Gamal Mubarak

Mubarak's given name, Gamal, comes from Egypt's second president, Gamal Abdel Nasser. For his early education, he attended St. George's College, Cairo before entering the American University in Cairo. He graduated with a business administration degree and he also earned an MBA from the university.{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}} He began his professional career working for Bank of America.{{cite news |last1=MacFARQUHAR |first1= Neil |last2=ROHDE |first2=David |last3=ROSTON |first3=Aram |date=12 February 2011 |title=Mubarak Family Riches Attract New Focus |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/13/world/middleeast/13wealth.html|newspaper=The New York Times |location=New York City |access-date=26 January 2015 }}

Mubarak left Bank of America to set up London-based Medinvest Associates Ltd, which manages a private equity fund, and to do some corporate finance consultancy work.{{cite web|url=http://www.winne.com/topinterviews/gamal.htm |title=Interview with MR. GAMAL MUBARAK Chairman Of Medinvest Associates Ltd |publisher=Winne.com|date=14 January 1999|access-date=5 June 2011}}

The grooming of Gamal Mubarak to be his father's successor as the next president of Egypt became increasingly evident at around 2000.Aziz, Muhammad Abdul and Hussein, Youssef (2002) "The President, the Son, and the Military: Succession in Egypt" Arab Studies Journal 9/10: pp. 73–88 With no vice-president, and with no heir-apparent in sight, Gamal started enjoying considerable attention in Egyptian state-run media.Brownlee, Jason (2008) [https://webspace.utexas.edu/jmb334/www/documents/article.ASJ.2008.pdf "The Heir Apparency of Gamal Mubarak"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120404150833/https://webspace.utexas.edu/jmb334/www/documents/article.ASJ.2008.pdf |date=4 April 2012 }} Arab Studies Journal pp. 36–56 On 3 February 2000, Hosni Mubarak appointed him to the general secretariat of the ruling National Democratic Party.{{cite journal|title=Chronology: Egypt|journal=The Middle East Journal|date=Summer 2000|volume=54|issue=3|url=https://www.questia.com/read/1P3-57309062/chronology-egypt|access-date=|archive-date=30 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181130122215/https://www.questia.com/read/1P3-57309062/chronology-egypt|url-status=dead}} Bashar al-Assad's rise to power in Syria in June 2000 just hours after Hafez al-Assad's death, sparked a heated debate in the Egyptian press regarding the prospects for a similar scenario occurring in Cairo.Sobelman, Daniel (2001) [http://www.meforum.org/27/gamal-mubarak-president-of-egypt "Gamal Mubarak, President of Egypt?"] Middle East Quarterly 8(2): pp. 31–40

Mubarak founded, and became chairman of, the Future Generation Foundation (FGF), an NGO supporting job training but which also served as a vehicle for Mubarak's political career.{{Cite news|url=http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/book-review-gamals-gang|title=Book review: Gamal's gang – Egypt Independent|date=13 April 2011|work=Egypt Independent|access-date=15 December 2017}}

Both President Mubarak and his son denied the possibility of any inheritance of power in Egypt. More recently, this claim was made in early 2006, when Gamal Mubarak declared repeatedly that he had no aspiration to succeed his father, but that he would maintain his position in the then-ruling NDP as deputy secretary general, a post he held in addition to heading the party's policy committee, allegedly the most important member of the NDP.[http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/egypt/?id=16096] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060418043431/http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/egypt/?id=16096|date=18 April 2006}}

In September 2004, several political groups (most are unofficial), on both the left and the right, announced their sharp opposition to the inheritance of power. They demanded political change and a fair, multi-candidate election.[http://mengos.net/events/04newsevents/egypt/september/9september04.htm] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040912105629/http://mengos.net/events/04newsevents/egypt/september/9september04.htm|date=12 September 2004}}

On 26 February 2005, Mubarak ordered the constitution changed to allow multi-candidate presidential elections before September 2005 by asking parliament to amend Article 76 of the Egyptian constitution. This change in the constitution was seen then by some analysts and senior judicial figures as a ploy to seamlessly allow Gamal Mubarak to inherit the top position in Egypt. According to this view, Gamal Mubarak would be one of the candidates in a presidential elections and would be supported by the ruling party and the government-controlled media. Since remaining serious candidates would be disqualified by the NDP-controlled People's Assembly leaving only the less popular candidates, the inheritance of power would be accomplished through a "democratic" process. However these were all merely assumptions made by political activists, analysts, and opponents.{{citation needed|date=December 2014}}

Some political analysts{{cite web|url=http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2011/02/13/108650/egypt-insider-mubaraks-fall-was.html|title=Egypt insider: Mubarak's fall was years in the making|publisher=Mc Clatchydc|access-date=5 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110404035959/http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2011/02/13/108650/egypt-insider-mubaraks-fall-was.html|archive-date=4 April 2011|url-status=dead}} speculate that the alleged deteriorating state of the Egyptian economy in the last days of Hosni Mubarak's rule was caused by Gamal and his friends taking over as political advisers to Mubarak. On the other hand, a wide range of analysts credit Gamal Mubarak for reviving the Egyptian economy over the previous five years, from a stagnant, mostly state-run economy to a largely free market system that enjoyed five percent GDP growth.

During the first week of the 2011 Egyptian Revolution there were unconfirmed reports and speculation that Gamal might have left Egypt during the protests. However, on 3 February 2011, Gamal was present for an ABC News interview of his father in Cairo.{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/egypt-abc-news-christiane-amanpour-exclusive-interview-president/story?id=12833673|title=Feb. 3, 2011: Amanpour's Exclusive Mubarak Interview|date=19 June 2012|work=ABC News}}

As the 2011 Egyptian revolution unfolded, newly appointed vice president Omar Suleiman met a major public concern when he announced on 3 February 2011 that Gamal Mubarak would not seek election.{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-egypt-suleiman-idUKTRE70S2JL20110129|title=Factbox – Omar Suleiman, new Egyptian vice-president|date=29 January 2017|work=Reuters}}

Reuters Africa reported that a fight took place between him and his older brother, Alaa Mubarak. Alaa supposedly accused Gamal of ruining their father's last days in power and humiliating him.{{cite web|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/egyptNews/idAFLDE71C0HQ20110213|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110214081715/http://af.reuters.com/article/egyptNews/idAFLDE71C0HQ20110213|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 February 2011|title=Sons of Egypt's Mubarak nearly came to blows-paper|work=Reuters|date=13 February 2011|access-date=5 June 2011}}

Following the stepping down of Hosni Mubarak, media sources started to point to the 'suspicious' financial dealings of Gamal Mubarak. On 28 February 2011, the Egyptian daily Al-Ahram published a list of bank accounts allegedly belonging to Gamal Mubarak. Al-Ahram reported that the Chief Prosecutor of Egypt received a report that Gamal Mubarak inexplicably amassed significant sums of money that were deposited in these accounts. This allegation came on background of a decision from the Prosecutor General of Egypt to freeze all bank accounts belonging to the Mubarak family, including Gamal Mubarak.{{cite web |url=http://www.ahram.org.eg/457/2011/02/28/25/64884.aspx |title=حسابات سرية لعائلة مبارك بالبنوك المصرية 147مليون دولار لسوزان و200 مليون لعلاء وجمال |publisher=Ahram |date=28 February 2011 |access-date=5 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110618162312/http://www.ahram.org.eg/457/2011/02/28/25/64884.aspx |archive-date=18 June 2011 }} The Egyptian Appeals Court ordered that Mubarak's financial status is reviewed by the court on 5 March 2011. The Egyptian courts have since unfrozen the Mubarak assets in Egypt after Gamal Mubarak and his brother were acquitted.{{Cite web |title=Court issues final ruling canceling asset freeze on Mubarak's sons - Courts & Law - Egypt |url=https://english.ahram.org.eg/News/437962.aspx |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=Ahram Online}}{{Cite web |date=2021-11-03 |title=Egypt court lifts freeze on Mubarak sons' assets |url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20211103-egypt-court-lifts-freeze-on-mubarak-sons-assets/ |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=Middle East Monitor}}

On 13 April 2011, Gamal was imprisoned for 15 days pending investigations for corruption, abuse of power, and for his alleged role in causing the fatalities and casualties of peaceful protesters during the revolution which was sparked on 25 January 2011. An official investigation accused Gamal Mubarak of using his influence in the National Democratic Party and as son of the president to award contracts to foreign companies in which he was a partner.[http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/mubarak-brothers-accused-exploiting-influence-gain Mubarak brothers accused of exploiting influence for gain], Egypt Independent, 28 June 2012 He appeared in court, alongside his father and brother. Gamal and his brother still remained in prison, whereas their father was released from jail but put on house arrest for 15 days.

On 19 December 2013, Gamal was once again freed after he was acquitted of corruption along with his brother and Ahmed Shafik, ex-candidate of 2012 Egyptian presidential election.{{cite web |url=http://www.newsdaily.com/world/dee5670b488941222943a3a5096c0c30/egypt-mubaraks-sons-pm-acquitted-of-corruption |title=Egypt: Mubarak's sons, PM acquitted of corruption |publisher=NewsDaily |date=19 December 2013 |access-date=19 December 2013 |archive-date=20 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220060917/http://www.newsdaily.com/world/dee5670b488941222943a3a5096c0c30/egypt-mubaraks-sons-pm-acquitted-of-corruption |url-status=dead }}

On 21 May 2014, a Cairo court convicted Mubarak and his sons Alaa and Gamal of embezzling the equivalent of {{USD|17.6 million}} of state funds intended for renovation of presidential palaces but were instead diverted to upgrade private family homes. The court ordered the repayment of {{USD|17.6 million}}, fined the trio {{USD|2.9 million}}, and sentenced Mubarak to three years in prison and each of his sons to four years. They were retried and convicted again in May 2015 and their sentence was reduced to three years.{{Cite news |last=Kirkpatrick |first=David D. |date=2015-05-09 |title=Egyptian Court Upholds Mubarak Verdict |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/10/world/middleeast/egyptian-court-upholds-mubarak-verdict.html |access-date=2025-05-06 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}

The EU Court of Justice later annulled sanctions imposed on the Mubarak family which were based on this conviction and on other proceedings in the Egyptian courts.{{Cite web |date=6 April 2022 |title=Judgment of European Union Court of Justice, 6 April 2022 |url=https://curia.europa.eu/juris/document/document.jsf?text=&docid=257421&pageIndex=0&doclang=EN&mode=lst&dir=&occ=first&part=1&cid=745490 |url-status=live |access-date=6 May 2025}} The Court found that the decision to impose sanctions had not been taken "on a sufficiently solid factual basis" due to the lack of verification by the EU Council as to whether their fundamental rights were respected in the relevant Egyptian proceedings.{{Cite web |date=3 December 2020 |title=Judgment of the European Union Court of Justice, 3 December 2020 |url=https://curia.europa.eu/juris/document/document.jsf?text=&docid=234941&pageIndex=0&doclang=EN&mode=lst&dir=&occ=first&part=1&cid=16096737 |url-status=live |access-date=6 May 2025}}

In October 2015 he and his brother were released from prison, based on time already served.{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/12/egypt-court-hosni-mubarak-sons-gamal-alaa-release-corruption-conviction|title=Egypt court orders release of Hosni Mubarak's sons|agency=Associated Press|date=12 October 2015|work=The Guardian}}

In September 2018, Gamal was arrested along with his brother Alaa who were both accused, together with other defendants, of stock market manipulation in a case that started in 2012.{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-45534138|title=Egypt ex-President Mubarak's sons arrested|date=15 September 2018|work=BBC News|access-date=17 September 2018}} The same month, Gamal's long sought chance of a political future ended after he became ineligible for any political office following the Egypt Court of Cassation's decision to uphold his corruption conviction.{{cite news |last=Hendawi |first=Hamza |date=22 September 2018 |title=Egypt court upholds corruption conviction of Mubarak, sons |url=https://apnews.com/article/d5509e0e58534f7f9db11f7308b45b53 |accessdate=10 May 2021 |publisher=Associated Press}} The corruption convictions of his father and his brother were upheld as well. The EU Court of Justice found that their fundamental rights of defence and rights to effective judicial protection in these Egyptian proceedings had not been respected.

Both Gamal and his brother were acquitted of the 2012 stock market manipulation charge in February 2020.{{Cite news |first=The New Arab & agencies |date=22 February 2020 |title=Egyptian court acquits Mubarak sons in graft case |url=https://www.newarab.com/news/egyptian-court-acquits-mubarak-sons-stock-manipulation-case |url-status=live |access-date=22 May 2025 |work=The New Arab}}

On 12 March 2021, the European Union revoked the sanctions against nine Egyptian individuals including Mubarak family, adopted since 2011.{{cite web |url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2021/03/12/egypt-eu-revokes-sanctions-framework-and-delists-9-people/ |title=Egypt: EU revokes sanctions framework and delists 9 people |website=Council of the European Union |date=12 March 2021 }} This followed a decision handed down by the EU Court of Justice which ruled that the sanctions were unlawful.{{Cite web |last=KC |first=Maya Lester |date=2020-12-03 |title=ECJ annuls Mubarak et al Egypt misappropriation sanctions listings |url=https://globalsanctions.com/2020/12/ecj-annuls-mubarak-et-al-egypt-misappropriation-sanctions-listings/ |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=Global Sanctions |language=en-US}} Subsequently, another decision by the EU Court of Justice "confirmed the unlawfulness of the EU sanctions" against the family. The Court annulled the sanctions and ordered the EU to pay the family's legal costs.{{Cite news |date=7 April 2022 |title=EU Court of Justice unfreezes Mubarak family assets |url=https://thearabweekly.com/eu-court-justice-unfreezes-mubarak-family-assets |url-status=live |access-date=22 May 2025 |work=The Arab Weekly}}

In November 2021, the Egyptian judicial authorities unfroze all Mubarak family assets as all legal proceedings came to an end in Egypt.{{Cite web |date=2021-11-03 |title=Egypt court lifts freeze on Mubarak sons’ assets |url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20211103-egypt-court-lifts-freeze-on-mubarak-sons-assets/ |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=Middle East Monitor}}{{Cite web |title=Court issues final ruling canceling asset freeze on Mubarak's sons - Courts & Law - Egypt |url=https://english.ahram.org.eg/News/437962.aspx |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=Ahram Online}}

On 13 April 2022, the Swiss Office of the Attorney General (OAG) closed its probe into Gamal and Alaa Mubarak, after its 11-year-long and in-depth investigation was "unable to substantiate suspicions" of alleged corruption.{{Cite web |first=Office of the Attorney General of Switzerland |date=13 April 2022 |title=Arab Spring: Investigation related to the ‘Egyptian Revolution’ closed |url=https://www.news.admin.ch/en/nsb?id=88008 |url-status=live |access-date=18 June 2025 |website=Office of the Attorney General of Switzerland}}

Swiss prosecutors declared that "the investigation conducted in Switzerland failed to establish even a tenuous link with any offence." The decision also noted "the absence of evidence relating to potential offences committed in particular in Egypt."

After the closure of the Swiss prosecutors' investigation, Egyptian news reported in May 2022 that a "decade-long legal battle for the Mubarak family had come to an end."{{Cite web |last=Egypt |first=Daily News |date=2022-05-18 |title=Mubarak son says family clear of corruption charges, won’t tolerate ‘defamatory reporting’ |url=https://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2022/05/18/mubarak-son-corruption-charges/ |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=Dailynewsegypt |language=en-US}}{{Cite web |last=Independent |first=Egypt |date=2022-05-19 |title=Gamal Mubarak's statement provokes social media users |url=https://www.egyptindependent.com/gamal-mubaraks-statement-provokes-social-media-users/ |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=Egypt Independent |language=en-US}}

Mubarak is married to Khadiga al-Gammal, with whom he has two children, Farida and Mahmoud. In 2009, his 12-year-old nephew Mohammed (son of Alaa Mubarak) died of a cerebral haemorrhage and had an immediate burial as the Islamic tradition.{{cite web |url=https://egyptindependent.com/gamal-mubarak-arrives-cairo-wife-newborn/ |title=Gamal Mubarak arrives in Cairo with wife, newborn |website=Egypt Independent |date=15 October 2015 }}

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{{cite web|url=http://www.spectator.co.uk/features/8979241/egypts-muslim-brotherhood-should-have-learnt-from-nasser/ |title=Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood should have learnt from Nasser |last1=Coughlin |first1=Con |date=3 August 2013 |work=Salon |access-date=2 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130803114231/http://www.spectator.co.uk/features/8979241/egypts-muslim-brotherhood-should-have-learnt-from-nasser/ |archive-date=3 August 2013 |url-status=live }}

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{{Commons Category}}

{{Portal|Egypt|Biography|Politics}}

• Interview with Gamal Mubarak: "[http://www.meforum.org/article/2063 We Need Audacious Leaders]", Middle East Quarterly, Winter 2009
• Egypt: Time of the Reformers, Interview by Pascal Drouhaud, Politique internationale, n° 120, Paris, 2008
• Daniel Sobelman, "[http://www.meforum.org/article/27 Gamal Mubarak: President of Egypt?]", Middle East Quarterly, Spring 2001
• BBC: [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3646026.stm "Mubarak son raises public profile"], 10 September 2004.
• MSNBC: [https://web.archive.org/web/20160108212223/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/5529166/ "Stage set for political dynasty in Egypt?"], 28 July 2004.
• Foreign Policy: {{cite web|url=http://mideast.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2010/09/20/is_gamal_mubarak_the_best_hope_for_egyptian_democracy_0 |title=Is Gamal Mubarak the Best Hope for Egyptian Democracy?|publisher=Mideast|date=20 September 2010|access-date=5 June 2011}}

{{Egyptian Revolution of 2011}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mubarak, Gamal}}

Category:1963 births

Category:Living people

Category:Egyptian Muslims

Category:Egyptian people of Welsh descent

Category:The American University in Cairo alumni

Category:National Democratic Party (Egypt) politicians

Category:People of the Egyptian revolution of 2011

Category:St. George's College, Cairo alumni

Category:Egyptian politicians convicted of corruption

Gamal

Category:Children of presidents of Egypt

Category:21st-century Egyptian politicians