Gang war in Haiti

{{further|Haitian crisis (2018–present)}}

File:PikiWiki Israel 136 papa doc haiti שליט האיטי פאפא דוק-cropd.jpg (François Duvalier pictured in 1963). ]]

Since the 1950s, non-state armed groups have been firmly established in Haiti. This process began with the establishment of the Tonton Macoute paramilitaries by the dictatorship led by president François Duvalier, used to violently suppress dissidents.{{sfn|Walker|2022|p=5}} After the dictatorship ended with the removal of president Jean-Claude Duvalier (François' son) from power in 1986, non-state violence continued. The Tonton Macoute were disbanded, but never disarmed and thus reorganized as far-right vigilantes. Haitian political actors continued to employ armed groups to defend their interests, manipulate elections and suppress public unrest. In 1994, President Jean-Bertrand Aristide outlawed pro-Duvalier armed groups and disbanded the Haitian Army, but that did not solve the issue, as again, there was no disarmament. Thus, ex-soldiers and ex-militiamen further swelled the ranks of unofficial militant factions. From 1994 to 2004, a de facto anti-Arisitide insurgency took place in Port-au-Prince, as ex-soldiers attacked the government.{{sfn|Walker|2022|p=5}} In response to the chaos, youth set up self-defense groups, called chimères, which were supported by the police and the government to shore up its position. Receiving de facto state support from Aristide's Fanmi Lavalas party, the youth gangs took control of entire communes and became increasingly independent-minded.{{sfn|Walker|2022|pp=5–6}} U.S. diplomat Daniel Lewis Foote argued, "Aristide started [the gangs] on purpose in the early 1980s, as a voice, as a way to get some power [for ordinary Haitians], [...] and they morphed over the years."{{Cite news |title=Haiti's gang violence crisis, briefly explained |url=https://www.vox.com/world-politics/2023/3/26/23657163/haitis-gang-violence-crisis-explained |first=Ellen |last=Ioanes |work=Vox |date=26 March 2023 |access-date=6 October 2023 |archive-date=4 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004162051/https://www.vox.com/world-politics/2023/3/26/23657163/haitis-gang-violence-crisis-explained |url-status=live }}

After the 2010 Haiti earthquake, younger and more ruthless gangs overcame the dominance of older more politically-aligned gangs. The armed youth groups grew increasingly powerful.{{sfn|Walker|2022|p=6}} The earthquake also resulted in the mass breakout of criminals from damaged prisons in Haiti. According to Sabine Lamour, the protection of politicians accused of rape and abuse during Michel Martelly's administration (2011-2016) was a mirror of the culture of toxic masculinity and misogyny in the street gangs, whose members embodied the "Legal Bandit" he celebrated in his 2008 album Bandi Légal.{{cite journal |last=Lamour |first=Sabine |title=The Toxic Masculinity of the Legal Bandit |journal=NACLA Report on the Americas |volume=53 |year=2021 |issue=1 |pages=88–93 |doi=10.1080/10714839.2021.1891649}} The MINUSTAH, a United Nations peacekeeping operation in Haiti started after the end of the 2004 coup d'état, failed to contain the unrest and committed abuses of its own. Since the end of the MINUSTAH in October 2017, there has been an increase in the amount of gang-related violence, as well as an increase in the amount of gang-related violence against civilians, notably the 2018 Port-au-Prince massacre, in which 25 civilians were killed.{{cite news |date=6 October 2017 |title=UN peacekeepers leave Haiti: What is their legacy? |work=Al Jazeera |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/10/peacekeepers-leave-haiti-legacy-171004144515853.html |access-date=15 January 2019 |archive-date=15 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115182049/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/10/peacekeepers-leave-haiti-legacy-171004144515853.html |url-status=live }}{{cite news |last1=Charles |first1=Jacqueline |title=Anti-corruption protest in Haiti turns into referendum on Haitian president |url=https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/haiti/article221861430.html |access-date=15 January 2021 |work=Miami Herald |date=18 November 2018 |language=en |archive-date=15 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115132506/https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/haiti/article221861430.html |url-status=live }}

From 2017 to 2021, Haiti's political leadership became embroiled in a crisis, and the Haitian Parliament entered a deadlock, public administration gradually ceased to operate by a lack of funding, and the judicial system effectively fell apart.{{sfn|Walker|2022|pp=3–4}} Scheduled elections were repeatedly postponed. The economy of Haiti suffered under the repeated natural disasters and the growing unrest, which further contributed to the crisis.{{Cite news |title=United Nations statistics underscore 'extreme brutality' of Haiti's gangs |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/8/19/united-nations-statistics-underscore-extreme-brutality-of-haitis-gangs |work=al-Jazeera |date=19 August 2023 |access-date=6 October 2023 |archive-date=19 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019121403/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/8/19/united-nations-statistics-underscore-extreme-brutality-of-haitis-gangs |url-status=live }} The Vox journalist Ellen Ioanes summarized that "Haiti has faced serious and compounding crises, including a devastating 2010 earthquake, floods, cholera outbreaks, hurricanes, and corrupt, dictatorial, and incompetent leaders". Gangs stepped into the power vacuum, seizing political power through co-operative politicians and economic control through protection rackets, kidnappings and murders.{{sfn|Walker|2022|pp=3–4}}

By 2022, researchers estimated that about 200 gangs operated across Haiti. Of these, half were located in Port-au-Prince. The more influential gangs control large swathes of territory, including entire municipalities and communes.{{sfn|Walker|2022|p=6}}

• "G9 alliance",{{sfn|Walker|2022|p=19}} officially Fòs Revolisyonè G9 an Fanmi e Alye (Revolutionary Forces of the G9 Family and allies): It was founded and is led by Jimmy Chérizier, nicknamed Barbecue, an ex-police officer.{{sfn|Walker|2022|p=17}} G9 is based in the capital's communes of Delmas, Pétion-Ville and parts of Carrefour. The G9 alliance includes many former soldiers and policemen in its ranks and was long connected to the PHTK party until distancing itself after Ariel Henry became president. The G9 now describes itself as a revolutionary organization,{{sfn|Walker|2022|p=16}} and has begun to create a nation-wide alliance network dubbed "G20".{{sfn|Walker|2022|p=17}}
• Delmas 6 Gang: Personal gang of Chérizier, overall head of G9.{{sfn|Walker|2022|p=17}} The gang was already operating while Chérizier was still an active police officer, signifying the gang's strong links to the Haitian security forces.
• "Baz Pilate": One of the capital's most important gangs, mainly consisting of ex-SWAT elite police.{{sfn|Walker|2022|p=18}}
• Baz Krache Dife{{sfn|Walker|2022|p=17}}
• Nan Ti Bwa{{sfn|Walker|2022|p=17}}
• Simon Pelé's gang{{sfn|Walker|2022|p=17}}
• Baz Nan Chabon, Waf Jérémie{{sfn|Walker|2022|p=17}}
• Nan Boston,{{sfn|Walker|2022|p=17}} also called "Boston gang"{{sfn|ACLED|2023|p=2}}
• Belekou gang{{sfn|Walker|2022|p=17}}{{sfn|ACLED|2023|p=2}}
• "G-Pep": This gang alliance was formed in direct response to G9. It was organized by the Nan Brooklyn gang and its head Jean Pierre Gabriel (alias "Ti Gabriel"). The G-Pep is believed to be connected to Haitian opposition parties and/or "a well-known Haitian businessman". It is centered on Port-au-Prince's Cité Soleil.{{sfn|Walker|2022|p=18}}
• Nan Brooklyn gang,{{sfn|Walker|2022|p=18}} also called "Brooklyn gang"{{sfn|ACLED|2023|p=2}}
• "400 Mawozo": The largest gang in Haiti, mainly based in Croix-des-Bouquets, Ganthier and in Port-au-Prince's Tabarre and Pétion-Ville. It has branches in Gros-Morne and the Dominican Republic and has a waiting list for aspiring members. It largely consists of deportees, former leaders of opposition groups, former smugglers and police officers. In 2022, it aligned itself with "G-Pep" after its leader was extradited to the United States from a Haitian prison on gun smuggling charges.{{sfn|Walker|2022|pp=4, 17–18}} It came to international attention due to the kidnapping of 17 U.S. missionaries, but has also been involved in extortion rackets, road hijackings, smuggling contraband, and the traffic of arms, drugs, and people along the border with the Dominican Republic.{{Cite web |website=Insight Crime |url=https://insightcrime.org/haiti-organized-crime-news/400-mawozo/ | title=400 Mawozo | date=23 March 2022 }}
• "Grand Ravine" and "5 Second": Two youth gangs based in Port-au-Prince's Martissant; mainly consists of vigilantes and "popular organizations" previously connected to Fanmi Lavalas.{{sfn|Walker|2022|p=18}}
• "Baz Galil": Based outside the capital, it mainly consists of deportees from the United States and is closely connected to the PHTK, various government agencies and other gangs.{{sfn|Walker|2022|p=19}}
• "Titanyen gang": Operates in Cabaret.{{sfn|ACLED|2023|p=2}}
• "Base 5 Secondes": Operates in Village de Dieu.{{cite web |website=Haiti Liberté |last=Ives |first=Kim |title=Léon Charles du SIN à l'ANI |url=https://haitiliberte.com/leon-charles-du-sin-a-lani |date=9 December 2020 |language=fr }}
• "Canaan gang": Operates in Cabaret.{{sfn|ACLED|2023|p=2}}

In December 2023, the US sanctioned four gang leaders, one of whom, Johnson André, leads the 5 Segond gang, which the US Treasury Department identified as being responsible for over 1,000 cases of sexual violence in 2022.{{cite news |work=Reuters |title=UN, US slap sanctions on four Haiti gang leaders |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/un-slaps-sanctions-four-haiti-gang-leaders-2023-12-09/ |date=9 December 2023 }} Rape, which only became a criminal offense in Haiti in 2005, is being used by gangs as a means of humiliating those living in rival gang neighborhoods. Abortion is illegal in Haiti, so rape victims are legally required to carry any resulting pregnancy to term.{{cite news |last1=Merancourt |first1=Widlore |last2=Coletta |first2=Amanda |newspaper=Washington Post |title='Collective rapes' surge as weapon in Haiti's gang war |date=29 January 2024 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/01/29/haiti-gang-violence-rape/ }}

File:Inauguration of Jovenel Moise 06.jpg and the PHTK party{{sfn|Walker|2022|p=13}} (banner celebrating Moise's inauguration pictured). ]]

In May 2020, a coalition of eleven gangs (Delmas 19 gang, Delmas 6 gang, Delmas 95 gang, Nan Barozi gang, Nan Belekou gang, Nan Boston gang, Nan Chabón gang, Nan Ti Bwa gang, Pilate Base gang, Simon Pele gang, Wharf de Jeremie gang) was founded to attack several neighborhoods in Port-au-Prince as a way to secure and expand territorial control. The same month, they attacked civilians in the neighborhoods of Port-au-Prince, killing 34 people.{{Cite web|title=UCDP – Uppsala Conflict Data Program|url=https://ucdp.uu.se/actor/7886|access-date=28 July 2022|website=ucdp.uu.se|archive-date=7 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230107233519/https://ucdp.uu.se/actor/7886|url-status=live}} That month, Altès, the leader of an anti-government gang switched alliances to the government and gangs allied with Jimmy "Barbecue" Chérizier to assassinate another anti-government gang leader, Ernso Nicholas. Following the assassination, many pro-government gangs seized control of anti-government gang territory.{{sfn|Harvard|2021|p=13}} After the assassination, Chérizier, with assistance from other gangs, organized a meeting in Delmas 6 (a neighborhood controlled by Chérizier's gang) to plan an assault against neighborhoods in the area of Cité Soleil, in Port-au-Prince, perceived as anti-government, including Pont Rouge, Chancerelles and Nan Tokyo.{{sfn|RNDDH|2020|p=8}}

Chérizier's coalition went through with the attack beginning on 24 May. Chérizier's gang attacked civilians in Nan Tokyo, while Altès and another gang leader, Alectis, besieged Pont Rouge. The violence, not far from the General Inspectorate of the National Police of Haiti, lasted from the afternoon to the following day. Many fled the areas due to the violence.{{sfn|Harvard|2021|p=14}}{{Cite web |date=25 May 2020 |title=Armed gangs kill and burn at the bottom of Delmas, not far from the IGPNH |url=https://haitiinfospro.com/des-gangs-armes-tuent-et-brulent-au-bas-de-delmas-non-loin-de-ligpnh/ |access-date=26 December 2023 |website=haitiinfospro.com |language=fr-FR |archive-date=6 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206081130/https://haitiinfospro.com/des-gangs-armes-tuent-et-brulent-au-bas-de-delmas-non-loin-de-ligpnh/ |url-status=live }} On 25 May, a displaced persons camp housing anti-government gangs was attacked by members of the coalition, primarily the Krache Dife de Delmas 6 gang, killing two people, including a minor. 24 houses were also burnt in the raid.{{sfn|RNDDH|2020|p=8}} On 26 May, Haitian armored police vehicles positioned themselves at the entrance to Nan Brooklyn. Tear gas was subsequently fired in the area, followed by gunfire targeting civilians. Nan Brooklyn, controlled by the gang of Gabriel Jean-Pierre ("Ti Gabriel"),{{sfn|RNDDH|2021|p=6}}{{sfn|RNDDH|2020|p=9}} was attacked again by gangs that day and the day after, killing four people, injuring twenty and setting fire to many homes.{{sfn|Harvard|2021|p=14}} Chérizier was allegedly transported to the area in a Haitian police armored vehicle, according to witnesses in the area.{{sfn|RNDDH|2020|p=9}} In the aftermath of the attack, many new gang leaders were installed in the territories seized, which included Chancerelles, Nan Tokyo, Nan Barozi and Delmas 2 and 4.{{sfn|RNDDH|2020|p=20}} Nan Brooklyn would remain besieged until July, as the siege culminated in a massacre that resulted in the death of 145.{{sfn|RNDDH|2021|p=6}} By the end of the month, the coalition had been dissolved.

After those attacks, in a video on YouTube, another coalition of nine gangs was announced to be founded in Port-au-Prince in June 2020, which became the "G9 Alliance" led by Chérizier.{{Cite web|title=UCDP – Uppsala Conflict Data Program|url=https://ucdp.uu.se/actor/7793|access-date=28 July 2022|website=ucdp.uu.se|archive-date=7 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230107233524/https://ucdp.uu.se/actor/7793|url-status=live}} All of the member gangs had previous links to the ruling PHTK party of President Jovenel Moïse.{{sfn|Walker|2022|p=13}} The coalition is led by Jimmy Chérizier. Since the coalition was founded, it has been responsible for multiple massacres against civilians and clashes with other rival gangs. From 2020 to 2021, the G9 was responsible for a dozen massacres, in which at least 200 people were killed. The G9 was believed to have had close ties to the government of Moïse, which was accused of large-scale corruption. The coalition members frequently evaded prosecution after the massacres and the clashes. Chérizier stood out in that regard because despite the arrest warrants against him, he continued to move freely and to maintain an active presence on social media with no effective attempts by Haitian government forces to arrest him. The G9 also began attacking neighborhoods in which civilians protested against the president and started clashes against rival gangs with the support of the police.{{cite news |title=Haiti gang leader declares 'revolution' as violence spreads |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/6/24/haiti-gang-leader-declares-revolution-as-violence-spreads |access-date=8 July 2021 |agency=Reuters |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=24 June 2021 |archive-date=7 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210707191919/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/6/24/haiti-gang-leader-declares-revolution-as-violence-spreads |url-status=live }}

In response to the growing dominance of G9, a rival gang alliance, called "G-Pep", was founded{{sfn|Walker|2022|p=7}} in July 2020. It consisted of mainly those gangs in Port-au-Prince's Cité Soleil who were strongly opposed to joining G9. G-Pep was suspected of connection to various opposition parties, and is funded by the Haitian business magnate Réginald Boulos,{{Cite web |last=Ives |first=Kim |date=13 July 2022 |title=In Cité Soleil, the G9 Federation in All-Out War with G-Pèp - Haiti Liberte |url=https://haitiliberte.com/in-cite-soleil-the-g9-federation-in-all-out-war-with-g-pep/ |access-date=14 August 2024 |language=en-US}} and so opposed G9 and its ties to Moïse.{{sfn|Walker|2022|p=4}} In the following months, both gang alliances began to expand beyond their initial areas of operation.

After the assassination of Jovenel Moïse, on 7 July 2021, the G9 started to help the government in the manhunt against the 28 foreign perpetrators. After the assassination, Ariel Henry, who some believe to be linked to the killing, became acting prime minister of Haiti. That was followed by an increase in violence,{{Cite web|title=UCDP – Uppsala Conflict Data Program|url=https://ucdp.uu.se/actor/8104|access-date=28 July 2022|website=ucdp.uu.se|archive-date=1 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701234557/https://ucdp.uu.se/actor/8104|url-status=live}} as the gangs exploited the government's weakness. On 12 May 2021, during a clash with G-Pep, Chérizier was reported to be wounded.{{cite news |author= |date=14 May 2021 |title=Barbecue" Cherizier, Haiti's top gang leader, shot in gunfight |url=https://haitiantimes.com/2021/05/14/barbecue-cherizier-haitis-top-gang-leader-shot-in-gunfight/ |url-status=live |work=The Haitian Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514122812/https://haitiantimes.com/2021/05/14/barbecue-cherizier-haitis-top-gang-leader-shot-in-gunfight/ |archive-date=14 May 2021 |access-date=8 July 2021}} After the death of his suspected ally Moïse, G9 leader Jimmy Chérizier increasingly voiced political ambitions and began to openly oppose the Haitian government of Henry. On 17 October 2021, G9 forced President Henry to flee an official commemoration event, then began a month-long blockade of the country's largest oil terminal. Though G9 initially declared that it would lift the blockade only if the government resigned, Henry refused to step down; instead, both sides eventually agreed to a secret deal, and G9 retreated from the oil terminal. In general, Henry held only limited power, and the U.S. diplomat Daniel Lewis Foote described the Haitian President as "kind of a clown. [The gangs] in several instances have made him pay them a bunch of money in order for him to attend an event or hold a ceremony — and then they won't let him do it."

By 2022, most gangs in the capital had aligned themselves with either G9 or G-Pep.{{sfn|Walker|2022|p=6}} From April to May, the Battle of Plaine du Cul-de-Sac was fought between 400 Mawozo and two other gangs, Chen Mechan and G-9 An Fanmi e Alye; the fighting caused about 200 deaths.{{Cite web |last=National Human Rights Defense Network |date=27 June 2022 |title=Carnage at La Plaine du Cul-de-Sac: The survivors demand the authorities |url=https://web.rnddh.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/8-Rap-2-Plaine-du-Cul-de-Sac-26Jun2022-VS-ENG.pdf |access-date=6 August 2023 |publisher=National Human Rights Defense Network |archive-date=15 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015111324/https://web.rnddh.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/8-Rap-2-Plaine-du-Cul-de-Sac-26Jun2022-VS-ENG.pdf |url-status=live }} In May 2022, the powerful 400 Mawozo gang aligned itself with G-Pep, greatly improving the latter's position in the gang war and causing a further escalation of violence. On 10 June, the 5 Seconds Village de Dieu gang captured the Court of First Instance of Port-au-Prince. On 8 and 9 July 2022, the violence between the two gangs increased after the start of street battles in Port-au Prince that killed 89 people and injured 74.{{Cite web |last=Charles |first=Jacqueline |date=13 July 2022 |title=Gang continues deadly attack on Haiti slum, sparking violent protests over fuel shortages |url=https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/haiti/article263446333.html#storylink=cpy |access-date=13 July 2022 |website=Miami Herald |archive-date=14 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714021643/https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/haiti/article263446333.html#storylink=cpy |url-status=live }} The battle caused the nearby Varreux field terminal, the country's largest fuel depot, to pause operations and led to a drastic shortage in fuel as two fuel tankers were unable to be unloaded. Doctors Without Borders has stated that the organization has been unable to access the slum because of the violence.{{Cite web |title=Thousands trapped as gangs battle for control in Port-au-Prince |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/13/thousands-trapped-as-gangs-battle-for-control-in-port-au-prince |access-date=14 July 2022 |publisher=Al Jazeera |language=en |archive-date=13 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713224932/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/7/13/thousands-trapped-as-gangs-battle-for-control-in-port-au-prince |url-status=live }} In September, amid the increase of the price of the fuel for the socioeconomic crisis, the G9 began a blockade of the Varreux fuel terminal. On 6 November, after two weeks of negotiations with the Haitian government and after an armed offensive launched by the Haitian National Police, the G9 gang coalition relinquished control of the Varreux fuel terminal.{{cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/11/04/americas/haiti-gas-terminal-gang-intl-latam|title=Critical Haiti gas terminal freed after weeks of talks with G9 gang leader|last1=Dupain|first1=Etant|last2=Alam|first2=Hande Atay|date=6 November 2022|publisher=CNN|language=en|access-date=7 November 2022|archive-date=6 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106190358/https://www.cnn.com/2022/11/04/americas/haiti-gas-terminal-gang-intl-latam|url-status=live}}

From late 2022, an anti-gang bwa kale vigilante movement emerged to attack and kill any gang members. The vigilantes often burned captured gang members alive. The vigilantes also turned against regular security forces and murdered at least one police officer who had no known gang connections.

The gangs responded to the growth of the vigilante groups with counter-attacks that killed community leaders who expressed support for self-defense actions. In January 2023, 18 police officers were murdered in Port-au-Prince by the Gan Grif gang. This prompted riots organized by the police as well as Fantom 509, a police-allied gang.{{Cite web |date=27 January 2023 |title=Haitian police rebels protest gang killings of officers |url=https://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/world-news/20230127/haitian-police-rebels-protest-gang-killings-officers |access-date=22 January 2024 |website=jamaica-gleaner.com |language=en |archive-date=22 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240122230607/https://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/world-news/20230127/haitian-police-rebels-protest-gang-killings-officers |url-status=live }} By March 2023, Haitian officials speculated that up to 90% of the capital was controlled by gangs. In April 2023, three gangs, namely Titanyen, Base 5 Secondes and Canaan, conducted an "offensive" in the Cabaret commune, outside Port-au-Prince, in an attempt to break a blockade imposed by local self-defense groups. At least 100 people were killed in the fighting. On 14 April, another battle erupted in Port-au-Prince's Cité Soleil between G-Pep's Nan Brooklyn gang and G9's Belekou and Boston gangs. The clash lasted six days and resulted in at least 70 deaths.{{sfn|ACLED|2023|p=2}} Lynchings of gang members by vigilantes grew in frequency: 30 lynchings were reported in May, double the number in April, which killed 150 people.{{Cite web |last1=Franciotti |first1=Julia Lins |last2=Arocha |first2=María Fernanda |date=8 June 2023 |title=Regional Overview: Latin America & the Caribbean |url=https://acleddata.com/2023/06/08/regional-overview-latin-america-the-caribbean-may-2023/ |access-date=23 December 2023 |publisher=ACLED |language=en-US |archive-date=23 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223181259/https://acleddata.com/2023/06/08/regional-overview-latin-america-the-caribbean-may-2023/ |url-status=live }} In Pétion-Ville, checkpoints were established by residents and identity checks on strangers ran to identify gang members,{{Cite web |title="Bwa Kale": Lynching of at least 6 alleged bandits in Pétion-Ville |url=https://haiti.loopnews.com/content/bwa-kale-lynchage-dau-moins-6-presumes-bandits-petion-ville |access-date=23 December 2023 |publisher=Loop News |language=fr |archive-date=6 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240306152708/https://haiti.loopnews.com/content/bwa-kale-lynchage-dau-moins-6-presumes-bandits-petion-ville |url-status=live }} while machetes were also distributed in the capital in an effort to curb the gang violence.{{Cite web |date=15 May 2023 |title=Haiti turns to Africa, Latin America for help amid security turmoil |url=https://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/news/20230515/haiti-turns-africa-latin-america-help-amid-security-turmoil |access-date=23 December 2023 |website=jamaica-gleaner.com |language=en |archive-date=23 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223181259/https://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/news/20230515/haiti-turns-africa-latin-america-help-amid-security-turmoil |url-status=live }} In response to the growth of the bwa kale movement, President Ariel Henry asked that the initiators of the movement "calm down" and hand over suspected bandits and gang members to the police.{{Cite web |title=Ariel Henry disapproves of the "Bwa Kale" movement |url=https://haiti.loopnews.com/content/ariel-henry-desapprouve-le-mouvement-bwa-kale |access-date=23 December 2023 |publisher=Loop News |language=fr |archive-date=6 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240306152715/https://haiti.loopnews.com/content/ariel-henry-desapprouve-le-mouvement-bwa-kale |url-status=live }}

By mid-2023, the gang war between G9 and G-Pep continued unabated, and the resistance by anti-gang vigilantes also grew in scope. Thousands of people were displaced by the clashes. The severity of the ongoing gang war in Haiti has led to the United Nations Security Council authorizing a one-year deployment of an international force led by Kenya to help the Haitian government deal with the crisis.{{cite web |last1=Coto |first1=Danica |last2=Lederer |first2=Edith |title=UN to vote on resolution to authorize one-year deployment of armed force to help Haiti fight gangs |url=https://apnews.com/article/haiti-un-armed-force-resolution-8dd702880e3a3838e3d406c1e52c09cc |publisher=Associated Press |date=30 September 2023 |access-date=1 October 2023 |archive-date=30 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930235210/https://apnews.com/article/haiti-un-armed-force-resolution-8dd702880e3a3838e3d406c1e52c09cc |url-status=live }} Chérizier declared that G9 would resist if an international intervention force committed "human rights abuses" and claimed that it would "be a fight of the Haitian people to save the dignity of our country."

On 1 November, the Grand Ravine gang, led by Ti Lapli, launched attacks against the Mariani area, killing one police officer and sparking over 2,400 civilians to leave their homes.{{Cite web |date=7 November 2023 |title=Haiti: 2,487 people displaced by gang violence – Prensa Latina |url=https://www.plenglish.com/news/2023/11/07/haiti-2487-people-displaced-by-gang-violence/,%20https://www.plenglish.com/news/2023/11/07/haiti-2487-people-displaced-by-gang-violence/ |access-date=25 December 2023 |language=en-US |archive-date=6 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240306152705/https://www.plenglish.com/news/2023/11/07/haiti-2487-people-displaced-by-gang-violence/ |url-status=live }} The gangs gained control over the National Directorate for Water and Sanitation (DINEPA)'s offices in the area, which are used to supply water to other areas in Port-au-Prince. It was believed that the occupation endangered the safety of the water supply.{{Cite web |title=iciHaiti – Mariani : Bandits have occupied the DINEPA water pumping station for 8 days – iciHaiti.com : All the news in brief 7/7 |url=https://www.icihaiti.com/en/news-40928-icihaiti-mariani-bandits-have-occupied-the-dinepa-water-pumping-station-for-8-days.html |access-date=25 December 2023 |website=IciHaiti.com |archive-date=25 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225004308/https://www.icihaiti.com/en/news-40928-icihaiti-mariani-bandits-have-occupied-the-dinepa-water-pumping-station-for-8-days.html |url-status=live }}

On 8 December, the United States Treasury Department announced sanctions placed on four Haitian gang leaders, Johnson André ("Izo"), Renel Destina ("Ti Lapli"), Vitel'Homme Innocent, and Wilson Joseph ("Lanmò San Jou"), for human rights violations.{{Cite web |title=US sanctions four Haitian gang leaders {{!}} Loop Haiti |url=https://haiti.loopnews.com/content/les-usa-sanctionnent-izo-ti-lapli-vitelhomme-et-lanmo-san-jou |access-date=25 December 2023 |publisher=Loop News |language=en |archive-date=6 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240306145145/https://haiti.loopnews.com/content/les-usa-sanctionnent-izo-ti-lapli-vitelhomme-et-lanmo-san-jou |url-status=live }}

On 12 December, the Haitian National Police launched an operation from Carrefour{{Cite web |date=12 December 2023 |title=Clashes between police and armed civilians in Mariani – Radio graphie |url=https://radiographieht.com/affrontement-entre-policiers-et-civils-armes-a-mariani-2/ |access-date=25 December 2023 |website=radiographieht.com |language=fr-FR |archive-date=25 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225002838/https://radiographieht.com/affrontement-entre-policiers-et-civils-armes-a-mariani-2/ |url-status=live }} into Mariani, with an assault involving excavators resulting in the bulldozing and burning down of many houses around the market alleged to have been used by gang members. Several civilians in the area were injured in the clashes which reportedly lasted till around 3:00 PM.{{Cite web |date=12 December 2023 |title=Fire and demolition of houses in Mariani – Radio graphie |url=https://radiographieht.com/plusieurs-maisons-incendiees-et-ou-eventrees-a-mariani/ |access-date=25 December 2023 |website=radiographieht.com |language=fr-FR |archive-date=25 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225001329/https://radiographieht.com/plusieurs-maisons-incendiees-et-ou-eventrees-a-mariani/ |url-status=live }} In a 20 December press conference, the Haitian national police announced its intention to conduct greater police operations in Port-au-Prince to protect civilians, regulate traffic and stem gang violence during the end-of-year period. Intensified police presences would be instated throughout the city.{{Cite web |title=The PNH security plan for the end-of-year holidays {{!}} Loop Haiti |url=https://haiti.loopnews.com/content/les-mesures-de-securite-de-la-pnh-pour-les-fetes-de-fin-dannee-2023 |access-date=24 December 2023 |publisher=Loop News |language=fr |archive-date=6 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240306145129/https://haiti.loopnews.com/content/les-mesures-de-securite-de-la-pnh-pour-les-fetes-de-fin-dannee-2023 |url-status=live }}

On 26 December, the US Embassy in Port-au-Prince went on lockdown after gunfire was heard in the area.{{Cite web |last=Paul |first=Jacob |date=26 December 2023 |title=US Embassy in Haiti goes into lockdown after gunshots heard |url=https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/1849159/us-embassy-haiti-lockdown-gunshots |access-date=28 December 2023 |website=Daily Express |language=en |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228002223/https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/1849159/us-embassy-haiti-lockdown-gunshots |url-status=live }}

In a 2023 UN report Robert Muggah estimated there could be as many as half a million weapons in the country. When interviewed in 2024, he said that over 80 percent of those traced by the ATF from 2020 and 2022 arrived from the U.S.{{cite news |work=Al Jazeera |date=25 March 2024 | last=Kestler-D'Amours |first=Jillian |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/longform/2024/3/25/a-criminal-economy-how-us-arms-fuel-deadly-gang-violence-in-haiti |title= 'A criminal economy': How US arms fuel deadly gang violence in Haiti}}

A UN report issued on 15 January 2024 indicated that in the preceding year there had been 2,490 kidnappings and 4,789 reported homicides. On 1 February, Joly Germine, the leader of the 400 Mawozo gang, pleaded guilty in a U.S. federal court to smuggling arms such as "AK-47s, AR-15s, an M4 carbine rifle, an M1A rifle, and a .50 caliber rifle, described by the ATF as a military weapon," into Haiti, piloting the operation from a Haitian prison.{{cite web |work=Office of Public Affairs |publisher=U.S. Department of Justice |date=1 February 2024 |url=https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/king-violent-haitian-gang-pleads-guilty-gun-smuggling-and-money-laundering-after-governments |title='King' of Violent Haitian Gang Pleads Guilty To Gun Smuggling and Money Laundering After Government's Case }}

File:Jimmy "Barbecue" Cherizier 2024.png in 2024]]

On 29 February 2024, a wave of violence broke out while the acting prime minister traveled to Kenya and signed an agreement designed to circumvent the Kenyan High Court's earlier ruling declaring the UN-backed operation to assist Haitian government as unconstitutional under Kenyan law.{{cite news |publisher=Guardian News & Media |title=Kenya signs deal in attempt to rescue plan for deployment of 1,000 police officers to Haiti |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/mar/01/haiti-police-officers |access-date=4 March 2024 |work=The Guardian |date=1 March 2024 |archive-date=4 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240304015010/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/mar/01/haiti-police-officers |url-status=live }} Gunfire was directed at the country's main airport and many businesses in the area, with two police stations seized,{{Cite web |date=1 March 2024 |title=Haitian police spokesman says new gang attacks overwhelmed officers: 'The city center was at war' |url=https://apnews.com/article/haiti-violence-police-killed-kenya-gangs-84eb8a827967238805827742bbd7bf69 |access-date=5 March 2024 |publisher=AP News |language=en |archive-date=4 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240304174917/https://apnews.com/article/haiti-violence-police-killed-kenya-gangs-84eb8a827967238805827742bbd7bf69 |url-status=live }} forcing businesses to close and Sunrise Airways to cease operations. On 29 February, The Bahamas, Bangladesh, Barbados, Benin and Chad pledged troops to support the security situation in Haiti by pledging troops to the Multinational Security Support Mission in Haiti, with the largest being Benin's commitment of 1,500 soldiers, in addition to the agreement with Kenya providing 1,000 police officers.{{cite news |last1=Morland |first1=Sarah |last2=Isaac |first2=Harold |last3=Hilaire |first3=Valentine |title=Haiti's neighbors prepare for 'drastic escalation' in violence after jailbreak |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/us-tells-citizens-leave-haiti-as-soon-possible-after-violent-weekend-2024-03-04/ |access-date=5 March 2024 |work=Reuters |date=4 March 2024}}{{cite news |last1=Nichols |first1=Michelle |title=Five countries pledge personnel for Haiti security mission, UN says |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/five-countries-pledge-personnel-haiti-security-mission-un-says-2024-02-29/ |access-date=5 March 2024 |work=Reuters}} Belize and Antigua and Barbuda have also pledged people to assist with the mission.{{cite news |last1=Morland |first1=Sarah |title=Explainer: Haiti's prime minister called for international security support. Who answered? |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/haitis-prime-minister-called-international-security-support-who-answered-2024-03-05/ |access-date=5 March 2024 |work=Reuters |date=5 March 2024}} U.S. officials said that American troops will not be sent.{{cite news |last1=Wilner |first1=Michael |last2=Charles |first2=Jacqueline |title=Biden rejects U.S. troop deployment to Haiti as crisis spirals |url=https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/haiti/article286256215.html |access-date=5 March 2024 |work=Miami Herald |publisher=McClatchy Media Network |archive-date=6 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240306145131/https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/haiti/article286256215.html |url-status=live }}

Gang leader Jimmy Chérizier released a video stating that he intended to prevent Ariel Henry from returning to Haiti with the operation.{{Cite web |date=7 March 2024 |title=Haiti gang leader threatens 'civil war' if PM does not resign |url=https://au.news.yahoo.com/haiti-pm-ariel-henry-puerto-012915155.html |access-date=8 March 2024 |website=Yahoo News |language=en-AU |archive-date=12 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312102214/https://au.news.yahoo.com/haiti-pm-ariel-henry-puerto-012915155.html |url-status=live }} On 1 March, when asked if it was safe for him to return to Haiti, Henry shrugged. Chérizier was said to have the support of other gangs as part of a coalition named "Viv Ansanm" (Haitian Creole for "living together"); though that coalition was quick to dissolve, other gangs still launched attacks together with Chérizier's G9 gang.{{Cite web |agency=Associated Press |date=29 February 2024 |title=Haiti's capital paralysed by gunfire as gang boss threatens police chief and ministers |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/feb/29/haiti-capital-port-au-prince-gang-leader |access-date=5 March 2024 |website=The Guardian |language=en-GB |archive-date=4 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240304195454/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/feb/29/haiti-capital-port-au-prince-gang-leader |url-status=live }} Gunfire at the airport on 1 March caused damage to some aircraft.{{Cite web |last=Rios |first=Michael |author2=Caitlin Hu |author3=Jim Rogers |author4=Sahar Akbarzai |author5=Chris Lau |date=1 March 2024 |title=Gunfire near Haiti airport disrupts flights for second day |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/03/01/americas/haiti-gang-violence-shootings-escalation-intl-hnk/index.html |publisher=CNN |access-date=5 March 2024 |language=en |archive-date=3 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303233137/https://www.cnn.com/2024/03/01/americas/haiti-gang-violence-shootings-escalation-intl-hnk/index.html |url-status=live }}

On 2 and 3 March, armed gangs stormed the two largest prisons in Haiti, one in Croix des Bouquets, the other in Port-au-Prince,{{cite news |last1=Astier |first1=Henri |last2=Avagnina |first2=Gianluca |title=Haiti violence: Haiti gangs demand PM resign after mass jailbreak |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-68462851 |access-date=4 March 2024 |publisher=BBC |date=3 March 2024 |archive-date=4 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240304000712/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-68462851 |url-status=live }} resulting in more than 4,700 inmates escaping.{{cite news |last1=Coto |first1=Dánica |title=There's chaos in Haiti. Powerful gangs are attacking key targets like prisons as alliances shift |url=https://apnews.com/article/haiti-violence-prison-break-curfew-6341d1cda5f02f6c66d351ad2d206e7b |access-date=5 March 2024 |work=AP News |publisher=The Associated Press |date=4 March 2024 |language=en |archive-date=4 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240304223409/https://apnews.com/article/haiti-violence-prison-break-curfew-6341d1cda5f02f6c66d351ad2d206e7b |url-status=live }} With a force of only 9,000 at work, police were undermanned and outgunned by the gangs. The gang leaders, including Chérizier, demanded Henry's resignation. In particular, Chérizier said his goal was to capture Haiti's police chief and government ministers and prevent Henry’s return.{{cite news |publisher=Guardian News & Media |last1=Jones |first1=Sam |title=Haiti declares state of emergency after thousands of dangerous inmates escape |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/mar/04/haiti-mass-jailbreak-violence-port-au-prince-gangs |access-date=4 March 2024 |work=The Guardian |date=4 March 2024 |archive-date=4 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240304014952/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/mar/04/haiti-mass-jailbreak-violence-port-au-prince-gangs |url-status=live }}

Over 12 people have been killed in the conflict, while the UN estimates that 15,000 people have fled the violence in Port-au-Prince. On 3 March, the Haitian government, under Finance Minister Michel Patrick Boisvert, declared a 72-hour state of emergency and a nighttime curfew in an attempt to curb the violence and chaos;{{cite news |last1=Sanon |first1=Evans |last2=Luxama |first2=Pierre-Richard |title=Haiti declares a curfew as it tries to restore order after weekend jailbreak, explosion of violence |url=https://apnews.com/article/haiti-prison-break-2788f145b0d26efc2aa199e923724e0f |access-date=4 March 2024 |work=AP News |publisher=The Associated Press |date=3 March 2024 |language=en |archive-date=3 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303233812/https://apnews.com/article/haiti-prison-break-2788f145b0d26efc2aa199e923724e0f |url-status=live }} the government noted "increasingly violent criminal acts" throughout Port-au-Prince, including vandalism, kidnapping and murder.{{cite news |last1=Wyss |first1=Jim |title=Violent Prison Break Sparks Murder, Mayhem in Haiti |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-03-04/prison-break-after-violent-gang-raid-sparks-emergency-in-haiti |access-date=5 March 2024 |work=Bloomberg.com |date=4 March 2024 |language=en |archive-date=4 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240304155355/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-03-04/prison-break-after-violent-gang-raid-sparks-emergency-in-haiti |url-status=live }} According to the United Nations, gangs controlled around 80% of Port-au-Prince.

On 4 March, at around 1 p.m. local time, armed gangs attacked the heavily fortified Toussaint Louverture International Airport, exchanging gunfire with police and the Haitian Armed Forces in an attempt to take control of the facility after rumors that Henry would return to the country,{{cite news |last1=Charles |first1=Jacqueline |title=Haiti has deployed its army; troops joined police to push back gang takeover of airport |url=https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/haiti/article286242235.html |access-date=5 March 2024 |work=Miami Herald |publisher=McClatchy Media Network |date=4 March 2024 |archive-date=5 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305085324/https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/haiti/article286242235.html |url-status=live }} fueling speculation that an alliance between rival gangs was forming to overthrow the Haitian government.{{cite news |last1=Taylor |first1=Luke |title=Haiti's weekend of violence puts government future in doubt |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/mar/04/haiti-prison-break-ariel-henry |access-date=5 March 2024 |work=The Guardian |publisher=Guardian News & Media |date=4 March 2024 |archive-date=5 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305004002/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/mar/04/haiti-prison-break-ariel-henry |url-status=live }} In particular, Johnson André, the leader of the 5 Seconds gang, appeared also to be linked to the attacks. Other riot leaders, including Guy Philippe, reportedly aimed for the presidency of Haiti.{{cite news |last1=Berg |first1=Matt |last2=Toosi |first2=Nahal |last3=Ward |first3=Alexander |title='Catastrophic' fears in Washington as Haiti crisis worsens |url=https://www.politico.com/newsletters/national-security-daily/2024/03/05/catastrophic-fears-in-washington-as-haiti-crisis-worsens-00144923 |access-date=5 March 2024 |work=Politico |date=5 March 2024}} Guy Philippe led the 2004 coup d'état. Flights were grounded as the airport was shut down, and the Stade Sylvio Cator and national bank were also attacked. Other public institutions, including schools and banks, were closed.

On 5 March, United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres stated his desire for "urgent action, particularly in providing financial support for the multinational security support mission".{{cite news |title=Haiti crisis: UN chief calls for 'urgent action' to end rampant insecurity {{!}} UN News |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/03/1147262 |access-date=5 March 2024 |work=news.un.org |publisher=United Nations |date=5 March 2024 |language=en |archive-date=5 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305193423/https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/03/1147262 |url-status=live }} Later that day, Henry landed at Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport in Puerto Rico in an attempt to return to Haiti to control the violence.{{cite news |last1=Sanon |first1=Evens |last2=Goodman |first2=Joshua |last3=Coto |first3=Dánica |title=Haitian prime minister lands in Puerto Rico as he tries to return home to quell gang violence |url=https://apnews.com/article/haiti-violence-prison-break-curfew-0116d2ebac1b14a587baa176818055cb |access-date=5 March 2024 |work=AP News |publisher=The Associated Press |date=5 March 2024 |language=en |archive-date=5 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305192334/https://apnews.com/article/haiti-violence-prison-break-curfew-0116d2ebac1b14a587baa176818055cb |url-status=live }} While Henry was abroad making arrangements for 1,000 Kenyan police to arrive in Haiti, fighting erupted in the capital with gangs assaulting several government buildings, including the National Palace. It was reported that Chérizier is leading the gang forces' assault.{{cite news

|title=Haiti crisis: heavy gunfire reported close to Port-au-Prince's national palace

|work=The Guardian

|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/mar/09/haiti-crisis-heavy-gunfire-reported-close-to-port-au-princes-national-palace

|access-date=9 March 2024

|archive-date=9 March 2024

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309133150/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/mar/09/haiti-crisis-heavy-gunfire-reported-close-to-port-au-princes-national-palace

|url-status=live

}}

In the next days, US military airlifted its embassy personnel from the country.{{cite news |title=US military airlifts embassy personnel from Haiti, bolsters security|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us-military-airlifts-embassy-personnel-haiti-bolsters-security-2024-03-10/ | date = 10 March 2024}} The European Union also evacuated all diplomatic staff from Haiti.{{cite news |title=As Haiti gang violence rages, EU evacuates all diplomatic staff |work=POLITICO |first=Šejla |last=Ahmatović |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/haiti-gang-violence-rages-eu-evacuates-all-diplomatic-staff/ |date=12 March 2024 |access-date=12 March 2024 |archive-date=11 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240311185538/https://www.politico.eu/article/haiti-gang-violence-rages-eu-evacuates-all-diplomatic-staff/ |url-status=live }}

On 6 March, a police station in Bas-Peu-de-Chose was attacked and burned down by gangs.{{cite news |title=Haiti extends state of emergency as violence and displacement soar |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/3/7/haiti-extends-state-of-emergency-as-violence-and-displacement-soar |access-date=8 March 2024 |work=Al Jazeera |date=7 March 2024 |archive-date=8 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308183532/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/3/7/haiti-extends-state-of-emergency-as-violence-and-displacement-soar |url-status=live }} The privately owned Caribbean Port Services (CPS) terminal at the Port international de Port-au-Prince, notable for its key role in providing food and supplies, was also attacked and looted, resulting in port operations being suspended indefinitely.{{cite news |last1=Mérancourt |first1=Widlore |last2=Schmidt |first2=Samantha |date=7 March 2024 |title=As gangs attack a critical port, 'Haiti will go hungry soon' |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/03/07/haiti-gangs-port/ |access-date=8 March 2024 |newspaper=The Washington Post |archive-date=9 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309212450/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/03/07/haiti-gangs-port/ |url-status=live }}

On 7 March, the state of emergency in the Ouest Department, including a nightly curfew and bans on protests, was extended from three days to a month (3 April).

On 8 March, gangs attacked two police stations near the National Palace,{{cite news |last1=Rios |first1=Michael |last2=Roth |first2=Richard |last3=Akbarzai |first3=Sahar |last4=Lau |first4=Chris |title=Haiti crisis: Armed men attack police stations near National Palace as gang violence spirals |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/03/08/world/haiti-gangs-attack-national-palace-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=9 March 2024 |work=CNN |publisher=Cable News Network |date=9 March 2024 |language=en |archive-date=11 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240311044957/https://www.cnn.com/2024/03/08/world/haiti-gangs-attack-national-palace-intl-hnk/index.html |url-status=live }} as well as the palace itself,{{cite news |last1=Rivers |first1=Matt |date=8 March 2024 |title=Gangs attack Haiti's national palace in Port-au-Prince: Source |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/gangs-attack-haitis-presidential-palace-port-au-prince/story?id=107945093 |access-date=9 March 2024 |work=ABC News |archive-date=10 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310110019/https://abcnews.go.com/International/gangs-attack-haitis-presidential-palace-port-au-prince/story?id=107945093 |url-status=live }} and burned down the interior ministry.{{cite news |last1=Wyss |first1=Jim |title=Haitian Gangs Torch Ministry as Nation Descends Into Lawlessness |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-03-09/haitian-gangs-torch-ministry-as-nation-descends-into-lawlessness |access-date=9 March 2024 |work=Bloomberg.com |date=9 March 2024 |language=en |archive-date=10 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310045424/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-03-09/haitian-gangs-torch-ministry-as-nation-descends-into-lawlessness |url-status=live }} The security perimeter around Toussaint Louverture International Airport was breached by gangs, while gunfire was heard throughout Port-au-Prince.{{cite news |title=Intensos tiroteos se registran en el entorno del Palacio Presidencial de Haití |url=https://www.cooperativa.cl/noticias/mundo/haiti/intensos-tiroteos-se-registran-en-el-entorno-del-palacio-presidencial-de/2024-03-09/004617.html |access-date=9 March 2024 |work=Cooperativa.cl |agency=EFE |language=Spanish |archive-date=11 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240311104027/https://www.cooperativa.cl/noticias/mundo/haiti/intensos-tiroteos-se-registran-en-el-entorno-del-palacio-presidencial-de/2024-03-09/004617.html |url-status=live }}

On 9 March, gangs attacked and occupied the headquarters of the Institute of Social Welfare in Port-au-Prince, while the government of the Dominican Republic announced plans to evacuate its officials and citizens from Port-au-Prince.{{cite web |date=9 March 2024 |title=República Dominicana planea evacuar a sus funcionarios y de otros países de Haití |trans-title=Dominican Republic plans to evacuate its officials and other countries from Haiti |url=https://listindiario.com/las-mundiales/haiti/20240309/republica-dominicana-planea-evacuar-funcionarios-otros-paises-haiti_799201.html |language=es |access-date=13 March 2024 |archive-date=9 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309210450/https://listindiario.com/las-mundiales/haiti/20240309/republica-dominicana-planea-evacuar-funcionarios-otros-paises-haiti_799201.html |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |url=https://twitter.com/MARADIOFM/status/1766555549192089642 |title=Archived copy |access-date=13 March 2024 |archive-date=9 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240309210238/https://twitter.com/MARADIOFM/status/1766555549192089642 |url-status=live }} A large counteroffensive against the gangs was launched by the Haitian police force in the later hours of the night after three more police stations were attacked and burned down, with reports coming in that multiple Haitian police cars were stolen and are now patrolling the area.{{Cite web |url=https://twitter.com/synapoha/status/1766566205874131330 |title=Archived copy |access-date=13 March 2024 |archive-date=10 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310035729/https://twitter.com/synapoha/status/1766566205874131330 |url-status=live }}{{cite web | url=https://www.newsnationnow.com/world/international-headlines/ap-gangs-attack-police-stations-in-haiti-as-caribbean-leaders-call-an-emergency-meeting-monday/?utm_campaign=socialflow&utm_source=t.co&utm_medium=referral | title=Gangs attack police stations in Haiti as Caribbean leaders call an emergency meeting Monday | date=10 March 2024 | access-date=13 March 2024 | archive-date=10 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310025218/https://www.newsnationnow.com/world/international-headlines/ap-gangs-attack-police-stations-in-haiti-as-caribbean-leaders-call-an-emergency-meeting-monday/?utm_campaign=socialflow&utm_source=t.co&utm_medium=referral | url-status=live }}

On 10 March, the United States evacuated its nonessential staff from its embassy in Port-au-Prince via helicopter, while adding additional marine corps to the embassy to defend it.{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/mar/10/us-report-airlift-embassy-staff-haiti-gangs-fighting-port-au-prince | title=US airlifts embassy staff out of Haiti as gangs besiege political area | newspaper=The Guardian | last1=Phillips | first1=Tom | access-date=13 March 2024 | archive-date=11 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240311120316/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/mar/10/us-report-airlift-embassy-staff-haiti-gangs-fighting-port-au-prince | url-status=live }} The German embassy as well was evacuated by elements of the Dominican Republic Airforce.{{cite web |date=10 March 2024 |title=Embajada de Alemania en Haití es evacuada de emergencia |trans-title=German Embassy in Haiti is emergency evacuated |url=https://www.enriquillodiariodigital.com/?p=848 |language=es |access-date=13 March 2024 |archive-date=10 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310173957/https://www.enriquillodiariodigital.com/?p=848 |url-status=live }}

The Prime Minister of Jamaica announced on 11 March that representatives from eight countries, including France, Canada, and the United States, would meet in Kingston, Jamaica, to discuss the ongoing violence.{{Cite web |url=https://twitter.com/MARADIOFM/status/1766968024974663926 |title=Archived copy |access-date=13 March 2024 |archive-date=12 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312094352/https://twitter.com/MARADIOFM/status/1766968024974663926 |url-status=live }}

On 11 March, CARICOM launched an emergency meeting to discuss the situation in Haiti.{{Cite web |url=https://twitter.com/MARADIOFM/status/1767174338791227781 |title=Archived copy |access-date=13 March 2024 |archive-date=12 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312094403/https://twitter.com/MARADIOFM/status/1767174338791227781 |url-status=live }} Interior Cabinet Secretary Kithure Kindiki of Kenya also announced that its police officers are currently in pre-deployment phase, being ready to deploy to Haiti.{{Cite web |url=https://twitter.com/BreakingNewsKE/status/1767186412045021316 |title=Archived copy |access-date=13 March 2024 |archive-date=11 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240311141636/https://twitter.com/BreakingNewsKE/status/1767186412045021316 |url-status=live }} However, the police force has still not been given a date for when it will deploy, which has caused a lot of international pressure from the United States and multiple meetings between the United States and Kenya over the deployment,{{Cite web |url=https://twitter.com/USAenFrancais/status/1767184104145953016 |title=Archived copy |access-date=13 March 2024 |archive-date=11 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240311141838/https://twitter.com/USAenFrancais/status/1767184104145953016 |url-status=live }} with one being held on 11 March between Kenyan President William Ruto and U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken. Toussaint Louverture International Airport was closed.{{Cite web |url=https://twitter.com/TravelGoC/status/1767005843365482615 |title=Archived copy |access-date=13 March 2024 |archive-date=11 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240311152943/https://twitter.com/TravelGoC/status/1767005843365482615 |url-status=live }} Secretary Blinken later announced that the United States would offer another $100{{nbsp}}million to the Kenyan mission in Haiti.{{Cite web |url=https://twitter.com/JamaicaGleaner/status/1767329038539030874 |title=Archived copy |access-date=13 March 2024 |archive-date=12 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312003702/https://twitter.com/JamaicaGleaner/status/1767329038539030874 |url-status=live }}

On 12 March, Ariel Henry declared that he would resign amid massive pressure from the international community.{{Cite news |last1=Hu |first1=Caitlin Stephen |last2=Rios |first2=Michael |date=12 March 2024 |title=Haiti's leader to resign as gangs run rampant through country engulfed in crisis |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/03/11/americas/haiti-pm-ariel-henry-resigns-gang-violence-intl-hnk/index.html |access-date=12 March 2024 |work=CNN |archive-date=13 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313154333/https://www.cnn.com/2024/03/11/americas/haiti-pm-ariel-henry-resigns-gang-violence-intl-hnk/index.html |url-status=live }}

Sheila Cherfilus-McCormick, a US congresswoman of Haitian descent, released a press statement saying that the gang take over of Haiti posed a security threat to the United States and warned of violence spilling over to the United States.{{Cite web |last=Anwer |first=Saira |date=11 March 2024 |title=South Florida congresswoman: Haiti gang takeover poses 'security risk' to US |url=https://www.local10.com/news/local/2024/03/11/south-florida-congresswoman-haiti-gang-takeover-poses-security-risk-to-us/ |access-date=12 March 2024 |website=WPLG |archive-date=12 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312143504/https://www.local10.com/news/local/2024/03/11/south-florida-congresswoman-haiti-gang-takeover-poses-security-risk-to-us/ |url-status=live }} She also told reporters that she would be holding a meeting with Haitian leaders from South Florida to discuss the country's ongoing conflict.{{Cite web |date=12 March 2024 |title=Haiti Prime Minister steps down as gang violence plunges country into turmoil: Live |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/haiti-gang-violence-state-emergency-travel-news-b2511060.html |access-date=12 March 2024 |website=The Independent |language=en |archive-date=13 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313075217/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/haiti-gang-violence-state-emergency-travel-news-b2511060.html |url-status=live }} U.S. Department of Defense officials stated later that they are "alerted" about a potential maritime "mass migration" from Haiti. Use of the United States Navy has been considered to stop the flow of migration.{{Cite web |url=https://twitter.com/RepMattGaetz/status/1767597007139414100 |title=Archived copy |access-date=13 March 2024 |archive-date=12 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312185309/https://twitter.com/RepMattGaetz/status/1767597007139414100 |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |url=https://twitter.com/disclosetv/status/1767621663162585093 |title=Archived copy |access-date=13 March 2024 |archive-date=13 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313194108/https://twitter.com/disclosetv/status/1767621663162585093 |url-status=live }} Around 1 pm ET, Kenyan President Ruto announced that the planned intervention in Haiti will be delayed due to the resignation of the Prime Minister.{{Cite web |url=https://twitter.com/Kenyans/status/1767600353329938556 |title=Archived copy |access-date=13 March 2024 |archive-date=12 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312184735/https://twitter.com/Kenyans/status/1767600353329938556 |url-status=live }} Radio Television Caraibes moved its studio out of the capital due to gangs capturing it.{{Cite web |url=https://twitter.com/rtvgalaxie/status/1767650117509595333 |title=Archived copy |access-date=13 March 2024 |archive-date=12 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240312205055/https://twitter.com/rtvgalaxie/status/1767650117509595333 |url-status=live }}

On 13 March, Ruto announced that the mission to Haiti, while paused, would still move forward.https://twitter.com/MARADIOFM/status/1767941048649539718 The United States announced a plan to contribute $40{{nbsp}}million for the Multinational Mission in Haiti. Florida Governor Ron DeSantis announced plans to deploy 250 additional soldiers to help deal with a possible crisis in Florida, including the Florida National Guard.{{Cite web |date=13 March 2024 |title=Governor DeSantis Deploys Additional Personnel, Assets to Southern Florida and the Keys to Stop Potential Influx of Illegal Immigration from Haiti |url=https://www.flgov.com/2024/03/13/governor-desantis-deploys-additional-personnel-assets-to-southern-florida-and-the-keys-to-stop-potential-influx-of-illegal-immigration-from-haiti/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240315200615/https://www.flgov.com/2024/03/13/governor-desantis-deploys-additional-personnel-assets-to-southern-florida-and-the-keys-to-stop-potential-influx-of-illegal-immigration-from-haiti/ |archive-date=15 March 2024 |access-date=18 March 2024 |website=flgov.com}} The same day a new US Fleet Antiterrorism Security Team was announced to be on the way to protect the US embassy,{{Cite news |date=13 March 2024 |title=New team of marines deployed to Haiti for U.S. embassy security amid gang violence |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/marines-deployed-haiti-us-embassy-security-gang-violence-rcna143123 |access-date=14 March 2024 |work=NBC News |archive-date=14 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314085236/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/marines-deployed-haiti-us-embassy-security-gang-violence-rcna143123 |url-status=live }} and a YouTube personality YourFellowArab (Addison Pierre Maalouf) specialized in touring dangerous places was allegedly kidnapped on his way to interview Jimmy Chérizier. Members of the 400 Mawozo gang demanded a ransom of $600,000 for his release. The U.S. State Department confirmed that a U.S. citizen had been kidnapped.{{cite news |last1=Sukheja |first1=Bhavya |date=30 March 2024 |title=US YouTuber YourFellowArab Kidnapped In Haiti While Trying To Interview Gang Leader |url=https://www.ndtv.com/world-news/us-youtuber-yourfellowarab-kidnapped-in-haiti-while-trying-to-interview-gang-leader-5336199 |access-date=30 March 2024 |work=NDTV.com |language=en }} On 16 May 2024, An opposition party in Kenya files an appeal before a Nairobi court to cancel the deployment of Kenyan police officers in Haiti.{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=17 May 2024 |title=Kenya: le déploiement de policiers en Haïti visé par un nouveau recours en justice|url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20240517-kenya-le-d%C3%A9ploiement-de-policiers-en-ha%C3%AFti-vis%C3%A9-par-un-nouveau-recours-en-justice |access-date=18 May 2024 |work=rfi |language=fr }}

On 19 March, CARICOM and United Nations officials appointed seven seats out of eight of the presidential council. The formation of the full council was delayed because of 21 December Agreement group backing the acting prime minister.{{Cite news |date=19 March 2024 |title=Haiti transition plan finally settled, says source {{!}} Miami Herald |url=https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/haiti/article286871840.html |access-date=20 March 2024 |work=Miami Herald}}

On 21 March, one of the gang leaders, known only as Makandal, was killed by the bwa kale in Petion-Ville.{{cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/haiti-suspected-gang-members-set-fire-conflict-spreads-capital-suburb-rcna144484|title=Suspected Haiti gang members set on fire as conflict spreads to capital suburb|newspaper=NBC News|date=21 March 2024}} A day later, Ernst Julme, the leader of Delmas 95, was killed by police in the same area. Julme's death was described as a significant setback for Cherizier in his attempts to take over Port-au-Prince.{{cite news|url=https://news.sky.com/story/prominent-haitian-gang-leader-shot-dead-by-police-as-political-groups-near-finalisation-of-transition-council-13099622|title=Prominent Haitian gang leader shot dead by police as political groups near finalisation of transition council|newspaper=Sky News|date=22 March 2024}}{{cite web|url=https://www.arise.tv/violence-rises-in-haiti-gang-leader-killed-as-transition-council-close-to-being-established/|title=Violence Rises In Haiti, Gang Leader Killed As Transition Council Close To Being Established|website=Arise News|date=22 March 2024}}

On 25 April, Ariel Henry resigned, and was replaced by the Transitional Presidential Council.{{Cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/americas/20240425-ariel-henry-resigns-as-haiti-s-pm-as-transitional-council-takes-power|title=Ariel Henry resigns as Haiti's PM as transitional council takes power|date=25 April 2024|website=France 24}} Later, on 28 May, the transitional council chose Garry Conille as the new Prime Minister.{{cite news |last1=Coto |first1=Dánica |title=Transitional council in Haiti selects new prime minister for a country under siege by gangs |url=https://apnews.com/article/haiti-new-prime-minister-transitional-council-c6f9e0785271f6ed96785e7ed7ffcfdc |access-date=21 June 2024 |work=AP News |publisher=The Associated Press |date=28 May 2024 |language=en}}

In May, in the clashes between gangs and security forces three armored vehicles of the police were destroyed and set on fire.{{cite web|url=https://haitiantimes.com/2023/05/24/long-waited-armored-vehicles-burned-2-weeks-after-arrival-in-haiti/|title=Long-waited armored vehicles burned 2 weeks after arrival in Haiti|website=haitiantimes.com|date=24 May 2024}}

On 18 June, the International Organization for Migration reported that more than 580,000 people have been displaced by the increased violence in Haiti since March 2024. The report also warned that since most of the people displaced have been from communities already struggling with poor social conditions, there may be more tension and violence in the coming days.{{cite news |last1=Sanon |first1=Evens |last2=Marcos |first2=Coral Murphy |title=Gang violence in Haiti has displaced nearly 580,000 people, a new UN report says |url=https://apnews.com/article/haiti-gang-violence-displacement-0f1a492c9231161a54037ca5b9b7e676 |access-date=21 June 2024 |work=AP News |publisher=The Associated Press |date=19 June 2024 |language=en}}

{{Main|Multinational Security Support Mission in Haiti}}

On 26 June 2024, Kenya's first contingent of 400 elite police officers landed in Port-au-Prince’s international airport after months of delay. A second Kenyan contingent consisting of 200 officers arrived on 16 July. A contignent consisting of twenty Jamaican soldiers, four Jamaican policemen, and 2 Belizean soldiers arrived in Haiti on 12 September.75 Guatemalan Army military policeman, and 8 airmen from the Salvadoran Air Force landed in Port-au-Prince on 3 January 2025.{{Cite web |last=Charles |first=Jacqueline |date=2025-01-03 |title=Military police, soldiers from Guatemala, El Salvador arrive in Haiti to help fight gangs |url=https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/haiti/article297452643.html |website=Miami Herald}}

On 29{{nbsp}}February 2024, the Revolutionary Forces of the G9 and Allies united with G-Pep to form the Viv Ansanm coalition, which means "Live Together" in Haitian Creole.{{cite news |last1=Robles |first1=Frances |title=Massacre in Haiti’s Capital Leaves Nearly 200 Dead, U.N. Says |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/08/world/americas/haiti-gang-massacre.html |access-date=10 December 2024 |work=The New York Times |date=8 December 2024}} This new coalition is led by Jimmy Chérizier, and together, Viv Ansanm controls around 80% of metropolitan Port-au-Prince, as well as many surrounding towns. Chérizier describes the Viv Ansanm movement as demanding dialogue with the Conille government, and that Viv Ansanm is in opposition to the Haitian and American oligarchs holding power over Haiti. In a June 2024 interview, Chérizier spoke regarding the Kenyan police operation in Haiti, saying that the "politicians and oligarchs{{nbsp}}... [called in] assassins and mercenaries from Kenya on the pretext that they will crush the gangs and battle Viv Ansanm. They will fight. Viv Ansanm will fight. The Kenyans are protecting the interests of the American oligarchs{{nbsp}}... That's why they brought them here."

On 22{{nbsp}}October 2024, SOS Journalists and the Association of Haitian Journalists (AJH) released statements calling upon authorities to take measures to protect journalists threatened by the Viv Ansanm gang coalition led by Chérizier.{{cite web |author=Jean Junior Celestin |title=Des journalistes menacés par des gangs : L'AJH et SOS Journalistes dénoncent et appellent à l'action |date=23 October 2024 |website=Le Nouvelliste |language=fr |url=https://lenouvelliste.com/article/251061/des-journalistes-menaces-par-des-gangs-lajh-et-sos-journalistes-denoncent-et-appellent-a-laction}}

Viv Ansanm reportedly massacred over 180 people in December 2024. In April 2025, Viv Ansanm stormed the police station and prison in the city of Mirebalais, setting the buildings on fire and freeing around 500 prisoners.{{cite web |last1=Charles |first1=Jacqueline |title=Gangs attack police station, prison in central Haiti town, more than 500 inmates escape |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/gangs-attack-police-station-prison-235017566.html |website=Yahoo News |access-date=1 April 2025 |date=31 March 2025}}

On 4 April 2024, the Panama-flagged MSC Magalie was attacked in the Caribbean{{cite web |title=Five-hour gun battle between gangsters and police sees ship freed |url=https://www.tradewindsnews.com/casualties/five-hour-gun-battle-between-gangsters-and-police-sees-ship-freed/2-1-1626812 |website=tradewindsnews.com |date=15 April 2024 |publisher=TradeWinds |access-date=26 April 2024}} by two Haitian gangs: 5 Seconds and Taliban (no relation to the Afghan Taliban). The Magalie was captured by the armed gangs in the Varreux fuel terminal at Port-Au-Prince. All aboard were taken hostage, and a sixth of the cargo, consisting entirely of rice (the primary staple food of Haiti), was stolen. On 7 April, the Haitian National Police stormed the seized freighter and engaged in a five-hour gun battle with the gangs,{{cite web |title=Haiti's Gangs Try Their Hand at Piracy, Hijacking a Ship Full of Food |url=https://www.maritime-executive.com/article/haiti-s-gangs-try-their-hand-at-piracy-hijacking-a-ship-full-of-food |website=maritime-executive.com |publisher=The Maritime Executive |access-date=26 April 2024}} in which two police officers were injured and several of the two gangs’ members turned pirate were killed. The ship, owned by U.S. shipping company Claude and Magalie,{{cite news |title=Haitian gangs rob cargo ship of food |url=https://insurancemarinenews.com/insurance-marine-news/haitian-gangs-rob-cargo-ship-of-food/ |access-date=26 April 2024 |work=Insurance Marine News}}{{cite web |title=CLAUDE & MAGALIE SHIPPING, Miami FL, United States of America |url=https://world-ships.com/company/9ea4e34b09b03201e279de4f5871372d |website=world-ships.com |publisher=World Shipping Register |access-date=26 April 2024}} was recovered by the Haitian police force. The fate of the crew and any other seafarers aboard the Magalie, who were all taken hostage, remained unknown.

{{Notelist}}

{{Reflist}}

• {{Cite book |url = https://globalinitiative.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/GITOC-Gangs-of-Haiti.pdf |title = Gangs of Haiti: Expansion, power and an escalating crisis |last = Walker |first = Summer |date = October 2022 |publisher = Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime |location = Geneva |access-date = 30 September 2023 }}
• {{Cite book |url = https://reliefweb.int/attachments/44c09571-304c-4472-a90d-ba10b3c8c0a2/Regional%20Overview_%20Latin%20America%20%26%20the%20Caribbean%20_%20April%202023.pdf |title = Regional Overview Latin America & the Caribbean April 2023 |date = May 2023 |publisher = ACLED |location = Geneva |access-date = 2 October 2023 |ref = {{harvid|ACLED|2023}} }}
• {{Cite book |date=April 2021 |url=https://hrp.law.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Killing_With_Impunity-1.pdf |title= Killing with Impunity: State-Sanctioned Massacres in Haiti|publisher = Harvard |access-date=26 December 2023 |ref= {{harvid|Harvard|2021}} }}
• {{Cite book |url = https://web.rnddh.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/7-Rap-Attaque-Quartiers-Defavorise-Version-Anglaise-23Jun2020-2.pdf |date= 23 June 2020 |title=Attacks on deprived neighborhoods |publisher = RNDDH |access-date = 26 December 2023 |ref={{harvid|RNDDH|2020}} }}
• {{Cite book |url = https://web.rnddh.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/2-Rap-Bel-Air-Cit%C3%A9-Soleil-2020.2021-20-Mai-2021-ENG.pdf |date= 20 May 2021 |title=Massacres in Bel-Air and Cité Soleil Under the Indifferent Gaze of State Authorities |publisher = RNDDH |access-date = 26 December 2023 |ref={{harvid|RNDDH|2021}} }}
• {{Cite book

| url = https://riskbulletins.globalinitiative.net/ht-obs-001/01-viv-ansanm-gang-coalition-violence-port-au-prince.html

| date = July 2024

| title = Viv Ansanm: How a gang coalition has transformed violence in Port-au-Prince

| publisher = Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime

| access-date = 12 April 2025

| ref = {{harvid|Global Initiative|2024}}

}}

{{Organized crime groups in America}}

{{Ongoing armed conflicts}}

Category:Haitian crisis (2018–present)

Gang battles

Category:Military history of Port-au-Prince

Category:Law enforcement operations against organized crime

Category:Military operations against organized crime

Category:Organized crime conflicts

Category:Terrorism in Haiti