Gangraena
{{Short description|1646 book by Thomas Edwards}}
{{italic title}}
File:Gangræna Thomas Edwards 1st ed.png
Gangraena is a book by English puritan clergyman Thomas Edwards, published in 1646. A notorious work of heresiography, it appeared the year after Ephraim Pagitt's Heresiography. These two books attempted to catalogue the fissiparous Protestant congregations of the time, in England particularly, into recognised sects or beliefs. Pagitt worked with 40 to 50 categories, Edwards went further with around three times as many, compiling a list of the practices of the Independents and more extreme radicals:
{{cquote|Thomas Edwards, in his Gangraena (1645), enumerated, with uncritical exaggeration, no less than sixteen sects and one hundred and seventy-six miscellaneous "errors, heresies and blasphemies," exclusive of popery and deism.{{Cite web|url=http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/hcc7.ii.i.xii.html|title = Philip Schaff: History of the Christian Church, Volume VII. Modern Christianity. The German Reformation - Christian Classics Ethereal Library}}}}
Nature of ''Gangraena''
Gangraena is generally described as an alarmist work, deducing a collapse of national polity from the ramification of different religious creeds. Typically, the Baptist Hanserd Knollys was accused of being an Anabaptist.Barry H. Howson, Erroneous and Schismatical Opinions: The Questions of Orthodoxy Regarding the Theology of Hanserd Knollys (c. 1599-1691) (2001), p. 1. Heresy is foregrounded, and the analogy suggested that heresy is to the soul as witchcraft to the body.John Marshall, John Locke, Toleration and Early Enlightenment Culture: Religious Intolerance and Arguments for Religious Toleration in Early Modern and 'early Enlightenment' Europe (2006), p. 287. Edwards was an unsparing writer and Gangraena is described as "monumentally vituperative".Thomas N. Corns, A Companion to Milton (2003), p. 142. The title itself refers to [http://toolserver.org/~magnus/biblebay.php?booknumber=&bookname=2+Timothy&range=2%3A16-2%3A17&source=&doit=Do+it 2 Timothy 2:17], and "canker" in the King James translation.
It is not really a unified work, called a "complex, ramshackle text" by Nicholas Tyacke.Nicholas Tyacke, England's Long Reformation 1500-1800 (1998), p. 241. It appeared in three volumes, with information added from correspondents, and Richard Baxter in particular was also a contributor.William Lamont (1979), Richard Baxter and the Millennium p. 252. Scholarly opinions on it are now mixed, having in the past been somewhat dismissive of the work as paranoid and probably counter-productive in the way of providing and circulating a menu of "heretical" options. Some scholars now see it as made more coherent by its inferences from and to the diabolical element, and more readable casually for the audience of the times, than it has in the past been allowed credit.Nathan Johnstone, The Devil and Demonism in Early Modern England (2006), p. 258.
Influence
In the work, as the first ideological identification of Levellers, Edwards summed up Levellers' views and attacked their radical political egalitarianism that showed no respect for the constitution. The prime targets in part III of his work were the men who were to be recognized as the leaders of the Leveller party. {{cite book |last1=Burns |first1=J. H. |title=Cambridge History of Political Thought 1450-1700 |date=1991 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0521247160 |pages=418–419}}
Reception
It provoked over 30 pamphlet responses in the period 1646-7, mostly hostile.Ann Hughes, "Popular" Presbyterianism in the 1640s and 1650s: the cases of Thomas Edwards and Thomas Hall, p. 248 in Nicholas Tyacke (editor), England's Long Reformation, 1500-1800 (1998). Among them were works by Jeremiah Burroughes,{{cite web |last1=Burroughes |first1=Jeremiah |title=A Vindication of Mr Burroughes, against Mr Edwards his foule aspersions, in his spreading Gangraena, and his angry Antiapologia |url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo2/A78005.0001.001?rgn=main;view=fulltext |website=Early English Books Online Text Creation Partnership |publisher=University of Michigan Library |access-date=19 June 2023}} John Goodwin,{{cite book |last1=Goodwin |first1=John |title=Cretensis: or A briefe answer to an ulcerous treatise, lately published by Mr Thomas Edvvards, intituled Gangræna: calculated for the meridian of such passages in the said treatise, which relate to Mr. John Goodwin; but may without any sensible error indifferently serve for the whole tract. |url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A85389.0001.001/1:1?rgn=div1;view=fulltext |website=Early English Books Online Text Creation Partnership |publisher=University of Michigan Library |access-date=19 June 2023}} John Lilburne, John Saltmarsh and William Walwyn.
Notes
{{Reflist}}
Further reading
- Ann Hughes, Gangraena and the Struggle for the English Revolution, New York: Oxford University Press, 2004. {{ISBN|0-19-925192-4}}
External links
- [https://archive.org/details/gangraena1and200dupeuoft Online text, pt. 1 and pt. 2] (Internet Archive)
- [https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/eebo/A83515.0001.001?view=toc Online text, pt. 3] (Umich/eebo)
Category:Books about Christianity