last3=Luca |first3=Paolo De |last4=Gambardella |first4=Raffaele |last5=Musacchio |first5=Aldo |last6=Taddei |first6=Roberto |date=1981 |title=Revision of Cyanidium caldarium. Three species of acidophilic algae |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/11263508109428026 |journal=Giornale Botanico Italiano |language=en |volume=115 |issue=4–5 |pages=189–195 |doi=10.1080/11263508109428026 |issn=0017-0070|url-access=subscription }}{{Cite journal |last1=Albertano |first1=P. |last2=Ciniglia |first2=C. |last3=Pinto |first3=G. |last4=Pollio |first4=A. |date=2000 |title=The taxonomic position of Cyanidium, Cyanidioschyzon and Galdieria: an update |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1023/A:1004031123806 |journal=Hydrobiologia |volume=433 |issue=1/3 |pages=137–143 |doi=10.1023/A:1004031123806|bibcode=2000HyBio.433..137A |s2cid=11634959 |url-access=subscription }}

Species:

There are around 7 species in Galdieria, but still with cryptic species in the species complex G. sulphuraria. The species in Galdieria are extremophilic and mixotrophic, using more than 50 external carbon source for metablism.{{Cite journal |last1=Barbier |first1=G. |last2=Oesterhelt |first2=C. |last3=Larson |first3=M.D. |last4=Halgren |first4=R.G. |last5=Wilkerson |first5=C. |last6=Garavito |first6=R.M. |last7=Benning |first7=C. |last8=Weber |first8=A.P.M. |date=2005 |title=Comparative genomics of two closely related unicellular thermo-acidophilic red algae, Galdieria sulphuraria and Cyanidioschyzon merolae, reveals the molecular basis of the metabolic flexibility of Galdieria sulphuraria and significant differences in carbohydrate metabolism of both algae. |journal=Plant Physiology |language=en |volume=137 |issue=2 |pages=406–474 |doi=10.1104/pp.104.051169|pmid=15710685 |pmc=1065348 }}

Recently, the researchers induced the haploid cell and the sexual reproduction in G. sulphuraria(NIES-550) , G. yellowstonesis(SAG108.79) and G. partita(NBRC102759) under the condition of pH=1.0.{{Cite journal |last1=Hirooka |first1=S. |last2=Itabashi |first2=T. |last3=Ichinose |first3=T.M. |last4=Onuma |first4=R |last5=Fujiwara |first5=T. |last6=Yamashita |first6=S. |last7=Jong |first7=L.W. |last8=Tomita |first8=R. |last9=Iwane |first9=A.H |last10=Miyagishima |first10=S.Y |date=2022 |title=Life cycle and functional genomics of the unicellular red alga Galdieria for elucidating algal and plant evolution and industrial use. |journal=PNAS |language=en |volume=119 |issue=41 |pages=e2210665119 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2210665119|doi-access=free |pmid=36194630 |pmc=9565259 |bibcode=2022PNAS..11910665H }} Both of diploid and haploid cells are mixotrophic, the main difference between them is the cell wall, only diploid cells have cell wall. Besides, there are two type of cell in haploidy, one is the common round cell, another is tadpole-shapes cell, and the tadpole-shaped cell is motile, but the tail is not cilium. They also found two kind of haploid cell while isogamy mating, and turning out the heterozygous individuals. The other is self-diploidization by haploid endoreduplication under the acetic acid stress, and turning out the homozygous individuals. The previous observation of life cycle in Galdieria was regarded as asexual reproduction, although some molecular evidences showed at least 4 time recombination in last recent.{{Cite journal |last1=Yoon |first1=H.S. |last2=Ciniglia |first2=C. |last3=Wu |first3=M. |last4=Comeron |first4=J.M. |last5=Pinto |first5=G. |last6=Pollio |first6=A. |last7=Bhattacharya |first7=D. |date=2006 |title=Establishment of endolithic populations of extremophilic Cyanidiales (Rhodophyta) |journal=BMC Evol. Biol. |language=en |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=78 |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-6-78 |pmid=17022817 |pmc=1626084 |bibcode=2006BMCEE...6...78Y |doi-access=free }} This study is the first observation of the sexual reproduction, it might reveal more clues about the ecological function of this lineage. For examples, the diploid cells in Galdieria can tolerance wider range of pH, but the haploid cell might dominance in the habitat with lower pH.

This lineage mainly thrives in the sulphur acidic geothermal area (30–60°C, pH=0.0–4.0), one of reasons making them tolerant such extreme environment might because the horizontal gene transfer (HGT) for prokaryotes. In the pangenome of Galdieria, showing around 5% genes gained from HGT, and 1% of genes drove them survive from heavy metals, cold stress, and other harsh conditions.{{Cite journal |last1=Rossoni |first1=A.W. |last2=Price |first2=D.C. |last3=Seger |first3=M. |last4=Lyska |first4=D. |last5=Lammers |first5=P. |last6=Bhattacharya |first6=D. |last7=Weber |first7=A.P.M. |date=2019 |title=The genomes of polyextremophilic cyanidiales contain 1% horizontally transferred genes with diverse adaptive functions. |journal=eLife |language=en |volume=8 |pages=e45017 |doi=10.7554/eLife.45017 |pmid=31149898 |doi-access=free |pmc=6629376 }}

The specific physiological and ecological function make Galdieria become a suitable material for eukaryotes to investigate the adaptation and evolution on the early earth.{{Cite journal |last1=Etten |first1=J.V. |last2=Cho |first2=C.H. |last3=Yoon |first3=H.S. |last4=Bhattacharya |first4=D. |date=2023 |title=Extremophilic red algae as models for understanding adaptation to hostile environments and the evolution of eukaryotic life on the early earth. |journal=Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology |language=en |volume=134 |pages=4–13 |pmid=35339358 |doi=10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.03.007 |doi-access=free }}

The other aspect of application in this lineage is to deal with the water pollution,{{Cite journal |last1=di Cicco |first1=M.R. |last2=Iovinella |first2=M. |last3=Palmieri |first3=M. |last4=Lubritto |first4=C. |last5=Ciniglia |first5=C. |date=2021 |title=Extremophilic Microalgae Galdieria Gen. for Urban Wastewater Treatment: Current State, the Case of "POWER" System, and Future Prospects. |journal=Plants |language=en |volume=10 |issue=11 |pages=2343 |doi=10.3390/plants10112343 |pmid=34834705 |pmc=8622319 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2021Plnts..10.2343D }} cause the mixotrophic feature and high tolerance to the heavy metal, Galdieria can serve as a efficient material for the water pollution.

Although the morphological traits are hard to use for classification and still some cryptic species existing. Overall, this genus was highly development in molecular analysis, 15 genome of different strains had been publicated on NCBI{{cite web |title=Assembly of Galdieria :: NCBI |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/assembly/?term=Galdieria |website=www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |access-date=15 December 2023}} at least.

References

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Category:Cyanidiophyceae

Category:Red algae genera