Geastrum

{{Automatic taxobox

| image = Geastrum triplex.jpg

| image_caption = Geastrum triplex

| image2 = Geastrum saccatum.jpg

| image2_caption = Geastrum saccatum

| taxon = Geastrum

| authority = Pers.

| type_species = Geastrum coronatum

| type_species_authority = Pers.

| subdivision_ranks = Species

| subdivision = {{center|About 50}}

}}

Geastrum (orthographical variant Geaster) is a genus of puffball-like mushrooms in the family Geastraceae. Many species are commonly known as earthstars.

The name, which comes from geo meaning earth and {{lang|la|aster}} meaning star, refers to the behavior of the outer peridium. At maturity, the outer layer of the fruiting body splits into segments which turn outward creating a star-like pattern on the ground. The inner peridium is called a spore sac. In some species, the outer peridium splits from a middle layer, causing the spore sac to arch off the ground. If the outer peridium opens when wet and closes when dry, it is described as hygroscopic.

In some species, the inner peridium is borne on a stalk or pedicel. The columella is a column-like clump of sterile tissue found inside the inner peridium. The network of fertile tissue inside the inner peridium, the capillitium, arises from the columella. This is where basidia and basidiospores are produced. The mouth in most species of "earth-stars" is quite prominent, often arising as a small cone at the apex of the inner peridium. It may be even or sulcate (grooved).

They are generally not toxic but considered non-edible due to their fibrous texture in the mature stage at which they are generally found.

Species

Although the Dictionary of the Fungi (2008) estimated roughly 50 species in Geastrum, a more recent estimate (2014) suggests that there may be up to 120 species. Geastrum coronatum Pers. has been proposed as the conserved type for the genus.{{Cite journal|last=Zamora|first=J.C.|title=Proposal to conserve the name Geastrum (Basidiomycota, Geastrales) with a conserved type|journal=Taxon|volume=63 | issue = 3 |pages=679–680|doi=10.12705/633.22}} Some similar species that are otherwise difficult to differentiate using classical morphological features (such as G. triplex, G. saccatum, and G. lageniforme) can be identified using chemical spot tests that detect phenoloxidase enzymatic activity, a

differences in the crystal structure of calcium oxalate deposits or DNA sequences. Species include:

References

{{Reflist|colwidth=30em|refs=

{{cite journal |vauthors=Cabral TS, ((Silva BDB)), Ishikawa NK, da Silva Alfredo D, Neto RB, Clement CR, Baseia IG |title=A new species and new records of gasteroid fungi (Basidiomycota) from Central Amazonia, Brazil |journal=Phytotaxa |year=2014 |volume=184 |issue=4 |pages=239–53 |doi=10.11646/phytotaxa.183.4.3}}

{{cite journal |vauthors=Cabral TS, ((da Silva BDB)), Marinho P, Baseia IG |title=Geastrum rusticum (Geastraceae, Basidiomycota), a new earthstar fungus in the Brazilian Atlantic rainforest − a molecular analysis |journal=Nova Hedwigia |year=2014 |volume=98 |issue=1–2 |pages=265–72 |doi=10.1127/0029-5035/2013/0158}}

{{cite journal |vauthors=Cabral TS, Sousa JO, ((da Silva BDB)), Martin MP, Clement CR, Baseia IG |title=A remarkable new species of Geastrum with an elongated branched stipe |journal=Mycoscience |year=2017 |volume=58 |issue=5 |pages=344–350 |doi=10.1016/j.myc.2017.03.004|hdl=10261/163850 |hdl-access=free }}

{{cite journal |vauthors=((da Silva BDB)), Cabral TS, Marinho P, Ishikawa NK, Baseia IG |title=Two new species of Geastrum (Geastraceae, Basidiomycota) found in Brazil |journal=Nova Hedwigia |year=2013 |volume=96 |issue=3–4 |pages=445–56 |doi=10.1127/0029-5035/2013/0089 |url=http://ppbio.inpa.gov.br/sites/default/files/11_Silva_445_456_wm.pdf }}

{{cite journal|vauthors=Crous PW, Wingfield MJ, Burgess TI, et al. |title=Fungal Planet description sheets: 716-784. |journal=Persoonia |year=2018 |volume=40 |pages=240–393 |doi=10.3767/persoonia.2018.40.10 |pmid=30505003 |url=https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/nhn/pimj/2018/00000040/00000001/art00011 |pmc=6146637 }}

{{cite journal |author=Demoulin V. |year=1984 |title=Typification of Geastrum Pers.: Pers. and its orthographic variant Geaster (Gasteromycetes) |journal=Taxon |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=498–501 |doi=10.2307/1220990|jstor=1220990 }}

{{cite journal |author=Domínguez De Toledo |author2=Laura S. |year=1996 |title=Geastrum lilloi sp. nov. from Argentina |jstor=3760982 |journal=Mycologia |volume=88 |issue=5 |pages=858–62 |url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59350/0088/005/0858.htm | doi = 10.2307/3760982 }}

{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/s11557-006-0127-3 |vauthors=Douanla-Meli C, Langer E, Calonge FD |year=2005 |title=Geastrum pleosporus sp nov., a new species of Geastraceae identified by morphological and molecular phylogenetic data |journal=Mycological Progress |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=239–50|bibcode=2005MycPr...4..239D |hdl=10261/91826 |s2cid=21970990 |hdl-access=free }}

{{cite journal |vauthors=Fazolino EP, Calonge FD, Baseia IG |year=2008 |title=Geastrum entomophilum, a new earthstar with an unusual spore dispersal strategy |journal=Mycotaxon |volume=104 |pages=449–53}}

{{cite journal |author=Johnson MM. |year=1928 |title=The Gasteromycetae of Ohio |journal=Ohio Biological Survey Bulletin 22 |volume=4 |issue=7 |pages=271–352}}

{{cite journal |vauthors=Kasuya T, Hosaka K, Uno K, Kakishima M |title=Phylogenetic placement of Geastrum melanocephalum and polyphyly of Geastrum triplex |journal=Mycoscience |year=2012 |doi=10.1007/s10267-012-0186-z |volume=53 |issue=6 |pages=411–426|s2cid=83885541 }}

{{cite book |vauthors=Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA |title=Dictionary of the Fungi |edition=10th |publisher=CAB International |location=Wallingford, UK |year=2008 |page=274 |isbn=978-0-85199-826-8}}

{{cite journal |vauthors=Zamora JC, Calonge FD, Martín MP |title=New sources of taxonomic information for earthstars (Geastrum, Geastraceae, Basidiomycota): phenoloxidases and rhizomorph crystals |journal=Phytotaxa |year=2013 |volume=132 |issue=1 |pages=1–20 |doi=10.11646/phytotaxa.132.1.1|hdl=10261/238837 |hdl-access=free }}

{{cite journal |vauthors=Zamora JC, Calonge FD, Hosaka K, Martín MP |s2cid=84225845 |year=2014 |title=Systematics of the genus Geastrum (Basidiomycota, Fungi) revisited |journal=Taxon |volume=63 |issue=3 |pages=477–97 |doi=10.12705/633.36|doi-access=free }}

{{cite journal |vauthors=Zamora JC, de Diego Calonge F, Martín MP |title=Combining morphological and phylogenetic analyses to unravel systematics in Geastrum sect. Schmidelia |journal=Mycologia |year=2014 |volume=106 |issue=6 |pages=1199–211 |pmid=25152001 |doi=10.3852/14-072|hdl=10261/164436 |s2cid=5578565 |hdl-access=free }}

}}

Sources

[https://biotanz.landcareresearch.co.nz/scientific-names/1cb18afb-36b9-11d5-9548-00d0592d548c New Zealand Species]
[https://archive.today/20130111214418/http://www.british-towns.net/nature/07_specie_menu.asp?GetLGID=116763 British Species]
[https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxonsubtaxa/id60767/ Czech Species and Photos]
{{cite web |title=Geastrum Pers. |work=Atlas of Living Australia |url=https://bie.ala.org.au/species/urn:lsid:indexfungorum.org:names:19141}}
{{cite web |url=http://sciweb.nybg.org/Science2/hcol/lists/geastraceae.html |title=Geastraceae |work=Virtual Herbarium, Steere Herbarium |publisher=New York Botanical Garden}}
[https://archive.org/stream/revisionoffamily3114ponc/revisionoffamily3114ponc_djvu.txt Ponce de Leon, Patricio, A Revision of the Family Geastraceae, Field Museum of Natural History 1968]
{{cite thesis |last=Bates |first=Scott T. |title=Arizona members of the Geastraceae and Lycoperdaceae (Basidiomycota, Fungi) |date=December 2004 |type=Masters |publisher=Arizona State University |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266406412 }}
{{cite book |first=Stellan |last=Sunhede |title=Geastraceae (Basidiomycotina): Morphology, Ecology and Systematics, with Special Emphasis on the North European Species |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A_NEAAAAYAAJ |year=1989 |publisher=Fungiflora |isbn=978-82-90724-05-9}}

Category:Agaricomycetes genera