Ganglion impar
{{Infobox anatomy
| Name = Ganglion impar
| Latin = ganglion impar
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The pelvic portion of each sympathetic trunk is situated in front of the sacrum, medial to the anterior sacral foramina. It consists of four or five small sacral ganglia, connected together by interganglionic cords, and continuous above with the abdominal portion. Below, the two pelvic sympathetic trunks converge, and end on the front of the coccyx in a small ganglion, the ganglion impar, also known as azygos {{cite book|last1=Erasmus Wilson|first1=William James|title=Practical and surgical anatomy|url=https://archive.org/details/practicalandsur00wilsgoog|page=[https://archive.org/details/practicalandsur00wilsgoog/page/n469 431]|quote=ganglion impar - azygos.|language=en|date=1838}} or ganglion of Walther.
Clinical significance
This ganglion plays a crucial role in patients experiencing pain in the pelvic and perineal structures, as it provides both nociceptive and sympathetic supply to these regions. Afferent innervation to the ganglion impar comes from the perineum, distal rectum, anus, distal urethra, and distal vagina. The indications for ganglion impar blockade are based on the anatomical location of pain and include various conditions such as perineal pain (with or without malignancy), rectal/anal pain (proctitis), distal urethral pain, vulvodynia, scrotal pain, female pelvic/vaginal pain (distal 1/3), sympathetically-maintained pain (e.g., Complex Regional Pain Syndrome), endometriosis, chronic prostatitis, proctalgia fugax, coccydynia, radiation proctitis, postherpetic neuralgia, and burning localized perineal pain associated with urgency.{{cite book |author= Hunter, C. W., & Diwan, S.
| title = Atlas of Pain Medicine Procedures
|chapter = 49
|year = 2015
}}
References
{{Gray's}}
{{Reflist}}
- Munir MA, Zhang J, Ahmad M. (2004) "[https://web.archive.org/web/20090507150951/http://www.cja-jca.org/cgi/content/full/51/9/915 A modified needle-inside-needle technique for the ganglion impar block.]" Can J Anaesth. 2004 Nov;51(9):915-7.
External links
- [http://tailbonedoctor.com/ganglion-impar-injections/ "Ganglion Impar Injections to Treat Tailbone Pain" at www.TailboneDoctor.com]
- [http://www.coccyx.org/treatmen/foye.htm "Treatment of coccydynia by injection of local anesthetic to the ganglion impar", at coccyx.org]
- {{DartmouthHumanAnatomy|figures/chapter_32/32-6.HTM}}
- [http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/309486-overview Tailbone pain (coccyx pain, coccydynia)] Peer-reviewed medical article online at [http://www.eMedicine.com eMedicine (Medscape)]
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