Garðaríki

{{DISPLAYTITLE:{{lang|non|Garðaríki|nocat=y}}}}

{{lang|non|Garðaríki}} (anglicized Gardariki or Gardarike){{sfn|Duczko|2004|ps=none|loc=p. 1: "The state of the Eastern Slavs—Russia, or Rhosia according to the Byzantines of mid-tenth century—was called in the medieval Norse literature Gardariki, or in the earlier, Viking-age sources just Gardar, a term originally restricted to the non-Slav territory of Ladoga-Ilmen."}}{{sfn|Skeie|2021|ps=none|loc=p. 72: "Gardarike, or “the cities”, an umbrella term for the multi-ethnic trading and craft centres located along the Russian rivers."}} or {{lang|non|Garðaveldi}} was the Old Norse term used in the Middle Ages for the lands of Rus'.{{sfn|Dølo|2017|ps=none|loc=p. 87: "I de gamle norrøne kildene blir det reelle riket Rus beskrevet som Gardarike. Rus besto av flere riker løst knyttet til hverandre. Geografisk er det snakk om hovedsakelig Novgorod-området i dagens Russland og byer rundt Dvina elven. [In the Old Norse sources, the real kingdom of Rus is described as Garðaríki. Rus consisted of several kingdoms loosely connected to each other. Geographically, it is mainly about the Novgorod area in today's Russia and cities around the Dvina river.]"}}{{sfn|Store Norske Leksikon|2020}}{{sfn|Cleasby|Vigfússon|1874|ps=none|loc=p. 192: "Garðar, m. pl. (í Görðum), Garða-ríki or Garða-veldi, n. the empire of Garðar, is the old Scandin. name of the Scandinavian-Russian kingdom of the 10th and 11th centuries"}}{{sfn|de Vries|1977|ps=none|loc=p. 156: "Garðaríki, älter auch Garðar 'name des Wikingerreiches in Russland'."}}{{sfn|Blöndal|1924|ps=none|loc=p. 240: "Garðaríki [gar·ðari:GI, -ri:KI] n. npr. Navn paa den gamle nordisk-russiske Stat; Rusland."}}{{efn|The original name for the lands of Rus', particularly of Novgorodian Rus', in Swedish, Norwegian and Icelandic sources, including runic inscriptions, poetry of skalds and sagas, was the toponym {{lang|non|Garðar}}.{{sfn|Gade|Whaley|2009|ps=none|loc=p. 279: "Garðar or Garðaríki is Novgorod (Hólmgarðr) and its territory in north-west Russia."}}{{sfn|Duczko|2004|ps=none|loc=p. 60: "These two original centres of Rus were Staraja Ladoga and Rurikovo Gorodishche, two points on the ends of an axis, the Volkhov, a river running for 200 km between two lakes, from the Ilmen in the south to the Ladoga in the north. This was the territory that most probably was originally called by the Norsemen Gardar, a name that long after Viking Age was given much wider content and become Gardariki, a denomination for whole Old Russian State."}}{{sfn|Pritsak|1981|ps=none|loc=p. 366: "In the older sources, such as the scaldic poetry and the King's sagas, the usual ON name for Rus' (especially Novgorodian Rus') was Garðar, the plural form of Garðr."}} First seen in the poem Óláfsdrápa composed by Hallfreðr Vandræðaskáld in 996.{{sfn|Jackson|2003|ps=none|loc=p. 37: "The earliest fixation of Garðar, as a designation of Rus, is found in the second strophe of Óláfsdrápa, a poem composed in 996 by the Icelandic skald Hallfreðr Vandræðaskáld (died ca. 1007)."}} The toponym is based on the root garð- with a wide range of meanings.{{sfn|de Vries|1977|loc=p. 156}}{{sfn|Jackson|2003|loc=p. 39}}|group=note}} According to Göngu-Hrólfs saga, the name {{lang|non|Hólmgarðaríki}} (also used as a name for Novgorodian Rus'){{sfn|Melnikova|2001|ps=none|loc=p. 72: "наименование Holmgarđr, особенно во множественном числе Holmgarđar, не раз употреблялось для обозначения Новгородской Руси, и в сагах о древних временах появляется даже композит Holmgarđaríki [the name Holmgarđr, especially in its plural form Holmgarđar, was repeatedly used as a designation for Novgorodian Rus', and even the compound Holmgarđaríki emerges in legendary sagas]"}}{{sfn|Fritzner|1891|ps=none|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=XcYqAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA37 p. 37]: "holmgarðaríki, n. det til Holmgarðr som dets Hovedstad hørende Rige. [Holmgarðaríki, n. the kingdom belonging to Hólmgarðr as its capital.]"}} was synonymous with {{lang|non|Garðaríki}}, and these names were used interchangeably in several other Old Norse stories.{{sfn|Mägi|2018|ps=none|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=CGdjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA158 p. 158]: "Several other stories of the components of Garðaríki, or narratives where the name Garðaríki was used interchangeably with Holmgarðaríki, these terms indicating presumably the same area, probably relied on old oral tradition. In the beginning of the Saga of Göngu-Hrólf it was specified that King Hreggvidr reigned in "...Holmgarðaríki, which some people call Garðaríki."}}

As the Varangians dealt mainly with the northern lands of Rus',{{sfn|Price|ps=none|2000|loc=p. 264: "The initial focus of the Scandinavian presence in European Russia seems to have been the Volkhov river, which they had reached from the Gulf of Finland via the Neva and Lake Ladoga."}}{{sfn|Nosov|1998|ps=none|loc=p. 80: "Письменные источники и археологические материалы рисуют нам сложную и многообразную картину славяно-скандинавских отношений в Северной Руси. [Written records and archaeological data reveal the complex and versatile relationship between the Slavs and Scandinavians in the Northern Rus’.]"}}{{sfn|Thomsen|1877|ps=none|loc=p. 70: "The localities in Russia, or Garðaríki, which are mentioned in the Sagas are more particularly those grouped nearest round the Gulf of Finland which were evidently constantly frequented by the Scandinavians."}} their sagas regard the city of {{lang|non|Hólmgarðr/Hólmgarðaborg}} (usually identified with Novgorod){{efn|Today's Veliky Novgorod encompasses Gorodishche, an important administrative and trade center of the 9th century, which was originally known by the Scandinavians as Hólmgarðr.{{sfn|Melnikova|2001|ps=none|loc=p. 72: "однако уже с середины IX в. в нескольких километрах от будущего детинца города на высоком берегу Волхова существовал крупный центр, где располагался скандинавский военный контингент и который получил название Городища под Новгородом (ныне в черте г. Новгорода). [but already in the mid-9th century a few kilometers from the future city's Kremlin on the high bank of the Volkhov there was a large center with Scandinavian military presence which was called Gorodishche near Novgorod (currently within the limits of Novgorod).]"}}{{sfn|Price|2000|ps=none|loc=p. 265: "The settlement established in the ninth century has been known since the 12th century as Gorodišce, a name meaning “deserted fortress” and coined with respect to its successor (“Novgorod” means “new fortress”);"}}{{sfn|Price|2000|ps=none|loc=p. 265: "It was probably Gorodišce that the Norse referred to as Hólmgarðr, the “settlement on the islands”."}}{{sfn|Nosov|1987|ps=none|loc=p. 76: "The Ryurik Gorodishche existed, undoubtedly, in the mid-9th century and was probably founded even earlier."}} Although its Old Norse name was then transferred to Novgorod, Gorodische later regained some of its importance and served as the residence of Novgorodian princes.{{sfn|Price|2000|ps=none|loc=p. 268: "The beginnings of Novgorod can be dated archaeologically to the early tenth century (even though the name is used in the Russian Primary Chronicle to refer to the ninth-century settlement at Lake Ilmen, it is likely that prior to the 920s it is Gorodišce that is meant). Settlement seems to have shifted gradually from the latter island fortress, which after a century of abandonment was later reoccupied as the seat of the prince of Novgorod."}}{{sfn|Melnikova|1998|ps=none|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=KYqsisEVQHEC&pg=PA654 p. 654]: "It seems justifiable to suppose that originally the name Hólmgarðr designated the Gorodishche settlement and was transferred to Novgorod after it gained superiority in the region."}}{{sfn|Nosov|1987|ps=none|loc=p. 73: "During the existence of the Old Russian state Gorodishche served as the residence of Novgorodian princes who were squeezed out of the city by the developing republican system."}}{{sfn|Nosov|1987|ps=none|loc=p. 85: "Novgorod which sprang into existence some time later in the locality and was called Holmgård by the Scandinavians received this name."}} Holmgarðr or Hólmgarðaborg{{sfn|Fritzner|1891|ps=none|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=XcYqAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA37 p. 37]: "holmgarðaborg, f. = Holmgarðr."}} is generally identified with Novgorod in literature{{sfn|Clunies Ross|ps=none|2017|loc=p. 298: "Ingigerðr, daughter of King Hreggviðr of Hólmgarðaríki (Novgorod)."}}{{sfn|Clunies Ross|2017|ps=none|loc=p. 301: "Hilmir, sonr Sturlaugs, mun stýra Hólmgarði ...The prince, son of Sturlaugr, will govern Novgorod;"}}{{sfn|Hjardar|Vike|2016|ps=none|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=QIsgDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA119 p. 119]: "The trading centre of Novgorod, or Holmgard as the Vikings called the town, was founded on an island in the River Volkhov."}}{{sfn|Peterson|2016|ps=none|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=joawDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA223 p. 223]: "Holmgarðir [or Holmgarðr] being the Old Norse name for Novgorod, a term well understood in Viking Sweden."}} and research articles.{{sfn|Jackson|2015|ps=none|loc=p. 173: "Лучше других городов источникам известен отождествляемый с Новгородом Hólmgarðr [Hólmgarðr, which is identified with Novgorod, appears in the sources more often than other towns]"}}{{sfn|Bugge|1906|ps=none|loc=p. 244: "Nowgorod (Holmgarđr)"}}{{sfn|Kahle|ps=none|1905|loc=p. 16: "Hólmgarðr ist die stadt Nowgorod, die hauptstadt des im 9. jh. von schwedischen eroberern gestifteten reiches Garðaríki (Russland). [Hólmgarðr is the city of Novgorod, the capital of the kingdom Garðaríki (Rus') established by Swedish conquerors in the 9th c.]"}}{{sfn|Müllenhoff|1865|ps=none|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=jW4JAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA346 p. 346]: "so kann Holmgarðr vernünftigerweise doch nichts anders als Novgorod sein [in this way Holmgarðr cannot be any other place but Novgorod]"}}|group=note}}{{sfn|Jackson|2003|ps=none|loc=p. 45: "The Old Norse place-name Hólmgarðr has traditionally been considered to be the designation of Novgorod."}}{{sfn|Pritsak|1981|ps=none|loc=p. 369: "The Old Rusʼian “town” (gorod) whose name is attested with certainty in Swedish inscriptions is hulmkarþ Hōlmgarðr, “(Great) Novgorod.”"}}{{sfn|Schröder|1917|ps=none|loc=p. 134: "Nógarðar, das heutige Nowgorod am Ilmensee, das in den skandinavischen quellen meist Hólmgarðr heißt [Nógarðar, modern-day Novgorod on the lake Ilmen, which is generally called Hólmgarðr in Scandinavian sources]"}}{{sfn|Thomsen|1877|ps=none|loc=p. 70: "Another town which is extremely often mentioned is Novgorod, which was called by the Scandinavians Hólmgarðr"}} as the capital of {{lang|non|Garðaríki}}.{{efn|Þiðreks saga mentions King Hertnid, who ruled {{lang|non|Ruziland}} and whose capital was {{lang|non|Hólmgarðr}}.{{sfn|Þiðreks saga|loc=chpt. 22: "Hertnið konungr, er í þann tíma stýrði Rúzilandi ...Hólmgarð, er höfuðstaðr er fyrir borgum Hertniðs konungs [King Hertnid, who at that time ruled Ruziland ...Hólmgarð, which is the capital of King Hertnid's cities]"}} Örvar-Odds saga says that all the kings of {{lang|non|Garðaríki}} paid tribute to King Kvillánus who resided in {{lang|non|Hólmgarðr}}.{{sfn|Örvar-Odds saga|loc=chpt. 30. Bardagi Odds ok Ögmundar: "Garðaríki er svá mikit land, at þat var þá margra konunga ríki. Marró hét konungr. Hann réð fyrir Móramar; þat land er í Garðaríki. Ráðstafr hét konungr. Ráðstofa heitir þar, er hann réð fyrir. Eddval hét konungr. Hann réð fyrir því ríki, er Súrsdal heitir. Hólmgeirr hét sá konungr, er næst Kvillánus réð fyrir Hólmgarði. Paltes hét konungr. Hann réð fyrir Palteskjuborg. Kænmarr hét konungr. Hann réð fyrir Kænugörðum, en þar byggði fyrst Magok, sonr Japhets Nóasonar. Þessir konungar allir, sem nú eru nefndir, váru skattgildir undir Kvillánus konung. [Garðaríki was such a vast land that it was a kingdom of many kings. Marró was the name of one king who ruled over Móramar, a land in Garðaríki. Ráðstafr was the name of another king, and Ráðstofa was the land where he ruled. Eddval was the name of a king who ruled over the kingdom called Súrsdal, and Hólmgeirr was the name of the king who had ruled over Hólmgarðr before Kvillánus. Paltes was the name of a king who ruled over Palteskjuborg. Kænmarr was the name of another king who ruled over Kænugörðum, where the first settler was Magog, son of Noah’s son, Japheth. All these kings paid tribute to King Kvillánus]"}} Hervarar saga mentions King Hrollaug, the most powerful king of that time, who resided in {{lang|non|Hólmgarðr}}.{{sfn|Petersen|1847|loc=p. 27: "Eitt sumar sendi hann menn austr í Hólmgarða, at bjóða Hrollaugi konungi barnfóstr, er þá var ríkastr konúngr [One summer he sent men east to Hólmgarðr to offer to bring up the child of King Hrollaug, who was then the most powerful king]"}} Eymundar saga tells of King Jarizleifr as a king residing in {{lang|non|Hólmgarðr}}, the best part of {{lang|non|Garðaríki}}, and ruling over the whole {{lang|non|Garðaríki}}.{{sfn|Vigfússon|1862|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=e6MNAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA133 p. 133]: "Hon segir Jarizleifi konungi at hann skal bafua hinn æzsla hlut Gardarikis en þat er Holmgard… Jarizleifr konungr skal vera yfir Gardariki [She tells to King Jarizleifr that he will get the best part of Gardariki - Holmgard... King Jarizleifr will rule over Gardariki]"}} Göngu-Hrólfs saga represents {{lang|non|Hólmgarðaríki}} (i.e. the realm of Hólmgarðr, the kingdom belonging to Hólmgarðr as its capital){{sfn|Fritzner|1891|ps=none|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=XcYqAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA37 p. 37]: "holmgarðaríki, n. det til Holmgarðr som dets Hovedstad hørende Rige [Holmgarðaríki, n. the kingdom belonging to Hólmgarðr as its capital]"}} as another name for {{lang|non|Garðaríki}}.{{sfn|Rafn|1830|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=wlYPAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA237 p. 237]: "...hann átti at ráða fyrir Hólmgarðaríki, er sumir menn kalla Garðaríki [...he ruled over Hólmgarðaríki, which some people call Garðaríki]"}} Two versions of Göngu-Hrólfs saga{{sfn|GKS 2845 Sögubók|1450|loc=p. 54v: "holmg(ar)ða b(or)g e(r) mest(r) atset(r) g(ar)ða k(onung)s þ(at) er nu kallað nog(ar)ðar"}}{{sfn|AM 589 f Sögubók|1450|loc=p. 36r-36v: "i holmg(ar)ða b(or)g er mest(r) atset(r) garða k(onun)gs þ(at) er nu allt kallat nog(ar)ðar ok ruðzala(n)d"}} speak of {{lang|non|Hólmgarðaborg}} as the main seat of the king of {{lang|non|Garðar}}, equating it to Novgorod of their time ({{lang|non|Nógarðar}}).{{sfn|Rafn|1830|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=wlYPAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA362 p. 362]: "í Hólmgarðaborg er mest atsetr Garðakonúngs, þat er nú kallat Nógarðar [the main seat of the king of Garðar is in Hólmgarðaborg, which is now called Nógarðar]"}} Þjalar-Jóns saga represents all minor kings as liege lords of the King of {{lang|non|Hólmgarðr}}.{{sfn|Lavender|2015|loc=p. 92: "All of the minor kings are liege lords of the King of Hólmgarður himself"}}{{sfn|White|2016|loc=p. 91: "Allir smákonungar eru lýðskyldir sjálfum Hólmgarðskonungi [All the kinglets are homages to the king of Hólmgarðr himself]"}}|group=note}}{{sfn|Jackson|2015|loc=p. 175: "в сознании авторов и их слушателей Хольмгард на всем протяжении сложения и записи саг оставался столицей лежащей за Балтийским морем страны Гарды/Гардарики [throughout the composition and recording of the sagas, in the minds of the authors and their listeners, Hólmgarðr remained the capital of the country Garðar/Garðaríki across the Baltic Sea]"}}{{sfn|Melnikova|2001|loc=p. 71: "для скандинавов Северо-Западная Русь всегда представлялась центральной и главной частью Древнерусского государства, а Новгород - столицей Руси [Scandinavians always regarded the North-Western Rus' as the central and main part of the Old Rus' state, and Novgorod as the capital of Rus']"}}{{sfn|Braun|1924|loc=p. 170: "Weit auffallender ist, daß nach den sǫgur das ganze politische Leben Rußlands sich in Novgorod (Hólmgarðr) konzentriert: es wird überall und immer als Hauptstadt des Reiches aufgefaßt [Far more remarkable is that, according to the sagas, the whole political life of Rus' is concentrated in Novgorod (Hólmgarðr): it is understood everywhere and always as the capital of the realm]"}}{{sfn|Liljegren|1818|loc=p. 204: "Holmgard eller Holmgardaborg, en stad, som af fremlingar mycket besöktes, var deruti hufvudstad och Gardarikes Konungasäte [Holmgard or Holmgardaborg, a city much visited by foreigners, was the capital and seat of the king of Gardariki]"}} Other important places of {{lang|non|Garðaríki}} mentioned in the sagas that have generally been identified with well known historical towns are {{lang|non|Aldeigja/Aldeigjuborg}} (Ladoga),{{sfn|Price|2000|ps=none|loc=p. 264: "Ladoga, known to the Norse as Aldeigjuborg"}}{{sfn|Pritsak|1981|loc=p. 299: "Aldeigja [Old] Ladoga"}}{{sfn|Pritsak|1981|loc=p. 31: "Aldeigjuborg (Old Ladoga), the oldest civic center in Eastern Europe"}}{{sfn|Thomsen|1877|ps=none|loc=p. 70: "Thus mention is often made of the old commercial town Aldegjuborg, the Russian (Old-)Ladoga, standing on the little river Volkhov, at some distance from its fall into lake Ladoga, called by the Scandinavians Aldegja".}} {{lang|non|Kœnugarðr/Kænugarðr}} (Kiev),{{sfn|Thomsen|1877|loc=p. 70: "The Old Norse name of Kiev was Kœnugarðr"}}{{sfn|Müllenhoff|1865|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=jW4JAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA346 p. 346]: "Kœnugarðr (Kiew)"}} {{lang|non|Pallteskja/Pallteskia}} (Polotsk),{{sfn|Melnikova|1986|loc=p. 38: "Полоцк, Полтеск — Pallteskja [Polotsk, Poltesk — Pallteskja]"}}{{sfn|Thomsen|1877|loc=p. 70: "Polotsk was called Palteskja"}}{{sfn|Müllenhoff|1865|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=jW4JAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA346 p. 346]: "Palteskia (Polotzk)"}} {{lang|non|Smaleskja/Smaleskia}} (Smolensk),{{sfn|Melnikova|1986|loc=p. 38: "Смоленск — Smaleskja [Smolensk — Smaleskja]"}}{{sfn|Müllenhoff|1865|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=jW4JAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA346 p. 346]: "Smaleskia (Smolensk)"}} {{lang|non|Súrdalar}} (Suzdal),{{sfn|Melnikova|1986|loc=p. 38: "Súrdalar (Суздаль) [Súrdalar (Suzdal)]"}} {{lang|non|Móramar}} (Murom),{{sfn|Melnikova|1986|loc=p. 38: "Móramar (Муром) [Móramar (Murom)]"}} and {{lang|non|Rostofa}} (Rostov).{{sfn|Melnikova|1986|ps=none|loc=p. 43: "Rostofa - Ростов [Rostofa - Rostov]"}}{{sfn|Jackson|2003|ps=none|loc=p. 40–41: "Old Norse sources have preserved the names of the twelve towns that are considered by the medieval authors, as well as by their modern publishers, to have been Old Russian towns. These are Hólmgarðr, Aldeigjuborg, Kœnugarðr, Súrdalar, Pallteskia, Smaleskia, Móramar, Rostofa, Sýrnes, Gaðar, Alaborg, Danparstaðir. The first eight of them are practically unanimously associated with Novgorod, Ladoga, Kiev, Polotsk, Smolensk, Suzdal, Murom and Rostov."}}{{sfn|Jackson|2015|loc=p. 173: "Городов, однако, упоминаемых на территории Гардарики, во всей совокупности древнескандинавских письменных памятников можно насчитать лишь двенадцать. Восемь из них (Hólmgarðr, Aldeigjuborg, Kænugarðr, Pallteskja, Smaleskia, Súrdalar, Móramar, Rostofa) практически однозначно отождествляются исследователями с Новгородом, Старой Ладогой, Киевом, Полоцком, Смоленском, Суздалем, Муромом и Ростовом; остальные четыре названия (Sýrnes, Gaðar, Álaborg, Danparstaðir) имеют не столь однозначные толкования [Of the cities, however, mentioned in the territory of Garðaríki, in the entire body of the old Scandinavian written records, only twelve can be counted. Eight of them (Hólmgarðr, Aldeigjuborg, Kænugarðr, Pallteskja, Smaleskia, Súrdalar, Móramar, Rostofa) are almost definitely identified by scholars with Novgorod, Old Ladoga, Kiev, Polotsk, Smolensk, Suzdal, Murom and Rostov; the other four names (Sýrnes, Gaðar, Álaborg, Danparstaðir) have less unambiguous interpretations]"}}{{sfn|Bugge|1906|ps=none|loc=p. 250: "Rußland selbst und mehrere russische Städte tragen in den isländischen Sagas nordische Namen, z.B. Garđar oder Garđaríki ″Rußland″, Holmgarđr ″Nowgorod″, Aldeigjuborg ″Altladoga″, Kœnugarđr ″Kiew″, Surdalar ″Susdal″, Smalenskia ″Smolensk″ und Palteskia. [Rus' itself and several Rus' towns are called by their Nordic names in the Sagas, e.g. Garđar or Garđaríki ″Rus'″, Holmgarđr ″Novgorod″, Aldeigjuborg ″Old Ladoga″, Kœnugarđr ″Kiev″, Surdalar ″Suzdal″, Smalenskia ″Smolensk″ and Palteskia.]"}}{{sfn|Geographical Treatise|1325|loc=p. 1: "Í austanverþri Europa er Garðavelldi, þar er Hólmgarðr ok Pallteskja ok Smálenskja"}}{{sfn|Liljegren|1818|loc=p. 204: "HOLMGARD, eller GARDARIKE, egenteligen så kalladt, tillföll Jarislaf, och utgjorde Novogorod, Ladoga, Bielo-Osero, Rostov och angränsande orter dess område"}}

At least seven of the Varangian runestones, G 114,{{sfn|Runor G 114|ps=none|loc=section Inscription, English: "...in Garðir/Garde, he was with Vivi(?)..."}} N 62,{{sfn|Runor N 62|ps=none|loc=section Inscription, English: "Engli raised this stone in memory of Þóraldr, his son, who died in Vitaholmr - between Ustaholmr and Garðar (Russia)."}} Sö 148,{{sfn|Runor Sö 148|ps=none|loc=section Inscription, English: "Þjóðulfr (and) Búi, they raised this stone in memory of Farulfr, their father. He met his end in the east in Garðar (Russia)."}} Sö 338,{{sfn|Runor Sö 338|ps=none|loc=section Inscription, English: "He fell in battle in the east in Garðar (Russia), commander of the retinue, the best of landholders."}} U 209,{{sfn|Runor U 209|ps=none|loc=section Inscription, English: "Þorsteinn made (the stone) in memory of Erinmundr, his son, and bought this estate and earned (wealth) in the east in Garðar (Russia)."}} U 636,{{sfn|Runor U 636|ps=none|loc=section Inscription, English: "Ǫlvé had this stone raised in memory of Arnfastr, his son. He travelled to the east to Garðar (Russia)."}} and Öl 28,{{sfn|Runor Öl 28|ps=none|loc=section Inscription, English: "Herþrúðr raised this stone in memory of her son Smiðr, a good valiant man. Halfborinn, his brother, sits in Garðar (Russia)."}} refer to Scandinavian men who had been in {{lang|non|Garðar}}.{{sfn|Pritsak|1981|loc=p. 346: "R i karþum aR. uaR uiue meR::h ... he [Liknat] was in Garðar"}}{{sfn|Pritsak|1981|loc=p. 396: "Þōrstæinn must have spent a long time in Rus' since he managed to accumulate a sizable fortune there (as witnessed by his huge monument, Sö 338)"}}{{sfn|Pritsak|1981|loc=p. 396: "Þōrstæinn, then, was a commander (forungi) of a retinue (lið) in Rus' (i garþum)"}}{{sfn|Pritsak|1981|loc=p. 396: "han fial i urustu austr i garþum ... He fell in action east in Garðar (Rus')"}}

Etymology

File:Gardariki Etymology Diagram.png

The word {{lang|non|Garðaríki}}, which first appeared in Icelandic sagas in the twelfth century,{{sfn|Jackson|2003|loc=p. 37: "According to Braun, the name Garðaríki was created by those Icelanders who wrote down sagas from the late twelfth century"}} could stem from the words {{lang|non|Garðar}}{{sfn|Jackson|2009|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=UHoYeYfl0h8C&pg=PA217 p. 217]: "If our sources enable us to do it, we can examine the evolution of place-names in the process of land development. Since the Old Norse-Icelandic material is incomparable from this point of view, we can observe in it the formation of secondary place-names on the basis of the original ones (like Garðaríki from Garðar, or Aldeigjuborg from Aldeigja)"}} and {{wikt-lang|non|ríki}} (an empire, realm, kingdom){{sfn|de Vries|1977|loc=p. 446: "ríki n. ‘macht, herrschaft; reich’ [ríki n. ‘power, rule; empire’]"}}{{sfn|Cleasby|Vigfússon|1874|loc=p. 499: "RÍKI, n. ... 2. an empire, kingdom"}}{{efn|Old Norse {{lang|non|ríki}}, Old High German {{lang|goh|rīhhi}}, and Old English {{lang|ang|rīce}} stem from the Proto-Germanic *rīkja- meaning "kingdom, reign, realm"{{sfn|Koch|2019|loc=p. 90: "KINGDOM, REIGN, REALM. Proto-Germanic *rīkja-: Gothic reiki, Old Norse ríki, Old English rīce, Old Saxon rīki, Old High German rīhhi; Proto-Celtic *rīgyom: Old Irish ríge 'ruling, kingship, sovereignty'"}}{{sfn|Kroonen|2013|loc=p. 413: "OHG rīhhi n. ʻreign, realmʼ < *rīkja-"}}{{sfn|Hoad|1988|loc=p. 404: "From the same Gmc. stem are OE. rīce = OS. rīki, MLG. MDu. rīke (Du. rijk), OHG. rīhhi (G. reich), ON. ríki, Goth. reiki kingdom, royal power"}}|group=note}} according to the common Scandinavian pattern for state formations X+ríki.{{sfn|Braun|1924|loc=p. 194: "Und so entstand in der isländischen Kunstprosa der Ausdruck Garðaríki, nach dem Vorbild von Danaríki, Svíaríki (woraus Sverige) Hringaríki, Raumaríki u. a. m. Volkstümlich war das Wort ursprünglich nicht und ist es auch später nur auf Island durch die Sagaliteratur geworden"}} {{lang|non|Garða}} is the genitive form of {{lang|non|Garðar}},{{sfn|Melnikova|2001|loc=p. 70: "Garđaríki, где первая основа Garđa- в форме род. п. мн. ч. дополняется термином ríki «государство» [Garđaríki, where the first stem Garđa- in the genitive plural form is supplemented by the term ríki, "a state"]"}}{{sfn|Wachler|1851|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=nw9nAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA442 p. 442]: "GARDHARIKI (mittlere Geographie), ist gebildet aus Gardha, Genitiv der Mehrzahl (Nominativ der Mehrzahl Gardhar), und aus riki, Reich [GARDHARIKI (medieval geography) is formed from Gardha, the genitive plural (the nominative plural Gardhar), and from riki, a realm]"}} therefore the compound {{lang|non|Garðaríki}} could be translated into English as "the kingdom of Garðar" or "the empire of Garðar".{{sfn|Zoëga|1910|loc=p. 195: "GARÐAR, m. pl. Russia; GARÐA-RÍKI, -VELDI, n. the Russian empire}}{{sfn|Cleasby|Vigfússon|1874|ps=none|loc=p. 192: "Garðar, m. pl. (í Görðum), Garða-ríki or Garða-veldi, n. the empire of Garðar, is the old Scandin. name of the Scandinavian-Russian kingdom of the 10th and 11th centuries"}}{{sfn|Nosov|1998|loc=p. 78-79: "Вся же Русь стала называться Gardariki - «страна гардов» [The whole country of Rus' began to be called Gardariki or «the country of gardr's»]"}} The name {{lang|non|Garðar}} itself was used in skaldic poems, runic inscriptions and early sagas up to the twelfth century to refer to the lands to the east of Scandinavia populated by the Rus' people,{{sfn|Jackson|2009|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=UHoYeYfl0h8C&pg=PA217 p. 217]: "Garðar (generally thought to have been the name of Old Rus)"}}{{sfn|Jackson|2003|loc=p. 37: "...in the ninth, tenth, and eleventh centuries, Garðar was used for the designation of Old Rus all over Scandinavian Peninsula"}}{{sfn|Jackson|2003|loc=p. 37: "In the skaldic poetry of the tenth through the twelfth century, Old Rus is called only by its earliest Old Norse name Garðar. In the runic inscriptions of the eleventh century, the toponym Garðar is used nine times"}} primarily to Novgorodian Rus'.{{sfn|Pritsak|1981|ps=none|loc=p. 366: "In the older sources, such as the scaldic poetry and the King's sagas, the usual ON name for Rus' (especially Novgorodian Rus') was Garðar, the plural form of Garðr."}}

{{lang|non|Garðar}} is a plural form of the Old Norse word {{wikt-lang|non|garðr}} which referred to 1) a fence; 2) a fortification; 3) a yard; 4) a court; 5) a farm; 6) a village house,{{sfn|de Vries|1977|loc=p. 156: "garðr 1 m. 'zaun, hof, garten’"}}{{sfn|de Vries|1977|loc=p. 156: "Gewöhnlich zu garðr ‘hof, festung’"}}{{sfn|Jackson|2003|loc=p. 39: "Old Norse garðr has the following meanings: 1) a fence of any kind, a fortification; 2) a yard (an enclosed space); 3) a court-yard, court and premises; 4) a separated farm (in Iceland); 5) a house or building in a country or village (especially in Norway, Denmark and Sweden)"}}{{efn|Old Norse {{lang|non|garðr}}, Old High German {{lang|goh|gart(o)}} ("garden, enclosure"), as well as Old English {{lang|ang|ġeard}} ("courtyard, enclosure") go back to the Proto-Germanic *gardaz or *ʒarðaz{{sfn|Kroonen|2013|loc=p. 169: "*garda- m. ‘courtyard’ ... OE geard ‘id.’"}}{{sfn|Kroonen|2013|loc=p. 169: "OHG gart m. ʻenclosureʼ => *g{{sup|h}}ord{{sup|h}}-o- (IE) ... An o-stem derived from the root *g{{sup|h}}erd{{sup|h}}-"}}{{sfn|Orel|2003|loc=p. 126: "*ʒarđaz sb.m.: Goth gards ‘house, family, court’ (< *ʒarđiz), ON garðr ‘yard’"}}{{sfn|Mallory|Adams|1997|loc=p. 199: "OE geard enclosure, yard"}}{{sfn|Hoad|1988|loc=p. 548: "OE. ġeard fence, enclosure, courtyard, dwelling, region, corr., with variation of declension, to OS. gardo, (Du. gaard), OHG. gart(o) (G. garten garden), ON. garðr, Goth. gards house, garda enclosure, stall :- Gmc. *ʒarðaz *ʒarðan- rel. to OSl. gradŭ city, garden (Russ. górod town)"}}|group=note}} while the related Old Russian word городъ{{efn|Old Russian городъ,{{sfn|Jøhndal|2018|loc=section 1: "городъ Old Russian, common noun, occurs 322 times in the corpus ... English: city ... Russian: город"}}{{sfn|Trubachyov|1980|loc=p. 37: "др.-русск. городъ ‘ограда, забор’ ... ‘укрепление, крепость, город’ ... ‘защита, надежда’ [Old Russian городъ ‘enclosure, fence’ ... ‘fortification, stronghold, town’ ... ‘defence, hope’]"}} Old Church Slavic градъ, and Russian город stem from the Proto-Slavic {{wikt-lang|sla-pro|*gȏrdъ}} meaning "fortification, town".{{sfn|Derksen|2008|loc=p. 178: "*gȏrdъ m. o (c) ‘fortification, town’ ... OCS gradъ ‘wall, town, city, garden’ ... Ru. górod ‘town, city’"}}{{sfn|Trubachyov|1980|loc=p. 37: "*gordъ/*gorda/*gordь: ст.-слав, градъ [*gordъ/*gorda/*gordь: Old Slavonic градъ]"}}|group=note}} referred to 1) a fence; 2) a fortification; 3) a field defensive work; 4) a settlement.{{sfn|Jackson|2003|loc=p. 39: "The Old Russian word, in its turn, has the following meanings: 1) a fence; 2) a fortified place, town walls, a fortification; 3) a field defensive work; 4) a settlement, an administrative and trade center"}}{{sfn|Thomsen|1877|loc=p. 70: "This word is akin to the Russian gorod’, Old Slavonic grad’, a stronghold, a town, which occurs in all Slavonic languages and cannot therefore well be borrowed from the Old Norse garðr"}} Since there is an overlapping meaning among the ones these related words once had ("a fence, a fortified place"), both garðr and городъ could mean the same at one time in the past.{{sfn|Jackson|2003|loc=p. 39: "Proceeding from the fact that garðr and городъ are related words and they have, among other meanings, a common one, 'a fence, a fortified place', it is natural to conclude that, at a certain chronological stage, they were identical in their meaning"}} Thus, some researches interpreted {{lang|non|Garðar}} as a collective name for Old Rus' towns{{sfn|de Vries|1977|loc=p. 156: "…der ältere Name Garðar war vielleicht eine zusammenfassende Bezeichnung von russischen grady oder 'städte'…"}}{{sfn|Braun|1924|loc=p. 196: "Garðar bedeutet also die Gesamtheit der slavisch-russischen Städte mit ihren Bezirken"}} encountered by Scandinavians on their way from Lyubsha and Ladoga down the Volkhov River into other Slavonic lands.{{sfn|Jackson|2003|loc=p. 40: "Thus, the Scandinavians, who set on their way from Ladoga down the Volkhov into other Slavonic territories, came across a chain of fortified settlements, that were called by the local population города [goroda]"}} The younger toponym {{lang|non|Garðaríki}} could mean "the realm of towns", or "the country of towns".{{sfn|Jackson|2015|p=172–173}}{{sfn|Tikhomirov|1959|ps=none|loc=p. 7: "In Scandinavian sources, Rus is called Gardariki, a land of towns."}}

Legendary kings

Odin ({{lang|non|Hervarar saga|italic=yes}}){{sfn|Petersen|1847|loc=p. 4: "Konungr hèt Sigrlami, svá er sagt, at hann væri sun Óðins. Hánum fèkk Óðinn þat ríki, sem nú er kallat Garðaríki"}}
{{lang|non|Sigrlami|italic=no}} ({{lang|non|Hervarar saga|italic=yes}}){{sfn|Petersen|1847|loc=p. 4: "Konungr hèt Sigrlami, svá er sagt, at hann væri sun Óðins. Hánum fèkk Óðinn þat ríki, sem nú er kallat Garðaríki"}}
{{lang|non|Rollaugr|italic=no}} or {{lang|non|Hrollaugr|italic=no}} ({{lang|non|Hervarar saga|italic=yes}}){{sfn|Petersen|1847|loc=p. 27: "Eitt sumar sendi hann menn austr í Hólmgarða, at bjóða Hrollaugi konungi barnfóstr, er þá var ríkastr konúngr"}}{{sfn|Göttingische Anzeigen|1787|loc=p. 553: "...und Hrollaug, den König in Gardariki (Novogorod)"}}
{{lang|non|Ivar Vidfamne|italic=no}} ({{lang|non|Hervarar saga|italic=yes}}){{sfn|Petersen|1847|loc=p. 57: "Ívarr hinn víðfaðmi lagði þá undir sik allt Svíaveldi; hann vann ok Danaveldi ok Kúrland, Saxland ok Eystland, ok öll Austrríki allt til Garðaríkis"}}
{{lang|non|Ráðbarðr|italic=no}} ({{lang|non|Sögubrot|italic=yes}}){{sfn|Sögubrot|loc=chpt. 2. Vélræði Ívars konungs: "…Garðaríki. Þar réð fyrir sá konungr, er Raðbarðr hét"}}
{{lang|non|Hreggviðr|italic=no}} ({{lang|non|Göngu-Hrólfs saga|italic=yes}}){{sfn|Rafn|1830|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=wlYPAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA237 p. 237]: "Sva byrjar þessa frásögu, at Hreggviðr er konúngr nefndr; hann átti at ráða fyrir Hólmgarðaríki, er sumir menn kalla Garðaríki…"}}
{{lang|non|Hálfdan Brönufostri|italic=no}} (king of {{lang|non|Svíþjóð hin kalda|italic=no}} in {{lang|non|Sörla saga sterka|italic=yes}}){{sfn|Sörla|loc=chpt. 1. Frá Sörla ok ætt hans: "Í þann tíma, sem Hálfdan konungr Brönufóstri stýrði Svíþjóð inni köldu"}}{{efn|Some scholars linked Svíþjóð hin kalda or "Sweden the Cold" to the ancient Sarmatia and assumed that Gardariki was located there.{{sfn|Jones|2001|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=lD74bDG3O5oC&pg=PA248 p. 248]: "Norse sources call geographical Russia Svíþjóð hinn mikla, Sweden the Great, and Garðaríki, the kingdom of (fortified) towns or steads"}}{{sfn|Laing|1844|loc=p.216: "Swithiod the Great, or the Cold, is the ancient Sarmatia; and is also called Godheim in the mythological sagas, or the home of Odin and the other gods"}}{{sfn|Rafn|1852|loc=p.438: "Svethiæ Magnæ (Sarmatiæ)"}}{{sfn|Rafn|1852|loc=p.438: "In ea parte orbis, quæ Europa appellatur, Svethia Magna orienti proxima est, quo ad religionem Christianam propagandam Philippus apostolus venit. Hujus regni pars est Russia, quam nos Gardarikiam appellamus"}}|group=note}}
{{lang|non|Vissavald|italic=no}} (king from {{lang|non|Garðaríki|italic=no}}, {{lang|non|Óláfs saga Tryggvasonar|italic=yes}}){{sfn|Sturluson|1230|loc=chpt. 48. Dauði Haralds konungs grenska: "Hit sama kveld kom þar annarr konungr, sá hét Vissavaldr, austan or Garðaríki"}}
{{lang|non|Hertnið|italic=no}} (king of Ruziland, {{lang|non|Þiðreks saga|italic=yes}}){{sfn|Þiðreks saga|loc=chpt. 22: "Hertnið konungr, er í þann tíma stýrði Rúzilandi ...Hólmgarð, er höfuðstaðr er fyrir borgum Hertniðs konungs [King Hertnid, who at that time ruled Ruziland ...Hólmgarð, which is the capital of King Hertnid's cities]"}}

Notes

Citations

References

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{{cite journal |last=Jackson |first=Tatjana |date=2003 |title=The Image of Old Rus in Old Norse Literature |url= https://www.academia.edu/1633879 |journal=Middelalderforum |location=Oslo |issue=1–2 |page=40 |access-date=2022-06-19}}
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{{cite journal |last=Jackson |first=Tatjana |date=2015 |title=Garðaríki and Its Capital: Novgorod on the Mental Map of Medieval Scandinavians |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331845040 |journal=Slověne |language=ru |location=Moscow |issue=1 |volume=4 |page=172 |access-date=2022-06-24 |doi=10.31168/2305-6754.2015.4.1.9|doi-access=free }}
{{cite book |last=Jones |first=Gwyn |title=A History of the Vikings |date=2001 |location=Leiden, Boston |publisher=Oxford University Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lD74bDG3O5oC |isbn=9780192801340}}
{{cite web |last=Jøhndal |first=Marius L. |url=https://syntacticus.org/lemma/syntacticus:20180920:orv:%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8A:Nb |title=Gorod |trans-title=City |script-title=ru:городъ |date=2018-09-20 |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=Syntacticus }}

{{Citation |last=Kahle |first=Bernhard |editor-last=Gederschiöld |editor-first=Gustaf |editor-last2=Gering |editor-first2=Hugo |editor-last3=Eugen |editor-first3=Mogk |contribution=Kristnisaga |title=Altnordische Saga-Bibliothek |publisher=Max Niemeyer |place=Halle an der Saale |date=1905 |language=de |contribution-url=https://archive.org/details/thattrthorcalds00kahluoft}}
{{cite journal |last=Koch |first=John T. |date=2019 |title=Rock art and Celto-Germanic vocabulary. Shared iconography and words as reflections of Bronze Age contact |url=https://www.rockartscandinavia.com/images/articles/a19koch.pdf |journal=Adoranten |publisher=Scandinavian Society for Prehistoric Art |issn=0349-8808}}

{{cite journal |last=Lavender |first=Philip |date=2015 |title=Þjalar-Jóns saga: A Translation and Introduction |url=https://www.academia.edu/32290440 |journal=Leeds Studies in English |publisher=University of Leeds |location=Leeds |volume=XLVI |access-date=2023-05-13}}
{{cite book |last=Liljegren |first=Johan Gustaf |date=1818 |title=Skandinaviska Fornålderns Hjeltesagor |trans-title=Ancient Scandinavian Hero Tales |location=Stockholm |publisher=Zacharias Haeggström |language=sv |url=https://baekur.is/bok/a8adc739-41b8-4019-9af5-14d5b80955de}}

{{cite book |editor-last=Mallory |editor-first=J. P. |editor2-last=Adams |editor2-first=Douglas Q. |date=1997 |title=Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tzU3RIV2BWIC |location=London, Chicago |publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn |isbn=1884964982}}
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{{cite book |last=Melnikova |first=Elena Aleksandrovna |title=Skandinavskie runicheskie nadpisi: novye nakhodki i interpretatsii; teksty, perevod, kommentarii |trans-title=Scandinavian Runic Inscriptions: New Findings and Interpretations; Texts, Translation, Commentary |script-title=ru: Скандинавские рунические надписи: новые находки и интерпретации; тексты, перевод, комментарии |series=The Earliest Sources on History of Eastern Europe |date=2001 |location=Moscow |publisher="Vostochnaya literatura", Russian Academy of Sciences |language=ru |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ae8dAQAAIAAJ |isbn=9785020180826}}
{{cite journal |last=Müllenhoff |first=Karl Viktor |author-link=Karl Müllenhoff |date=1865 |title=Zeugnisse und Excurse zur deutschen Heldensage |trans-title=Testimonies and Excursions to the German Heroic Tale |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jW4JAAAAQAAJ |journal=Deutsches Alterthum |language=de |publisher=Weidmannsche Buchhandlung |location=Berlin |volume=12 |access-date=2023-04-10}}

{{cite journal |last=Nosov |first=E. N. |editor-last=Taavitsainen |editor-first=J.-P. |date=1987 |title=New Data on the Ryurik Gorodishche near Novgorod |url=http://www.sarks.fi/fa/PDF/FA4_73.pdf |journal=Fennoscandia Archaeologica |issue=IV |publisher=Archaeological Society of Finland |location=Ekenäs |issn=0781-7126}}
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{{cite book |last=Orel |first=Vladimir |date=2003 |title=A Handbook of Germanic Etymology |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LY1iAAAAMAAJ |location=Leiden, Boston |publisher=Brill |isbn=9789004128750}}
{{cite web |url=https://www.snerpa.is/net/forn/orvar.htm |title=Örvar-Odds Saga |language=is |ref={{harvid|Örvar-Odds saga}}}}

{{cite book |editor-last=Petersen |editor-first=Niels Matthias |translator-last=Thorarensen |translator-first=Gísli |title=Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks konungs |series=Nordiske oldskrifter |date=1847 |volume=3 |location=Copenhagen |publisher=Printing House of Brothers Berling |language=is, da |url=http://www.mdz-nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn=urn:nbn:de:bvb:12-bsb10036720-0 |oclc=162978576}}
{{cite book |last=Peterson |first=Gary Dean |date=2016 |title=Vikings and Goths: A History of Ancient and Medieval Sweden |location=Jefferson (North Carolina) |publisher=McFarland |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=joawDAAAQBAJ |isbn=9781476624341}}
{{Citation |last=Price |first=Neil |contribution=Novgorod, Kiev and their Satellites: The City-State Model and the Viking Age Polities of European Russia |editor-last=Hansen |editor-first= Mogens Herman |editor-link=Mogens Herman Hansen |title=A Comparative Study of Thirty City-state Cultures: An Investigation |pages=263–275 |publisher=Kgl. Danske Videnskabernes Selskab |place=Copenhagen |date=2000 |contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8qvY8pxVxcwC&pg=PA263}}
{{cite book |last=Pritsak |first=Omeljan |author-link=Omeljan Pritsak |title=The Origin of Rus': Old Scandinavian Sources Other than the Sagas |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=1981 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zF5pAAAAMAAJ |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |isbn=0-674-64465-4}}

{{cite book |editor-last=Rafn |editor-first=Carl Christian |editor-link=Carl Christian Rafn |date=1830 |title=Fornaldar sögur Nordrlanda eptir gömlum handritum |chapter=Gaungu-Hrólf Saga |location=Kaupmannahöfn |publisher=Popp |language=is |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wlYPAAAAQAAJ}}
{{cite book |last=Rafn |first=Carl Christian |author-link=Carl Christian Rafn |date=1852 |title=Antiquités Russes d'après les monuments historiques des Islandais et des anciens Scandinaves |location=Copenhague |publisher=Frères Berling |language=fr,la,is |url=https://archive.org/details/AntiquitesRusses000012689v2RafnReyk/mode/2up}}
{{cite book |last1=Rix |first1=Helmut |last2=Kümmel |first2=Martin |title=LIV, Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben: die Wurzeln und ihre Primärstammbildungen |date=2001 |location=Wiesbaden |language=de |publisher=Dr. Ludwig Reichert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WHYPOgAACAAJ |isbn=9783895002199}}
{{cite web |url=http://kulturarvsdata.se/uu/srdb/22f25654-ddaa-46fd-8246-b35bf428dd2f |title=G 114 |website=Runor |publisher=Department of Scandinavian Languages, Uppsala University |language=sv,en |access-date=2023-09-12 |ref={{harvid|Runor G 114}}}}
{{cite web |url=http://kulturarvsdata.se/uu/srdb/db4c390a-c66e-4f2f-8604-bccbe0081195 |title=N 62 |website=Runor |publisher=Department of Scandinavian Languages, Uppsala University |language=sv,en |access-date=2023-09-30 |ref={{harvid|Runor N 62}}}}
{{cite web |url=http://kulturarvsdata.se/uu/srdb/63ccaaf0-a59f-4e03-928f-442070a9bd7f |title=Sö 148 |website=Runor |publisher=Department of Scandinavian Languages, Uppsala University |language=sv,en |access-date=2023-09-30 |ref={{harvid|Runor Sö 148}}}}
{{cite web |url=http://kulturarvsdata.se/uu/srdb/e6fb580b-20f8-4a0a-816d-31d204516ccf |title=Sö 338 |website=Runor |publisher=Department of Scandinavian Languages, Uppsala University |language=sv,en |access-date=2023-09-12 |ref={{harvid|Runor Sö 338}}}}
{{cite web |url=http://kulturarvsdata.se/uu/srdb/68a11aaa-80cd-4e2f-ab65-62115fad381f |title=U 209 |website=Runor |publisher=Department of Scandinavian Languages, Uppsala University |language=sv,en |access-date=2023-09-12 |ref={{harvid|Runor U 209}}}}
{{cite web |url=http://kulturarvsdata.se/uu/srdb/68a11aaa-80cd-4e2f-ab65-62115fad381f |title=U 636 |website=Runor |publisher=Department of Scandinavian Languages, Uppsala University |language=sv,en |access-date=2023-09-30 |ref={{harvid|Runor U 636}}}}
{{cite web |url=http://kulturarvsdata.se/uu/srdb/39449e7d-2c6e-442e-9cca-55b3e9f4ecf8 |title=Öl 28 |website=Runor |publisher=Department of Scandinavian Languages, Uppsala University |language=sv,en |access-date=2023-09-30 |ref={{harvid|Runor Öl 28}}}}

{{Citation |last=Schröder |first=Franz Rolf |author-link=Franz Rolf Schröder |editor-last=Gederschiöld |editor-first=Gustaf |editor-last2=Gering |editor-first2=Hugo |editor-last3=Eugen |editor-first3=Mogk |contribution=Hálfdanar saga Eysteinssonar |title=Altnordische Saga-Bibliothek |publisher=Max Niemeyer |place=Halle an der Saale |date=1917 |language=de |contribution-url=https://archive.org/details/halfdanarsagaey00schr}}
{{cite book |last=Skeie |first=Tore |translator-last=McCullough |translator-first=Alison |title=The Wolf Age: The Vikings, the Anglo-Saxons and the Battle for the North Sea Empire |date=2021 |publisher=Pushkin Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cDVAEAAAQBAJ |isbn=9781782276487}}
{{cite wikisource |first=Snorri |last=Sturluson |author-link=Snorri Sturluson |translator-last=Laing |translator-first=Samuel |translator-link=Samuel Laing (travel writer) |title=The Heimskringla; or, Chronicle of the Kings of Norway |wslink=Page:The_Heimskringla;_or,_Chronicle_of_the_Kings_of_Norway_Vol_1.djvu/230 |volume=1 |date=1225 |location=London |publication-date=1844 |publisher=Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans |ref={{harvid|Laing|1844}}}}
{{cite book |last=Sturluson |first=Snorri |author-link=Snorri Sturluson |date=1230 |publication-date=1870 |volume=1 |editor-last=Linder |editor-first=N. |editor2-last=Haggson |editor2-first=H. A. |title=Heimskringla. Saga Ólafs Tryggvasonar |location=Uppsala |publisher=W. Schultz |language=is |url=http://www.heimskringla.no/wiki/Saga_%C3%93lafs_Tryggvasonar}}
{{cite web |url=https://www.snerpa.is/net/forn/sogubrot.htm |title=Sögubrot af nokkrum fornkonungum í Dana ok Svíaveldi |language=is |ref={{harvid|Sögubrot}}}}
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{{cite book |last=Thomsen |first=Vilhelm |author-link=Vilhelm Thomsen |date=1877 |publication-date=2017 |editor-last=Bondarovski |editor-first=Paul |title=The Relations between Ancient Russia and Scandinavia, and the Origin of the Russian State |location=Oxford, London |publisher=Paul Bondarovski |url=https://archive.org/details/RelationsBetweenAncientRussiaAndScandinaviaAndTheOriginOfTheRussianStateTheVilhelmThomsen_201806}}
{{cite book |editor-last=Jónsson |editor-first=Guðni |editor-link=Guðni Jónsson |date=1951 |title=Þiðreks saga af Bern |chapter=Vilkinus skattgildir Hertnið konung |location=Reykjavík |publisher=Íslendingasagnaútgáfan |language=is |url=http://www.heimskringla.no/wiki/%C3%9Ei%C3%B0reks_saga_af_Bern_-_Vilkina_saga |ref={{harvid|Þiðreks saga}}}}
{{cite book |last=Tikhomirov |first=Mikhail |editor-last=Skvirsky |editor-first=D. |translator-last=Sdobnikov |translator-first=Y. |title=The Towns of Ancient Rus |date=1959 |publisher=Foreign Languages Publishing House |location=Moscow |lccn=61037475 |oclc=405762}}
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{{cite book |editor-last=Vigfússon |editor-first=Guðbrandur |editor-link=Guðbrandur Vigfússon |editor2-last=Unger |editor2-first=Carl Rikard |editor2-link=Carl Richard Unger |date=1862 |title=Flateyjarbók |chapter=Þáttr Eymundar ok Ólafs konúngs |location=Christiania |publisher=P. T. Mallings |language=is |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e6MNAAAAQAAJ |ref={{harvid|Vigfússon|1862}}}}

{{cite book |last=Wachler |first=Ferdinand |editor-last=Ersch |editor-first=Johann Samuel |editor-last2=Gruber |editor-first2=Johann Gottfried |editor-last3=Hassel |editor-first3=G. |editor-last4=Müller |editor-first4=Wilhelm |editor-last5=Hoffmann |editor-first5=A. G. |editor-last6=Leskien |editor-first6=August |date=1851 |title=Allgemeine Encyclopädie der Wissenschaften und Künste in alphabetischer Folge von genannten Schriftstellern |trans-title=Universal Encyclopaedia of Sciences and Arts in Alphabetical Order by Authors Named |chapter=GARDHARIKI |volume=52 |language=de |publisher=Brockhaus |location=Leipzig |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nw9nAAAAcAAJ |access-date=2023-05-06}}
{{cite thesis |type=MSc |last=White |first=Cecilia |date=2016 |title=Þjalar-Jóns saga: The Icelandic Text with an English Translation, Introduction and Notes |publisher=University of Iceland |url=http://skemman.is/en/item/view/1946/25725}}

{{cite book |last=Zoëga |first=Geir T. |author-link1=Geir T. Zoëga |date=1910 |title=A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |url=https://archive.org/details/zoegaaconcisedictionaryofold |access-date=2023-05-06}}

Literature

Brandt, Dagmar: {{lang|de|Gardariki. Ein Stufenbuch aus dem russischen Raum|italic=yes}} (novel). 2 Volumes, Berlin 1943. Reprint {{lang|de|Faksimile Verlag Bremen 1981|italic=no}}.
Jakobsson, Sverrir, The Varangians: In God’s Holy Fire (Palgrave Macmillan, 2020), {{ISBN|978-3-030-53796-8}}

External links

{{Commonscatinline|Garðaríki}}

Category:History of Kievan Rus'

Category:Viking Age populated places

Category:Exonyms

Category:Saga locations

Category:Old Norse

Category:Huns