Garbage disposal unit

The garbage disposal unit was invented in 1927 by John W. Hammes, an architect working in Racine, Wisconsin.{{cite news | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/08/22/AR2007082200724.html | title=Grist for the Daily Grind | newspaper=The Washington Post | author=Denise DiFulco | date=August 23, 2007 | access-date=2009-10-22}} He applied for a patent in 1933 that was issued in 1935.{{cite patent |inventor-first=John W. |inventor-last=Hammes |title=Garbage disposal device |country-code=US |patent-number=2012680 |publication-date=22 May 1933 |issue-date=27 August 1935}} His InSinkErator company put his disposer on the market in 1940.{{Citation needed||date=February 2016}}

Hammes' claim is disputed, as General Electric introduced a garbage disposal unit in 1935,{{cite web |url=http://www.ge.com/about-us/history/1935-1945 |title=General Electric History 1935–1945 |access-date=23 May 2013 |archive-date=11 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111160801/http://www.ge.com/about-us/history/1935-1945 |url-status=dead }}{{citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wN8DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA542 |title=Kitchen Grinder for Waste Displaces Garbage Pail |journal=Popular Mechanics |date=October 1935 |volume=64 |issue=4 |page=542 |publisher=Hearst Magazines }}; see hand written note at top of page of archive edition known as the Disposall.

In many cities in the United States in the 1930s and the 1940s, the municipal sewage system had regulations prohibiting placing food waste (garbage) into the system.{{cite journal |first=Michael |last=Specter |date=22 June 1992 |title=Only in New York: Garbage Disposers, Banned, Stir Debate |journal=New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/06/22/nyregion/only-in-new-york-garbage-disposers-banned-stir-debate.html |quote=Most major cities banned garbage disposers after World War II, driven by worries that ground food would clog sewer pipes beneath their booming neighborhoods. ... But a series of studies from universities and the not completely disinterested plumbing industry showed that the additional waste from ground food scraps would rarely harm a city sewage system.}} InSinkErator spent considerable effort, and was highly successful in convincing many localities to rescind these prohibitions.{{Cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1999-jun-24-mn-49693-story.html|title=Robert Cox; Popularized Use of Garbage Disposers|last=Oliver|first=Myrna|date=1999-06-24|work=Los Angeles Times|access-date=2018-07-23|language=en-US|issn=0458-3035}}

Many localities in the United States prohibited the use of disposers.{{cite web |url=http://www.insinkerator.com/about/heritage.html |title=Insinkerator on its heritage |publisher=Insinkerator.com |access-date=2011-04-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713041321/http://www.insinkerator.com/about/heritage.html |archive-date=2011-07-13 }} For many years, garbage disposers were illegal in New York City because of a perceived threat of damage to the city's sewer system. After a 21-month study with the NYC Department of Environmental Protection,{{cite web |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/dep/pdf/grinders.pdf |title=The Impact of Food Waste Disposers in Combined Sewer Areas of New York City |access-date=2011-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524102556/http://www.nyc.gov/html/dep/pdf/grinders.pdf |archive-date=2011-05-24 |url-status=dead }} the ban was rescinded in 1997 by local law 1997/071, which amended section 24-518.1, NYC Administrative Code.{{cite web|url=http://www.nyccouncil.info/pdf_files/bills/int1016.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041115064239/http://www.nyccouncil.info/pdf_files/bills/int1016.htm|title=Local Law 71 of 1997|archive-date=15 November 2004|work=nyccouncil.info}}

In 2008, the city of Raleigh, North Carolina attempted a ban on the replacement and installation of garbage disposers, which also extended to outlying towns sharing the city's municipal sewage system, but rescinded the ban one month later.{{cite web |url=http://www.raleigh-nc.org/portal/server.pt/gateway/PTARGS_0_2_306_210_0_43/http%3B/pt03/DIG_Web_Content/news/public/News-PubAff-Council_Approves_Ban_On_-20080305-17023939.html |title=City of Raleigh | Council Approves Ban On New And Replacement Garbage Disposals |publisher=Raleigh-nc.org |date=2011-04-18 |access-date=2011-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210090122/http://www.raleigh-nc.org/portal/server.pt/gateway/PTARGS_0_2_306_210_0_43/http%3B/pt03/DIG_Web_Content/news/public/News-PubAff-Council_Approves_Ban_On_-20080305-17023939.html |archive-date=2008-12-10 |url-status=dead }}{{cite news|url=http://www.wral.com/news/local/story/2734861/?print_friendly=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614051330/http://www.wral.com/news/local/story/2734861/?print_friendly=1 |archive-date=2011-06-14 |title=Disposals to Grind on in Raleigh |date=April 15, 2008 |work=WRAL.com |publisher=Capitol Broadcasting Company |url-status=dead }}

In the United States, 50% of homes had disposal units as of 2009,American Housing Survey (U.S. Census Bureau, 2009) compared with only 6% in the United Kingdom{{cite news|author=Leo Hickman |url=http://money.guardian.co.uk/ethicalliving/story/0,,1839748,00.html |title=Leo Hickman: Is it OK ... to use a food waste disposer | Money | The Guardian |publisher=Money.guardian.co.uk |date= 2006-08-21|access-date=2011-04-23 |location=London}} and 3% in Canada.{{cite web|url=http://watercanada.net/2013/everything-but-the-kitchen-sink/|title=Water Canada – Everything but the Kitchen Sink |work=Water Canada |archive-date=2 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302232217/http://watercanada.net/2013/everything-but-the-kitchen-sink/}}

In Britain, Worcestershire County Council and Herefordshire Council started to subsidize the purchase of garbage disposal units in 2005, in order to reduce the amount of waste going to landfill and the carbon footprint of garbage runs.{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB120397448345891605 |title=Going Global By Going Green |last=Brat |first=Ilan |date=2008-02-27 |work=Wall Street Journal |access-date=2017-03-03 |issn=0099-9660}} However, the use of macerators was banned for non-household premises in Scotland in 2016{{cite web |title=Waste (Scotland) Regulations |url=https://www.northlanarkshire.gov.uk/bins-and-recycling/business-waste-and-recycling/waste-scotland-regulations |website=www.northlanarkshire.gov.uk |publisher=North Lanarkshire Council |access-date=7 June 2023}}{{Cite web |title=Canteen waste {{!}} NetRegs {{!}} Environmental guidance for your business in Northern Ireland & Scotland |url=https://www.netregs.org.uk/environmental-topics/waste/managing-waste-materials/canteen-waste/#:~:text=Waste%20water%20The%20water%20industry%20opposes%20the,premises%20and%20food%20producers%20in%20rural%20areas |access-date=2024-09-04 |website=www.netregs.org.uk}} in non-rural areas where food waste collection is available, and banned in Northern Ireland in 2017. They are expected to be banned for businesses in England and Wales in 2023.{{cite web |last1=Jones |first1=Cam |title=Mandatory separate food waste segregation for all businesses in 2023 |url=https://www.freeths.co.uk/2023/04/17/mandatory-separate-food-waste-segregation-for-all-businesses-set-to-come-into-force-from-2023 |website=Freeths |access-date=7 June 2023 |date=17 April 2023}}{{update inline|date=June 2024}} The intention is to reduce water use.{{Citation needed|date=September 2024}}

Many other countries in Europe have banned or intend to ban macerators. The intention is to realise the resource value of food waste, and reduce sewer blockages.{{cite web |title=5. Source Segregation and Separate Collection |url=https://www.gov.scot/publications/policy-statement-zero-waste-regulations/pages/7/ |website=www.gov.scot |access-date=7 June 2023 |language=en}}

Food scraps range from 10% to 20% of household waste,{{cite web |url=http://www.epa.gov/osw/nonhaz/municipal/pubs/msw2009rpt.pdf |title=Municipal Solid Waste in the United States: 2009 Facts and Figures |publisher=United States Environmental Protection Agency |date=December 2010 |access-date=2011-05-26}} and are a problematic component of municipal waste, creating public health, sanitation and environmental problems at each step, beginning with internal storage and followed by truck-based collection. Burned in waste-to-energy facilities, the high water-content of food scraps means that their heating and burning consumes more energy than it generates; buried in landfills, food scraps decompose and generate methane gas, a greenhouse gas that contributes to climate change.{{cite web |url=http://naparecycling.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Greenhouse-Gases-and-the-Role-of-Composting.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223221129/http://naparecycling.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Greenhouse-Gases-and-the-Role-of-Composting.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2019-02-23 |title=Greenhouse Gases and the Role of Composting: A Primer for Compost Producers |publisher=US Composting Council|year=2008 |access-date=2019-02-23}}

The premise behind the proper use of a disposer is to effectively regard food scraps as liquid (averaging 70% water, like human waste), and use existing infrastructure (underground sewers and wastewater treatment plants) for its management. Modern wastewater plants are effective at processing organic solids into fertilizer products (known as biosolids), with advanced anaerobic digestion facilities also capturing methane (biogas) for energy production.{{cite news |url=https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/food-waste-helps-power-wastewater-plant-3291313.php |title=Food waste helps power wastewater plant |publisher=Articles.sfgate.com |date=2009-07-24 |access-date=2011-04-23 |first=Kelly |last=Zito}}{{cite web |url=http://sumtersc.gov/Departments/PublicServices_Water.aspx |title=Sumter Water & Wastewater Plants and Maintenance |publisher=Sumtersc.gov |access-date=2011-04-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090608233421/http://www.sumtersc.gov/Departments/PublicServices_Water.aspx |archive-date=June 8, 2009 }}

A high-torque, insulated electric motor, usually rated at {{cvt|250|–|750|W|hp|frac=3}}[http://www.homedepot.com/b/Appliances-Garbage-Disposals/N-5yc1vZc3no Home Depot's web site] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109070307/http://www.homedepot.com/b/Appliances-Garbage-Disposals/N-5yc1vZc3no |date=November 9, 2016 }} lists {{frac|1|3}}, {{frac|1|2}}, {{frac|5|8}}, {{frac|3|4}}, and 1 hp models. for a domestic unit, spins a circular turntable mounted horizontally above it. Induction motors rotate at 1,400–2,800 rpm and have a range of starting torques, depending on the method of starting used. The added weight and size of induction motors may be of concern, depending on the available installation space and construction of the sink bowl. Universal motors, also known as series-wound motors, rotate at higher speeds, have high starting torque, and are usually lighter, but are noisier than induction motors, partially due to the higher speeds and partially because the commutator brushes rub on the slotted commutator.{{cite web|author=Kirby Palm |url=http://www.nettally.com/palmk/GDpower.html |title=Garbage Disposal power on |publisher=Nettally.com |access-date=2011-04-23}}{{cite web|url=http://home.howstuffworks.com/question338.htm |title=Noise from universal motors vs. induction motors at howstuffworks.com |publisher=Home.howstuffworks.com |date=2000-04-01 |access-date=2011-04-23}}

Inside the grinding chamber there is a rotating metal turntable onto which the food waste drops. Two swiveling and two fixed metal impellers mounted on top of the plate near the edge then fling the food waste against the grind ring repeatedly. Sharp cutting edges in the grind ring break down the waste until it is small enough to pass through openings in the ring. Sometimes the waste goes through a third stage where an undercutter disc further chops it, whereupon it is flushed down the drain.

Usually, there is a partial rubber closure, known as a splashguard, on the top of the disposal unit to prevent food waste from flying back up out of the grinding chamber. It may also be used to attenuate noise from the grinding chamber for quieter operation.

There are two main types of garbage disposers—continuous feed and batch feed. Continuous feed models are used by feeding in waste after being started and are more common. Batch feed units are used by placing waste inside the unit before being started. These types of units are started by placing a specially designed cover over the opening. Some covers manipulate a mechanical switch while others allow magnets in the cover to align with magnets in the unit. Small slits in the cover allow water to flow through. Batch feed models are considered safer, since the top of the disposal is covered during operation, preventing foreign objects from falling in.

Waste disposal units may jam, but can usually be cleared either by forcing the turntable round from above or by turning the motor using a hex-key wrench inserted into the motor shaft from below.{{cite web |url=http://www.home-ec101.com/how-to-fix-a-stuck-or-locked-up-garbage-disposal/ |title=How to Fix a Stuck or Locked Up Garbage Disposal |publisher=Home Ec 101 |date=2 June 2010 |access-date=7 May 2015 |author=Solos, Heather}} Especially hard objects accidentally or deliberately introduced, such as metal cutlery, can damage the waste disposal unit and become damaged themselves, although recent advances, such as swivel impellers, have been made to minimize such damage.{{citation needed|date=July 2016}}

Some higher-end units have an automatic reversing jam clearing feature. By using a slightly more complicated centrifugal starting switch, the split-phase motor rotates in the opposite direction from the previous run each time it is started. This can clear minor jams, but is claimed to be unnecessary by some manufacturers: Since the early 1960s, many disposal units have utilized swivel impellers which make reversing unnecessary.{{cite web |url=http://www.joneca.com/permanent-magnet-vs_-induction.html |title=Magnet and induction motors in Commodore Disposers |publisher=Joneca.com |access-date=2011-04-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713115743/http://www.joneca.com/permanent-magnet-vs_-induction.html |archive-date=2011-07-13 }}

Some other kinds of garbage disposal units are powered by water pressure, rather than electricity. Instead of the turntable and grind ring described above, this alternative design has a water-powered unit with an oscillating piston with blades attached to chop the waste into fine pieces.{{cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9801EFD61F31F935A25751C1A96F958260 |title=New Garbage Disposal Runs on Water Power |work=New York Times |date=1999-12-16 |access-date=2011-04-23 |first=Donna |last=Paul}} Because of this cutting action, they can handle fibrous waste. Water-powered units take longer than electric ones for a given amount of waste and need fairly high water pressure to function properly.{{citation needed|date=July 2016}}

File:Garbage disposal innards.png|The parts of a garbage disposal

File:In-Sink-Erator.jpg|Top view of sink, with splash guard visible

File:InSinkEratorEvolution.jpg|A modern disposal unit

File:Garbage disposal units icon.svg

Kitchen waste disposal units increase the load of organic matter that reaches the water treatment plant, which in turn increases the consumption of oxygen.{{cite web |url=http://www.treehugger.com/files/2008/02/trash-talking-the-garbage-disposal.php |title=Trash-Talking The Garbage Disposal: Examination Of A Not So Green US Export |publisher=TreeHugger |access-date=2011-04-23 |archive-date=2011-09-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912170723/http://www.treehugger.com/files/2008/02/trash-talking-the-garbage-disposal.php |url-status=dead }} Metcalf and Eddy quantified this impact as {{convert|0.04|lb|g}} of biochemical oxygen demand per person per day where disposers are used.Tchobanoglous, G., F. Burton (1991). Wastewater Engineering – Treatment, Disposal, and Reuse. 3rd Edition, Metcalf & Eddy. An Australian study that compared in-sink food processing to composting alternatives via a life-cycle assessment found that while the in-sink disposer performed well with respect to climate change, acidification, and energy usage, it did contribute to eutrophication and toxicity potentials.{{cite journal |last1=Lundie |first1=S. |last2=Peters |first2=G. |year=2005 |title=Life Cycle Assessment of Food Waste Management Options |journal=Journal of Cleaner Production |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=275–286 |doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2004.02.020|bibcode=2005JCPro..13..275L }}

This may result in higher costs for energy needed to supply oxygen in secondary operations. However, if the waste water treatment is finely controlled, the organic carbon in the food may help to keep the bacterial decomposition running, as carbon may be deficient in that process. This increased carbon serves as an inexpensive and continuous source of carbon necessary for biologic nutrient removal.Rosenwinkel, K.-H. and D. Wendler. Institute for Water Quality and Waste Management, University of Hanover (ISAH). "Influences of Food Waste Disposers on Sewerage System, Wastewater Treatment and Sludge Digestion".

One result is larger amounts of solid residue from the waste-water treatment process. According to a study at the East Bay Municipal Utility District's wastewater treatment plant funded by the EPA, food waste produces three times the biogas as compared to municipal sewage sludge.{{cite web |url=http://www.p2pays.org/ref/43/42430.pdf |title=Turning Food Waste into Energy at the East Bay Municipal Utility District|access-date=2010-10-22 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928092347/http://www.p2pays.org/ref/43/42430.pdf |archive-date=2011-09-28 }} The value of the biogas produced from anaerobic digestion of food waste appears to exceed the cost of processing the food waste and disposing of the residual biosolids (based on a LAX Airport proposal to divert 8,000 tons/year of bulk food waste).Hernanadez, Gerald L., Kenneth R. Redd, Wendy A. Wert, An Min Liu, and Tim Haug. "Hyperion Advanced Digestion Pilot Program".

In a study at the Hyperion sewage treatment plant in Los Angeles, disposer use showed minimal to no impact on the total biosolids byproduct from sewage treatment and similarly minimal impact on handling processes as the high volatile solids destruction (VSD) from food waste yield a minimum amount of solids in residue.

Power usage is typically 500–1,500 W, comparable to an electric iron, but only for a very short time, totaling approximately 3–4 kWh of electricity per household per year.Karlberg, Tina and Erik Norin. VA-Forsk Report, 1999-9. "Food Waste Disposers – Effects on Wastewater Treatment Plants. A Study from the Town of Surahammar". Daily water usage varies, but is typically {{convert|1|USgal|L}} of water per person per day,New York City Department of Environmental Protection. June 1997. "The Impact of Food Waste Disposers in Combined Sewer Areas of New York City". comparable to an additional toilet flush.{{cite news |url=http://money.guardian.co.uk/ethicalliving/story/0,,1839748,00.html |work=The Guardian |location=London |title=Is it OK ... to use a food waste disposer |first=Leo |last=Hickman |date=August 8, 2006 |access-date=May 3, 2010}} One survey of these food processing units found a slight increase in household water use.Karlberg, Tina and Erick Norin. VA-Forsk Report, 1999-9. "Food Waste Disposers – Effects on Wastewater Treatment Plants. A Study from the Town of Surahammar".

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Category:20th-century inventions

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