|fam10=Corsican{{efn|The grouping of Gallurese is disputed, although it is most commonly considered a dialect of Corsican{{cite book|title=The Romance Languages|first1=Martin |last1= Harris|first2= Nigel|last2= Vincent|year= 1997|isbn=0-415-16417-6|publisher=Routledge|location=London, England|quote=Also the dialects of Gallura and Sassari (spoken along the northern coast) can be classified as varieties of Italian, though they show some affinities with Sardinian. Gallurese is a variety of Southern Corsican whereas Sassarese is a hybrid dialect which evolved during the Middle Ages as a result of the close contact between the native Sardinian population of Sassari and the maritime powers of Pisa and Genoa.|pages=314}} that is also similar or heavily influenced by Sardinian, Tuscan or standard Italian.}}

|minority={{flag|Sardinia|20px}} ({{flag|Italy|20px}}){{cite web|url=http://www.regione.sardegna.it/j/v/86?v=9&c=72&file=1997026|title=Legge Regionale 15 ottobre 1997, n. 26|publisher=Regione autonoma della Sardegna – Regione Autònoma de Sardigna|access-date=2019-05-06|archive-date=2021-02-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226213750/http://www.regione.sardegna.it/j/v/86?v=9&c=72&file=1997026|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=http://www.regione.sardegna.it/j/v/2604?s=374982&v=2&c=93175&t=1&anno=|title=Legge Regionale 3 Luglio 2018, n. 22|publisher=Regione autonoma della Sardegna – Regione Autònoma de Sardigna|access-date=2019-05-06|archive-date=2019-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190305131152/http://www.regione.sardegna.it/j/v/2604?s=374982&v=2&c=93175&t=1&anno=|url-status=live}}

|iso3=sdn

|glotto=gall1276

|glottorefname=Gallurese Sardinian

|lingua=51-AAA-pd

|map=Sardinia Language Map.png

|mapcaption=Languages and dialects of Sardinia

}}

Gallurese ({{lang|sdn|gadduresu}}) is a Romance dialect of the Italo-Dalmatian family spoken in the region of Gallura, northeastern Sardinia. Gallurese is variously described as a distinct southern dialect of Corsican or transitional language of the dialect continuum between Corsican and Sardinian. "Gallurese International Day" ({{lang|sdn|Ciurrata Internaziunali di la Linga Gadduresa}}) takes place each year in Palau (Sardinia) with the participation of orators from other areas, including Corsica.{{Cite web|url=http://maxia-mail.doomby.com/medias/files/atti-convegno-palau-2014-def.pdf|title=Ciurrati Internaziunali di la Linga Gadduresa 2014|version=(in Gallurese)|access-date=2016-07-05|archive-date=2022-02-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204033201/http://maxia-mail.doomby.com/medias/files/atti-convegno-palau-2014-def.pdf|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|url=http://maxia-mail.doomby.com/medias/files/atti-def-2015.compressed.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190625231130/http://maxia-mail.doomby.com/medias/files/atti-def-2015.compressed.pdf |archive-date=2019-06-25 |url-status=live|title=Ciurrata Internaziunali di la Linga Gadduresa 2015|version=(in Gallurese)}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.piazzagallura.org/palau-ot-5a-ciurrata-internaziunali-di-la-linga-gadduresa/|title=Ciurrata Internaziunali di la Linga Gadduresa 2017|access-date=2019-06-25|archive-date=2019-06-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190625232633/https://www.piazzagallura.org/palau-ot-5a-ciurrata-internaziunali-di-la-linga-gadduresa/|url-status=dead}}

Gallurese is generally considered a southern Corsican dialect, sharing close resemblance in morphology and vocabulary with the dialects of Sartene and Porto-Vecchio on Corsica, whereas its phonology and syntax are similar to those of Sardinian.{{Cite web |url=http://maxia-mail.doomby.com/medias/files/atti-convegno-palau-2014-def.pdf |title=Atti Convegno Lingua Gallurese, Palau 2014 |access-date=2016-07-05 |archive-date=2022-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220204033201/http://maxia-mail.doomby.com/medias/files/atti-convegno-palau-2014-def.pdf |url-status=live }} One third of Gallurese vocabulary is also influenced by Logudorese Sardinian, Catalan, and Spanish.

The Sassarese language, spoken in the area of Sassari, shares similar transitional traits between Tuscan, Corsican and Sardinian but, in comparison with Gallurese, is definitely closer to the Logudorese dialects of Sardinian.

History

The most ancient literary sources in Gallurese date back to the early 17th century, mainly as poetry and religious odes. Some late Middle Age fragments suggest that the formation of the language could be dated to the early 15th century. The origin and the development of Gallurese are debated. Max Leopold Wagner and Maurice Le Lannou argued that successive migration waves from Southern Corsica, promoted under the Aragonese rule to repopulate an area devastated by famine and pandemics, were crucial in the formation of a transitional language.

Typical constitutional elements of Gallurese

File:Maps of Corsican Dialects.svg

the plural form of nouns in -i (ghjanni or polti 'doors') are like in Corsican and Italian, and not as in -s like in Sardinian (jannas, portas), French, Spanish, Catalan, etc.
Latin 'll' has become -dd- (like casteddu, coraddu 'castle', 'coral'), the same as in Sardinian, southern Corsican and Sicilian (but castellu, corallu in northern Corsican);
-r- modified to -l- (poltu 'port', while portu in Corsican and Sardinian);
-chj- and -ghj- sounds (ghjesgia 'church', occhji 'eyes'), like in Corsican, while Sardinian is cresia, ogros.
articles lu, la, li, like in ancient Corsican dialects (u, a, i in modern Corsican, su, sa, sos, sas in Sardinian);

Relation to Corsican

Gallurese is classified by some linguists as a dialect of Corsican,Blasco Ferrer 1984: 180–186, 200Contini 1987: 1°, 500–503Dettori 2002 and by others as a dialect of Sardinian.Loporcaro 2009: 159–167 In any case, a great deal of similarity exists between Southern Corsican dialects and Gallurese, while there is relatively more distance from the neighbouring Sardinian varieties.

Concluding the debate speech, the Sardinian linguist Mauro Maxia stated as follows:

{{blockquote|From a historical and geographic point of view, Gallurese might be classed either under Corsican or Sardinian, in light of its presence specific to Sardinia for the last six-seven centuries. From a linguistic point of view, Gallurese might be defined as:

Predominantly Corsican on a phono-morphological level;
Predominantly Sardinian on a syntactic level;
Predominantly Corsican on a lexical level, with a lot of Sardinian, Catalan, and Spanish words, making up around 1/3 of the total vocabulary.

Gallurese is less Corsican than many scholars make it out to be. What makes Gallurese a different language from Corsican, rather than a Corsican dialect, are many grammatical features, especially related to syntax, and the significant number of Sardinian, Catalan and Spanish loanwords.

It can be therefore claimed that, from a grammatical and lexical point of view, Gallurese is a transitional language between Corsican and Sardinian.|Mauro Maxia, Seminar on the Gallurese language, Palau 2014}}

The Regional Government of Sardinia has recognized Gallurese, along with Sassarese as separate languages, distinct from Sardinian.{{cite web|url=http://www.regione.sardegna.it/j/v/86?v=9&c=72&s=1&file=1997026|title=Legge Regionale 15 ottobre 1997, n. 26|access-date=2008-06-16|author=Autonomous Region of Sardinia|date=1997-10-15|pages=Art. 2, paragraph 4|language=it|archive-date=2021-03-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301195804/http://www.regione.sardegna.it/j/v/86?v=9&c=72&s=1&file=1997026|url-status=live}}

=Sample of text=

An excerpt from a hymn dedicated to the Virgin Mary.{{cite web|url= http://web.tiscali.it/accadlinguagallurese/|title= Accademia della lingua gallurese|access-date= 2011-08-09|archive-date= 2011-06-07|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110607122654/http://web.tiscali.it/accadlinguagallurese/|url-status= live}}

class="itwiki_template_toc" width="100%" style="text-align:center"

!bgcolor="#EFEFEF"| Standard Italian

!bgcolor="#EFEFEF"| Southern Corsican

!bgcolor="#EFEFEF"| Gallurese

!bgcolor="#EFEFEF"| Sassarese

!bgcolor="#EFEFEF"| Logudorese Sardinian

!bgcolor="#EFEFEF"| English translation

{{lang|it|

Tu sei nata per incanto

deliziosa bellezza

la migliore di Luogosanto

la più bella di Gallura.

Sei tanto bella che ogni cuore

s'innamora di te

per gli occhi miei un fiore

ed è la migliore che c’è.

Io sono vecchio e canuto

e il mio tempo sta passando

però sempre burlando

come m'avevi conosciuto.

Per quanta strada devo fare

sempre onore a Luogosanto

che è la terra dell'incanto

per chiunque chi viene a visitarla.

La patrona di Gallura

abbiamo noi in Luogosanto

incoronata di canti

così bella creatura.}}

|{{lang|co|

Tù sè nata par incantu

diliziosa biddezza

a meddu di Locusantu

a più bedda di Gaddura.

Sè bedda chì ugni cori

s’innamurighja di tè

pà l’ochja mei un fiori

ed hè a meddu chì ci hè.

Ié socu vechju canutu

è socu à tempu passendu

parò sempri burlendu

comu m’eti cunnisciutu

Quantu campu devu fà

sempri anori a Locusantu

ch’hè a tarra di l’incantu

di quà veni à sughjurnà.

A Patrona di Gaddura

l’emu no' in Locusantu

incurunata da u cantu

cusì bedda criatura.}}

|{{lang|sdn|

Tu sei nata par incantu

diliziosa elmosùra

la meddu di Locusantu

la più bedda di Gaddura.

Sei bedda chi dugna cori

s’innammurigghja di te

pa l’occhj mei un fiori

ed è la meddu chi c’è.

E socu vecchju canutu

e socu a tempu passendi

parò sempri burrulendi

comu m’eti cunnisciutu

Cantu campu decu fà

sempri onori a Locusantu

ch’è la tarra di l’incantu

di ca {{not a typo|veni a}} istragnà.

La Patrona di Gaddura

l’emu noi in Locusantu

incurunata da lu cantu

cussì bedda criatura.}}

|{{lang|sdc|

Tu sei nadda pà incantu

diriziosa ermosura

la megliu di Loggusantu

la più bedda di Gaddura.

Sei bedda chi dugna cori

s'innamureggia di te

pà l'occi mei un fiori

e sei la megliu chi v'è.

E soggu vecciu canuddu

e soggu a tempu passendi

parò sempri buffunendi

cumenti m'abeddi cunnisciddu.

Cantu campu aggiu da fà

sempri onori a Loggusantu

chi è la terra di l'incantu

di ca veni a visità.

La Patrona di Gaddura

l'abemmu noi in Loggusantu

incurunadda da lu cantu

cussì bedda criaddura.}}

|{{lang|src|

Tue ses naschida pro incantu

delitziosa ermosura

sa menzus de Logusantu

sa prus bella de Gallura.

Ses bella gai chi dontzi coro

s'innamorat de tene

pro sos ogros meos unu frore

e ses sa menzus chi b'est.

E soe betzu e pilicanu

e su tempus meu est colende

pero soe semper brullende

comente m'azis connotu.

Pro cantu bivo apo a fàghere

semper onore a Logusantu

chi est sa terra de s'incantu

de chie benit a la bisitare.

Sa patrona de Gallura

la tenimus nois in Logusantu

coronada de su cantu

gai bella criadura.}}

You were born of enchantment

Delightful beauty

The best of Luogosanto

The most beautiful in Gallura.

You are so beautiful that every heart

Falls in love with you

A flower to my eyes

The best one that there is.

I am old and grey

And my time is passing by

But I am always cheering up

The same way as when you met me.

No matter how many fields I must till

I will always honor Luogosanto

For it is a land of enchantment

For whoever comes to visit it.

The Patron of Gallura

Is here for us in Luogosanto

Crowned by hymns

Such a splendid creature.

Notes

References

External links

Maxia, Mauro. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304210915/http://www.sardegnadigitallibrary.it/mmt/fullsize/2010072310445600012.pdf Studi sardo-corsi: Dialettologia e storia della lingua tra le due isole]. Accademia della Lingua Gallurese; Istituto di Filologia (2010).
[http://www.antoninurubattu.it/rubattu/elementi-di-grammatica-gallurese.html Elementi di grammatica gallurese, Antoninu Rubattu]
Von Wartburg, Walther. La fragmentation linguistique de la Romania. Paris, Librairie C. Klincksieck, 1967.

Category:Sardinian language

Category:Corsican language

Category:Languages of Sardinia

Category:Languages of Italy

Category:Definitely endangered languages

Gallurese