Gaza synagogue

{{Infobox ancient site

| name = Gaza synagogue

| native_name =

| image = PikiWiki Israel 28470 Good Samaritan Museum.JPG

| caption = Section of the synagogue's mosaic floor on display at the Museum of the Good Samaritan

| map_size = 250

| map_type = Palestine Gaza

| coordinates = {{coord|31|31|13.92|N|34|25|57.17|E|region:PS_type:landmark|display=it}}

| location = Rimal, Gaza City, Palestine

| part_of = City of Maiumas, Palaestina Prima, Byzantine Empire

| region =

| type = Ancient synagogue; archeological site

| builder =

| built = 508–509 (date on mosaic)

| abandoned = First half of the 7th century (burnt)

| condition = Ruins

| epochs = Byzantine

| cultures = Hellenistic Judaism

| excavations =

| archaeologists = 'Abd el-Mohsen el-Khashab (1965), Asher Ovadiah (1967, 1976)

| website =

}}

The Gaza synagogue was an ancient Jewish synagogue, now an archaeological site in the Rimal district of Gaza City, Palestine. Built in the early 6th century during the Byzantine period, it was destroyed by fire in the first half of the 7th century. It was located in the ancient port city of Gaza, then known as Maiumas. The archaeological remains of the former synagogue were discovered in 1965 during the Egyptian occupation of Gaza. The 6th-century mosaics that led to the identification of the building as a synagogue were removed and later displayed, first at the Israel Museum and then in the Museum of the Good Samaritan.

History

The synagogue was built over an earlier structure that was destroyed in a fire; it is uncertain whether the fire was part of a larger destructive episode which affected Gaza Maiuma in the late 5th century or was an isolated event.{{cite journal |last=Ovadiah |first=Asher |title=Gaza Maiumas, 1976 |journal=Israel Exploration Journal |volume=27 |year=1977 |pages=176–177 |jstor=27925622}}

The construction of the building likely took several years. The inscription on the mosaic dated 508–509 likely indicates when the pavement was completed. Asher Ovadiah, who excavated the site in 1967, suggested that this may have been when the building was completed. During its use, the mosaic floors were partially replaced by marble slabs. Pottery from the late 6th and early 7th centuries was recovered from the later phases of the site.{{cite journal |last=Ovadiah |first=Asher |title=Excavations in the area of the ancient synagogue at Gaza (preliminary report) |year=1969 |journal=Israel Exploration Journal |volume=19 |issue=4 |pages=195, 197–198 |jstor=27925198}} The synagogue was burned, likely in the first half of the 7th century; Ovadiah suggested that this could have coincided with the Sassanian or Arab conquests of the region.{{cite journal |last=Ovadiah |first=Asher |title=Gaza Maiumas, 1976 |journal=Israel Exploration Journal |volume=27 |year=1977 |page=177 |jstor=27925622}}

Rediscovery and investigation

In 1965, 'Abd el-Mohsen el-Khashab led excavations in Gaza on behalf of the Egyptian Department of Antiquities. During the work they uncovered the remains of a structure they interpretated as a 5th-century church. It contained two mosaics with inscriptions in Greek and Hebrew; one of them featured a seated figure, thought to be a saint, with a harp.{{cite journal |last=Leclant |first=Jean |title=Fouilles et travaux en Égypte et au Soudan, 1964–1965 |trans-title=Excavations and works in Egypt and Sudan, 1964–1965 |journal=Orientalia |year=1966 |volume=35 |issue=2 |page=135 and figs. 73–75 |language=fr |jstor=43073935}} In contrast, archaeologist Michael Avi-Yonah interpreted the site as a synagogue based on the contents of the mosaics: Jewish names; the use of the phrase "the most holy site"; the seated figure with a lyre was labelled in Hebrew as 'David' and depicted in imperial clothing and therefore thought to be King David in the style of a depiction of Orpheus.{{cite journal |last=Avi-Yonah |first=Michael |title=הזעב קיתע תסנכ-תיב תילגת |trans-title=The discovery of an ancient synagogue at Gaza |journal=Yediot Bahaqirat Eretz-Israel Weatiqoteha |lang=he |year=1966 |pages=221–223 |jstor=23734058}} Historian {{Interlanguage link|Marc Philonenko|fr|Marc Philonenko}} came to the same conclusion based on similar reasoning.{{Cite journal |last=Philonenko |first=Marc |date=1967 |title=David-Orphée sur une mosaïque de Gaza |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/rhpr_0035-2403_1967_num_47_4_3895 |journal=Revue d'histoire et de philosophie religieuses |language=fr |volume=47 |issue=4 |page=355 |doi=10.3406/rhpr.1967.3895 |issn=0035-2403 |doi-access=free}}

File:PikiWiki Israel 75624 finds in synagogue excavations.jpg

When Israel captured the Gaza Strip in the 1967 Six-Day War, Asher Ovadiah carried out further excavations on the site for the Israel Department of Antiquities and Museums (IDAM).{{cite journal |last=Ovadiah |first=Asher |title=Excavations in the area of the ancient synagogue at Gaza (preliminary report) |year=1969 |journal=Israel Exploration Journal |volume=19 |issue=4 |page=193 |jstor=27925198}} An industrial complex covering an area of up to {{convert|300|m2}} west of the synagogue was also excavated; the structure had been destroyed by fire in antiquity; the excavator suggested that it was a dyeworks and dated to the 5th century.Ovadiah (1969), pp. 197–198. Ovadiah carried out more excavations in 1976 which discovered that the synagogue was built over an earlier building which had been destroyed in a conflagration. The work also found evidence that the synagogue had been burned in its final period of use.{{cite journal |author=Ovadiah, A. |title=Gaza Maiumas, 1976 |journal=Israel Exploration Journal |volume=27 |year=1977 |page=176 |jstor=27925622}}

In 1974, the IDAM removed the mosaic featuring David and transferred it to the Israel Museum; three decades later the deputy director of IDAM was uncertain why the mosaic was removed, saying "Maybe there was an intention then to return it, but it didn’t work out! I don’t know why."{{Cite journal |last=Yahya |first=Adel H. |date=2008 |title=Looting and 'Salvaging': How the Wall, illegal digging and the antiquities trade are ravaging Palestinian cultural heritage |journal=Jerusalem Quarterly |volume=33 |pages=53 |url=https://www.palestine-studies.org/en/node/77878}} The mosaic was kept in storage, away from public view until the 1990s; in 1992 the museum began preparing the mosaic for display. The mosaic was cleaned and the damaged area where David's head had been was replaced based on black and white photographs.{{cite magazine |last=Green |first=Connie Kestenbaum |title=King David's Head from Gaza Synagogue Restored |magazine=Biblical Archaeology Review |year=1994 |url=https://library.biblicalarchaeology.org/article/king-davids-head-from-gaza-synagogue-restored/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119213344/https://library.biblicalarchaeology.org/article/king-davids-head-from-gaza-synagogue-restored/ |archive-date=2024-01-19}} {{subscription required}}

When the Museum of the Good Samaritan near the Israeli settlement of Ma'ale Adumim in the West Bank opened in 2009 it featured the mosaic from the Gaza synagogue near the entrance.{{Cite web |title=Meet The Good Samaritan |url=https://en.parks.org.il/reserve-park/good-samaritan-museum/ |access-date=2024-12-04 |website=en.parks.org.il}}

Since {{circa|2005}}, the Gaza synagogue was closed and Jews were not allowed to worship at the holy site. During the Israeli invasion of Gaza as part of the Gaza war, the Gaza synagogue was briefly used as a place of worship by soldiers of the IDF to pray amidst their invasion into Gaza,{{cite web |url=https://www.jpost.com/judaism/article-772218 |title=IDF soldiers pray in ancient Gaza synagogue for first time in decades |newspaper=The Jerusalem Post |date=November 8, 2023 |author=Klein, Zvika |accessdate= January 19, 2024}} prior to the establishment of the Abraham Temple in November 2023.{{Cite web |last= |date=2023-11-29 |title=Abraham Temple: Gaza Strip's newest Synagogue |url=https://www.i24news.tv/en/news/israel-at-war/1701274588-abraham-temple-gaza-strip-s-newest-synagog |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=i24 News |language=en}}

Description

=Architecture=

The synagogue's floorplan was almost square and was aligned east–west. Internally it was divided into five parts: a central nave flanked by two aisles on each side, which were paved with mosaics.{{cite journal |last=Ovadiah |first=Asher |title=Excavations in the area of the ancient synagogue at Gaza (preliminary report) |year=1969 |journal=Israel Exploration Journal |volume=19 |issue=4 |page=195 |jstor=27925198}}

=Mosaic floor=

File:King David as Orpheus in a synagogue mosaic - Google Art Project.jpg

The mosaic was dated to 508–509 and measured {{convert|3|m|ft|sp=us}} high by {{convert|1.9|m|ft|sp=us}} wide.{{cite book |author1=Urman, Dan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HQyxvmYV-50C |title=Ancient synagogues |author2=McCracken Flesher, Paul Virgil |date=January 1998 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=90-04-11254-5 |location= |via=Google Books}}{{rp|73}}{{cite book |author=Bromiley, Geoffrey W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yklDk6Vv0l4C&pg=PA418 |title=International Standard Bible Encyclopedia | date=1979 |volume=E-J |page=418 |isbn= 978-0-8028-3782-0|publisher= Wm. B. Eerdmans|location= |via=Google Books }} The best known panel of the mosaic floor shows King David, who is named in a Hebrew inscription reading "David" ({{Lang|he|דויד}}), while sitting and playing a lyre with a number of wild animals listening tamely in front of him. The iconography is a clear example of David being depicted in the posture of the legendary Greek musician Orpheus.{{cite journal |author=Russell, James R. |url=https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/37143010/The_Lyre_of_King_David_and_the_Greeks.pdf?sequence=1 |title=The Lyre of King David and the Greeks (note 18) |journal=Judaica Petropolitana No. 8 |via=Philosophy.spbu.ru |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215083939/https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/37143010/The_Lyre_of_King_David_and_the_Greeks.pdf?sequence=1 |archive-date=2019-12-15 |year=2017 |pages=12–33 |issn=2307-9053 |access-date= }} Philonenko compared the composition to a mosaic at Dura-Europos in which Orpheus is depicted with a lyre and animals. David's head is surrounded by a halo, which Avi-Yonah drew a parallel with a depiction of Abraham in a mosaic at Beth Alpha.{{cite journal |last=Avi-Yonah |first=Michael |title=הזעב קיתע תסנכ-תיב תילגת |trans-title=The discovery of an ancient synagogue at Gaza |journal=Yediot Bahaqirat Eretz-Israel Weatiqoteha |language=he |year=1966 |page=223 |jstor=23734058}}

The central inscription of the mosaic says: "We, Menachem and Yeshua, sons of the late Yishay, wood merchants, as a sign of admiration for the most holy site, donated this mosaic in the month of Luos, year 569" (corresponding to approximately July–August of the year 508; the census of the Jews of Gaza began with the expulsion of Gavinius, during the reign of Pompey, in 61 BCE).{{Cite web |last=Illan |first=Tzvi |date=July 10, 1967 |title=⁨נתגלה בית־הכנסת בעזה־ימית ⁩ — ⁨⁨למרחב⁩ 10 יולי 1967⁩ — הספרייה הלאומית של ישראל │ עיתונים |url=https://www.nli.org.il/he/newspapers/lmrv/1967/07/10/01/article/87?&dliv=none&e=-------he-20--1--img-txIN%7CtxTI--------------1&utm_source=he.wikipedia.org&utm_medium=referral&utm_campaign=%22%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA+%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%AA+%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%A7+%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%96%D7%94%22&utm_content=itonut |access-date=2024-11-22 |website=www.nli.org.il |language=he}}

The design of the mosaics found at the Gaza synagogue are similar to those at the broadly contemporary Maon synagogue and the church at Shelal so they may have been created by the same artists. The yellow glass in the border of the mosaic is the same type used in the mosaics at Saint Hilarion Monastery.{{Citation |last1=Blanc-Bijon |first1=Véronique |title=Discovery, Preservation, and Study of Mosaic Pavements in the Gaza Territory |date=2017 |work=2016 Palestinian Mosaic Art International Conference “ Comparing Experiences ” (Jericho, May 2016) |pages=40–46 |editor-last=Hamden |editor-first=Osama |url=https://hal.science/hal-01448283/ |access-date=2024-12-04 |publisher=Osama Hamden and Hani El Nurdin and Carla Benelli |last2=Blanc |first2=Patrick}}

References

External links

[http://www.english.imjnet.org.il/htmls/popup.aspx?c0=13127&bsp=13033 Mosaic from the floor of the ancient synagogue at Gaza] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719204800/http://www.english.imjnet.org.il/htmls/popup.aspx?c0=13127&bsp=13033 |date=2011-07-19 }}
[https://www.manar-al-athar.ox.ac.uk/pages/search.php?search=%21collection1325 Photos of the Gaza Synagogue] at the Manar al-Athar photo archive

Category:500s establishments

Category:1965 archaeological discoveries

Category:1965 in the Egyptian-administered Gaza Strip

Category:6th-century establishments in the Byzantine Empire

Category:6th-century synagogues

Category:7th-century disestablishments in Asia

Category:Ancient synagogues in the Land of Israel

Category:Byzantine mosaics

Category:Byzantine synagogues

Category:Cultural depictions of David

Category:Jewish art

Category:Jews and Judaism in the Byzantine Empire