Gayatri

Gayatri was the name initially applied to a metre of the Rig Veda consisting of 24 syllables. In particular, it refers to the Gayatri Mantra and the Goddess Gāyatrī as that mantra personified. The Gayatri mantra composed in this triplet form is the most famous. Most of the scholars identify Gayatri as the feminine form of Gayatra, another name of the Vedic Solar god which is also one of the synonyms of Savitri and Savitṛ.{{cite book|last1=Ramachandra Rao|first1=Saligrama Krishna|title=R̥gveda-darśana: Gāyatri mantra|date=1998|publisher=Kalpatharu Research Academy|page=77|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pp8oAAAAYAAJ|access-date=2019-08-20|archive-date=2020-10-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012022317/https://books.google.com/books?id=pp8oAAAAYAAJ|url-status=live}}

File:ಶ್ರೀ ಗಾಯತ್ರಿ ದೇವಿ.jpg

Early bronze images of Gayatri appear in the Himachal Pradesh, where she was revered as the consort of Sadasiva.{{cite book | date=1992 | author=Omacanda Hāṇḍā | title=Śiva in art: a study of Śaiva iconography and miniatures | publisher=Indus Publication House}} Some of these forms are terrific in nature. One of the bronze images of Gayatri dated back to 10th century CE was obtained from Champa region and now preserved in Delhi museum. It appears with five faces and ten hands holding, sword, lotus, trident, disc, skull, Varada in left and goad, noose, a manuscript, the jar of ambrosia and Abhaya in right.{{cite book |author=B.N. Sharma |title=Iconography of Sadasiva |date=1976 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=9788170170372 |pages=25–29}} She resides in the mount Nandi. Modern depictions illustrates swan as her mount. Old iconography of Shaivite Manonmani Gayatri was misunderstood as the same of Brahmanic Gayatri later and paintings of Gayatri appears from 18th century CE in which she is often portrayed with third eye, crescent moon and five heads with five different colors same like Sadasiva.

The well known form of Gayatri with the Saivite influence appears having five heads (Mukta, Vidruma, Hema, Neela, Dhavala) with the ten eyes looking in eight directions plus the earth and sky, and ten arms holding various types of weapons attributed to Shiva, Vishnu, and Brahma. Another recent depiction is accompanied by a white swan holding a book to portray knowledge in one hand and a cure in the other, as the goddess of learning.{{cite web |title=Gayatri Mantra |url=http://www.vedicrishi.in/mantra/index/act/gayatri-mantra |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180225190732/http://www.vedicrishi.in/mantra/index/act/gayatri-mantra |archive-date=25 February 2018 |accessdate=7 February 2018 |website=Vedic Rishi |publisher=Vedicrishi Astro}} She is also depicted four-armed, seated on a swan, holding weapons symbolising the Trimurti: The Vedas of Brahma, the discus of Vishnu, the trident of Shiva, and Varada mudra.

She also has an fearsome three-faced depiction; two faces look like that of goddess Kali and one calm one and holding weapons like the deity Mahakali. She is shown mounted on a lotus holding lotus, noose, trident, Scimitar and vard mudra in right whereas conch, discus, bow-arrow, goad and abhaya mudra in left.

{{Cleanup section|reason=This section requires grammatical corrections, formatting, and standardisation of font.|date=September 2022}}

In Mahanarayana Upanishad{{efn|Taittirīya Araṇyaka Pariśiṣṭa 10.25}} of Krishna Yajurveda, Gayatri is described as white-colored (Sanskrit: {{lang|sa|श्वेतवर्णा}}, {{IAST|śvetavarṇā }}), having the gotra of sage Viswamitra (Sanskrit: {{lang|sa|सान्ख्यायनस गोत्रा}}, {{IAST|sānkhyāyanasa gotrā}}), composed of 24 letters (Sanskrit: {{lang|sa|चतुर्विंशत्यक्षरा}}, {{IAST|caturviṃśatyakṣarā}}), three-footed (Sanskrit: {{lang|sa|त्रिपदा}}, {{IAST|tripadā}}), six-bellied (Sanskrit: {{lang|sa|षट्कुक्षिः}}, {{IAST|ṣaṭkukṣiḥ}}), five-headed (Sanskrit: {{lang|sa|पञ्चशीर्षः}}, {{IAST|pañcaśīrṣaḥ}}) and the one used in Upanayana of {{transliteration|sa|dvijas}} (Sanskrit: {{lang|sa|उपनयने विनियोगः}}, {{IAST|upanayane viniyogaḥ}}).{{cite web|url=https://estudantedavedanta.net/Mahanarayana%20Upanishad%20-%20Swami%20Vimalananda%20%5BSanskrit-English%5Dc.pdf|title=Mahanarayana_Upanishad|work=Swami Vimalananda|pages=209–214|edition=2|publisher=Sri Ramakrishna Math|year=1968|access-date=2020-05-21|archive-date=2016-05-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527195641/http://estudantedavedanta.net/Mahanarayana%20Upanishad%20-%20Swami%20Vimalananda%20%5BSanskrit-English%5Dc.pdf|url-status=live}}

As mentioned in Taittiriya Sandhya Bhashyam, the three feet of Gayatri is supposed to represent the first 3 vedas (Ṛk, Yajus, Sāma). The six bellies are supposed to represent 4 cardinal directions, along with the two more directions, Ūrdhva (Zenith) and Adhara (Nadir). The five heads represent 5 among the Vedangas, namely, vyākaraṇa, śikṣā, kalpa, nirukta and jyotiṣa.Taittirīya Sandhyā Bhāṣyam, p.83, Sri Krishna Pandita, Vavilla Press (Chennai), 1916.

By citing from Gayatri Tantra, the text Mantramahārṇava gives the significance of Gayatri's 24 letters and its representation that are given below.Mantramahārṇava Devikanda (Hindi), Ramkumar Rai, Prachya Prakasan (Varanasi), 2000.

Gayatri mantra has 24 letters. That is why it called as gāyatrī caturviṃśatyakṣarā (Sanskrit: गायत्री चतुर्विंशत्यक्षरा). They are 1.tat, 2.sa, 3.vi, 4.tur, 5.va, 6.re, 7.ṇi, 8.yaṃ, 9.bhar, 10,go, 11.de, 12.va, 13.sya, 14.dhī, 15.ma, 16.hi, 17.dhi, 18.yo, 19.yo, 20.naḥ, 21.pra, 22.cho 23.da and 24.yāt.

When counting the letters, the word vareṇyam is treated as vareṇiyam. But, while chanting, it ought to be chanted as vareṇyam only.

The 24 Letters of Gayatri mantra represents 24 Vedic Rishis. They are: 1.vāmadeva, 2.atri, 3.vaśiṣṭha, 4.śukra, 5.kaṇva, 6.parāśara, 7.viśvāmitra, 8.kapila, 9.śaunaka, 10.yājñavalkya, 11.bharadwāja, 12.jamadagni, 13.gautama, 14.mudgala, 15.vyāsa, 16.lomasa, 17.agastya, 18.kauśika, 19.vatsa, 20.pulastya, 21.manḍūka, 22.dūrvāsa, 23.nārada, and 24.kaśyapa.

The 24 Letters of Gayatri mantra represent 24 Vedic Meters (i.e. Chandas). They are: 1.gāyatri, 2.uṣnik, 3.anuṣṭubh, 4.bṛhati, 5.paṃkti, 6.triṣṭubh, 7.jagati, 8.atijagati, 9.śakvari, 10.atiśakvari, 11.dhṛti, 12.atidhṛti, 13.virāṭ, 14.prastārapaṃkti, 15.kṛti, 16.prakṛti, 17.akṛti, 18.vikṛti, 19.saṃskṛti, 20.akṣarapaṃkti, 21.bhūḥ, 22.bhuvaḥ, 23.swaḥ, 24.jyotiṣmati.

The 24 Letters of Gayatri mantra represent 24 Vedic Devatas. They are: 1.agni, 2.prajāpati, 3.soma, 4.īśāna, 5.savitā, 6. āditya, 7.bṛhaspati, 8. maitrāvaruṇa 9. bhaga, 10.āryamaan, 11.gaṇeśa, 12.tvaṣṭā, 13.pūṣā, 14. indrāgni, 15.vāyu, 16.vāmadeva, 17.maitrāvaruṇi 18. viśvedevā, 19. mātṛkā, 20.viṣṇu, 21.vasu, 22. rudra, 23.kubera and 24.aśvins

The Padmapurana (in Sṛṣṭi Kānḍa) mentions 24 Adhi-Devatas (presiding deities) for each of the 24 letters of Gayatri mantra. They are 1.agni, 2.vāyu, 3.sūrya, 4.ākāśa, 5.yama, 6.varuṇa, 7.bṛhaspati, 8.parjanya, 9.indra, 10.gandharva, 11.pūṣā, 12. mitra, 13.tvaṣṭā, 14.vasu, 15.marut, 16.soma, 17.āṅgiras, 18.viśvedevā, 19.aśvins, 20.prajāpati, 21.akṣara (tattva), 22.rudra, 23.brahma and 24.viṣṇu.{{cite book|author=N. A. Deshpande|title=Padma Purana, Srishti Khanda|volume=2|url=https://archive.org/details/padma_purana_part2_english|year=1998|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |pages=1989}}

The Yoga yājñavalkya mentions 24 Devatas for each of the 24 letters of Gayatri mantra. They are 1.agni, 2.vāyu, 3.sūrya, 4.īśāna, 5.āditya, 6.āṅgiras, 7.pitri, 8. bharga, 9.āryamān, 10.gandharva, 11.pūṣā, 12. maitrāvaruṇa, 13.tvaṣṭā, 14.vasu, 15.vāmadeva, 16.maitrāvaruṇi, 17.jñeya, 18.viśvedevā, 19.viṣṇu, 20.prajāpati, 21.sarvadevā, 22.kubera, 23.aśvins and 24.brahma.Gāyatryanuṣṭhānatattvaprakāśikā (Telugu), M. G. Subbaraya Sastri, Sriniketana Mudraksharasala (Chennai), 1904.

The 24 Letters of Gayatri mantra represent 24 Śaktis. They are: 1.vāmadevī, 2.priyā, 3.satyā, 4.viśwabhadrā,{{efn|Some texts refer to it as viśwā.}} 5.vilāsinī,{{efn|Some texts refer to it as bhadravilāsinī.}} 6.prabhāvatī, 7.jayā, 8.śantā, 9.kāntā, 10.durgā, 11.saraswatī, 12.vidrumā, 13.viśālesā,{{efn|Some texts refer to it as two; viśālā and īsā.}} 14.vyāpinī, 15.vimalā, 16.tamopahārini, 17.sūkṣmā, 18.viśwayoni 19.jayā,{{efn|Some texts refer to it as jayāvahā.}} 20.vaśā, 21.padmālayā, 22.parāśobhā,{{efn|Some texts refer to it as padmaśobhā.}} 23.bhadrā, and 24. tripadā.

{{main|Tattva (Shaivism)#Twenty-four impure tattvas}}

{{see also|Prana#Vāyus}}

The 24 Letters of Gayatri mantra represent 24 Tattvas.{{Cite web |url=http://www.justforkidsonly.com/truth/?cat=1064 |title=Tattvas – 24 Elements « TRUTH – True Understanding of the Hinduism |access-date=2020-05-21 |archive-date=2020-04-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408115538/http://www.justforkidsonly.com/truth/?cat=1064 |url-status=live }} They are

1. Five Bhūtas, namely, pṛthivi (Earth), apas (Water), agni (Fire), vāyu (Air) and ākāśa (Sky).
2. Five Tanmātras, namely, gandha (smell), rasa (taste), rūpa (form), sparśa (touch) and śabda (sound).
3. Five Karmendriyas (i.e. motor organs), namely, upasthā (sexual organ), pāyu (anus), pāda (leg), pāni (hand) and vāk (mouth).
4. Five Jñānendriyas (i.e. sense organs), namely, ghrāna (nose), jihvā (tongue), caksus (eye), {{transliteration|sa|italic=no|tvak}} (skin) and śrotra (ear).
5. Four Vāyus (air), namely, Prāṇa, Apāna, Vyāna and Samāna

However, in classical definition of 24 tattvas, the last four are the antahkaranas (i.e. sense organs), namely, manas (mind), buddhi (intellect), citta (state of mind) and ahaṅkāra (ego).

{{main|mudra}}

{{see also|Sandhyāvandanam}}

The Gayatri mantra represents some mahāmudras (great hand gestures). They are 1. sumukha,{{efn|Some texts refer to it as sanmukha}} 2. sampuṭa, 3. vitata, 4. visṛta, 5. dvimukha, 6. trimukha, 7. catuḥ, 8. pañcamukha, 9. ṣaṇmukha, 10. adhomukha, 11. vyāpakāñjali, 12. śakaṭa, 13. yamapāśa, 14. grathita, 15. sanmukhonmukha, 16. vilamba,{{efn|Some texts refer to it as pralamba}} 17. muṣtika, 18. matsya, 19. kūrmah 20. varāhaka, 21. simhākrānta, 22. mahākrānta, 23. mudgara, 24. pallava, 25. triśūla, 26. yoni, 27. surabhi, 28. akṣamāla, 29. linga, 30. ambuja.{{clarify|no #23?|date=October 2020}}

Since, the first 24 are used before Gayatri Japa, they are traditionally referred as Pūrva Mudras.

In some Puranas, Gayatri is said to be the other names of Sarasvati, the wife of Brahma.{{cite book|title=Guru Granth Sahib an Advance Study|date=2002 |publisher=Hemkunt Press|isbn=9788170103219|page=294|url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=8170103215|access-date=2019-08-20|archive-date=2020-10-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012022317/https://www.google.com/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=isbn:8170103215|url-status=live}} According to the Matsya Purana, Brahma's left half emerged as a female, who is celebrated under the names of Sarasvati, Savitri, and Gayatri.{{cite book|last1=Ludvík|first1=Catherine|title=Sarasvatī, Riverine Goddess of Knowledge: From the|date=2007|publisher=Brill|isbn=9789004158146|page=119|url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=9004158146|access-date=2019-08-20|archive-date=2020-10-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012022320/https://www.google.com/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=isbn:9004158146|url-status=live}} The three represent purity in thought, word, and deed (thrikarana shuddhi). Although Gayatri has three names, all three are in each of us as the senses (Gayatri), the power of speech (Saraswathi), and the life force (Savitri). In Kurma Purana, Gautama rishi was blessed by Goddess Gayatri and able to eliminate the obstacles he faced in his life. The Skanda Purana writes that Gayatri is married to Brahma, making her a form of Saraswati.{{cite book|last1=Kennedy|first1=Vans|title=Researches Into the Nature and Affinity of Ancient and Hindu Mythology by Vans Kennedy|date=1831|publisher=Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown and Green|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_JpgIYbEtdQ8C/page/n337 317]–324|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_JpgIYbEtdQ8C}}

According to some texts, Brahma's first wife is Savitri, and Gayatri is the second. The story goes that Savitri became angry knowing the wedding of Gayatri with Brahma, and cursed all the gods and goddesses engaged in the event.{{cite book|last1=Sharma|first1=Bulbul|title=The book of Devi|date=2010|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=9780143067665|pages=72–75|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=on_ZhlB5taUC|access-date=2019-08-20|archive-date=2020-10-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012022320/https://books.google.com/books?id=on_ZhlB5taUC|url-status=live}}{{cite book | last1=Bansal | title=Hindu Gods and Goddesses | publisher=Smriti Books | date=2005 | first1=Sunita Pant | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xhrnkdByWDIC | page=23 | isbn=9788187967729 | access-date=2019-08-20 | archive-date=2016-05-14 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514201346/https://books.google.com/books?id=xhrnkdByWDIC | url-status=live }}

However, the Padma Purana narrates the same story with some modifications. After Savitri was appeased by Brahma, Vishnu, and Lakshmi, She accepts Gayatri as her sister happily.{{cite book|last1=Holdrege|first1=Barbara A.|title=Hindu Mythology, Vedic and Puranic|date=2012|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=9781438406954|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YlvikndgEmIC|access-date=2019-08-20|archive-date=2020-08-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200820030816/https://books.google.com/books?id=YlvikndgEmIC|url-status=live}}{{Cite book|last=Arya|first=Sharda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KDQqAAAAYAAJ&q=abhira|title=Religion and Philosophy of the Padma-purāṇa|date=1988|publisher=Nag Publishers|isbn=978-81-7081-190-9|language=en}}

Gayatri further developed into a fierce goddess who could even slay a demon. According to Varaha Purana and Mahabharata, Goddess Gayatri slew the demon Vetrasura, the son of Vritra and river Vetravati, on a Navami day.{{cite book|last1=B K Chaturvedi|title=Varaha Purana|date=2017|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books Pvt Ltd|isbn=9788128822261|pages=108|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N6KkDgAAQBAJ}}{{cite book|last1=Bibek|first1=Debroy|title=The holy Puranas Volume 2 of The Holy Puranas: Markandeya, Agni, Bhavishya, Brahmavaivarta, Linga, Varaha|date=2002|publisher=B.R. Pub. Corp.|isbn=9788176462969|page=519|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IpwlAQAAIAAJ|access-date=2019-08-20|archive-date=2020-10-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012022321/https://books.google.com/books?id=IpwlAQAAIAAJ|url-status=live}}

File:Sadashiva.JPG perspective, Gayatri is the consort of Sadasiva, the supreme being Parashivam.]] Shaivism sees Gayatri as the consort of eternal blissful absolute Parashiva who manifests in the form of Sadasiva.{{cite book|last1=Vallyon|first1=Imre|title=Planetary Transformation: A Personal Guide To Embracing Planetary Change|date=2012|publisher=Bookbaby|isbn=9780909038908|pages=245|url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0909038902|access-date=2019-08-20|archive-date=2020-10-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012022321/https://www.google.com/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=isbn:0909038902|url-status=live}}{{cite book|last1=CHETTY|first1=D. GOPAUL|title=NEW LIGHT UPON INDIAN PHILOSOPHY OR SWEDENBORG AND SAIVA SIDDHANTA|date=1923|page=52}}{{Failed verification|date=November 2023}} Sadashiva's consort Manonmani is none other than the mantra form of Gayatri, who possess the power of her husband Bharga, within her.{{cite book | date=1990 | first1=Mudigonda | last1=Uma Devi | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LmAOAAAAYAAJ | title=Palkuriki Somanatha: His Contribution to Sanskrit Literature | publisher=Rasagangotri | pages=123–183 | access-date=2019-08-20 | archive-date=2020-10-12 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012022332/https://books.google.com/books?id=LmAOAAAAYAAJ | url-status=live }}{{cite book|last1=Sankaracharya|title=Śrī Dakshināmūrti stotram: stava rajaṁ, astakam, samsmaranam and upanishat (stepping stone to Vedant)|date=2000|publisher=Sānkhyāyana Vidyā Parishat|pages=6–7}} The popular form of Gayatri with five heads and ten arms was initially found in Saivite iconographies of Manonmani in North India beginning from 10th century CE.{{cite book|last1=Margaret Stutley|title=Hindu Deities: A Mythological Dictionary with Illustrations|date=2006|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers|isbn=9788121511643|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z1MvAAAAYAAJ|access-date=2019-08-20|archive-date=2020-10-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012022317/https://books.google.com/books?id=Z1MvAAAAYAAJ|url-status=live}} The Saivite view on Gayatri seems a later development from the combination of vedic practice of Gayatri reverence and its Saivite inclusion as a manifestation of Shakti. This could be the root for the sublime aspect of Gayatri explained in the later puranas as the killer of demon Vetra identifying her with Adi Parashakti.{{cite book|last1=Jagdish Lal Shastri|first1=Arnold Kunst|title=Ancient Indian Tradition & Mythology, Volume 31|date=1985|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=9780895817778|page=98|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ROBjAAAAMAAJ|access-date=2019-08-20|archive-date=2020-10-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012022338/https://books.google.com/books?id=ROBjAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}

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