Gediminas' Cap

File:Lithuanian coat of arms Vytis. 16th century.jpg crowned with Gediminas' Cap, painted {{Circa|1555}}|left|177x177px]]

Following the recognition by Pope Innocent IV, Mindaugas was crowned as King of Lithuania in July 1253 with a crown manufactured in Riga and provided by Andreas von Stirland, the master of the Livonian Order.{{cite web |last1=Gudavičius |first1=Edvardas |title=Mindaugas |url=https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/mindaugas/ |website=Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija |access-date=10 April 2023 |language=lt}}{{cite web |last1=Gudavičius |first1=Edvardas |title=Andreas von Stirland |url=https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/andreas-von-stirland/ |website=Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija |access-date=10 April 2023 |language=lt}} Moreover, Pope Alexander IV granted a right to crown Mindaugas' son.{{cite web |last1=Ivinskis |first1=Zenonas |title=Mindaugas ir jo karūna |trans-title=Mindaugas and his crown |url=https://www.aidai.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6262:is&catid=353:2-vasaris&Itemid=396 |website=Aidai.eu |language=lt |access-date=10 April 2023}} In the fall of 1263, Mindaugas and his sons Ruklys and Rupeikis were killed and the fate of his royal crown remains unknown.{{cite web |last1=Rutkauskienė |first1=Violeta |title=Kur Lietuvos karaliaus karūna? |trans-title=Where is the crown of the King of Lithuania? |url=https://www.bernardinai.lt/2012-04-19-violeta-rutkauskiene-kur-lietuvos-karaliaus-karuna/ |website=Bernardinai.lt |access-date=10 April 2023 |language=lt |date=19 April 2012}}

Subsequent Lithuanian monarchs initially were titled as kings when communicating with Western countries and as Grand Dukes in communications with Ruthenia and tatars.{{cite web |last1=Gudavičius |first1=Edvardas |title=Didysis kunigaikštis |trans-title=Grand Duke |url=https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/didysis-kunigaikstis/ |website=Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija |access-date=19 March 2023 |language=lt}}{{cite book |last1=Bučys |first1=Algimantas |title=Lietuvių karaliai ir Lietuvos karalystė de facto ir de jure viduramžių Europoje |date=2019 |location=Vilnius |isbn=9789986827092 |edition=II-asis pataisytas ir papildytas leidimas |language=lt}} Gediminas titled himself as King of Lithuania and Ruthenians, Duke of Semigallia while Pope John XXII referred to Gediminas as King of Lithuania and many Ruthenians.{{cite web |title=Gediminas |url=https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/gediminas/ |website=Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija |access-date=10 April 2023 |language=lt}}

File:Seal of Vytautas the Great.jpg' majestic seal of 1407, the first iconographic representation of Gediminas' Cap]]

Since 1377, Jogaila titled himself as King of Lithuania, however in 1385 he agreed in the Union of Krewo that the Lithuanian monarchs would be titled only as the Grand Dukes of Lithuania.{{cite web |last1=Gudavičius |first1=Edvardas |last2=Jučas |first2=Mečislovas |last3=Matulevičius |first3=Algirdas |title=Jogaila |url=https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/jogaila/ |website=Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija |access-date=2 June 2023 |language=lt}} The title of the Grand Duke of Lithuania mostly came into force during the reign of Grand Duke Vytautas the Great, who concluded the Ostrów Agreement with his cousin Jogaila in 1392 and the agreement was confirmed in the Pact of Vilnius and Radom in 1401. Since then Jogaila was titled the Supreme Duke of Lithuania.{{cite web |last1=Jučas |first1=Mečislovas |title=Astravos sutartis |trans-title=Ostrów Agreement |url=https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/astravos-sutartis/ |website=Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija |access-date=19 March 2023 |language=lt}}{{cite web |last1=Gudavičius |first1=Edvardas |title=Aukščiausiasis kunigaikštis |trans-title=Supreme Duke |url=https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/auksciausiasis-kunigaikstis/ |website=Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija |access-date=18 March 2023 |language=lt}} Vytautas the Great gained the factual rule of Lithuania, which was recognized by the treaties. In 1398, the Lithuanian nobility declared Vytautas the Great as the King of Lithuania and, following the Congress of Lutsk in 1430, the crowning was sanctioned by Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor. However, Vytautas died before the crown arrived.{{cite web |last1=Dundulis |first1=Bronius |title=Lucko suvažiavimas |trans-title=Congress of Lutsk |url=https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/lucko-suvaziavimas/ |website=Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija |access-date=19 March 2023 |language=lt}}{{cite web |last1=Gudavičius |first1=Edvardas |last2=Matulevičius |first2=Algirdas |title=Vytautas Didysis |trans-title=Vytautas the Great |url=https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/vytautas-didysis/ |website=Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija |access-date=19 March 2023 |language=lt}}

Jogaila's brother Švitrigaila also sought to be crowned as King of Lithuania and Emperor Sigismund planned to arrive at Švitrigaila's crowning in Prussia, but the Lithuanian Civil War (1432–1438) broke out in which Švitrigaila and his supporters were defeated.{{cite web |last1=Dundulis |first1=Bronius |title=Švitrigaila |url=https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/svitrigaila/ |website=Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija |access-date=19 March 2023 |language=lt |quote=Buvo sumanęs vainikuotis karaliumi, bet sutrukdė 1430 Lenkijos ir Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės politinis konfliktas, virtęs karu}}{{cite web |title=Didžiausia istorinė Lietuvos tragedija: brolis leidosi į žygį prieš brolį |trans-title=The greatest historical tragedy of Lithuania: brother marched against brother |url=https://www.lrytas.lt/kultura/istorija/2020/03/04/news/xv-amziaus-tragedija-kas-jogaila-priverte-pulti-lietuva-ir-karstai-pamilta-broli-svitrigaila-13880508 |website=lrytas.lt |access-date=19 March 2023 |language=lt |quote=Tuo pačiu metu Zigmantas Liuksemburgietis planavo atvykti į Prūsiją karūnuoti Švitrigailos.}}

Jogaila's son Władysław III also titled himself as the Supreme Duke of Lithuania. John I Albert unilaterally declared himself as the Supreme Duke of Lithuania in 1492, but this title was rejected by the Lithuanian Council of Lords.

In 1544–1548 Sigismund I the Old expressed his supreme monarchical authority in Lithuania by again using the Supreme Duke of Lithuania title when his son Sigismund II Augustus was his vicegerent in Lithuania.{{cite web |title=1544 10 22 Žygimantas Augustas kaip Lietuvos didysis kunigaikštis iškilmingai įžengė į Vilnių |url=https://www.delfi.lt/archive/1544-10-22-zygimantas-augustas-kaip-lietuvos-didysis-kunigaikstis-iskilmingai-izenge-i-vilniu.d?id=24178026 |website=DELFI, Lithuanian Institute of History |access-date=1 January 2024 |language=lt}}

File:Gothic Vilnius Cathedral.jpg, built in 1407, served as a venue for the ceremonies of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania.]]

The inaugurations of the Lithuanian monarchs were held in Vilnius Cathedral and consisted of the placement of Gediminas' Cap on the Lithuanian ruler's head and the presentation of a sword.{{cite web |last1=Gudavičius |first1=Edvardas |author-link=Edvardas Gudavičius |title=Gedimino kepurė |trans-title=Gediminas' Cap |url=https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/gedimino-kepure/ |website=Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija |access-date=19 March 2023 |language=lt}}{{cite web |last1=Gudavičius |first1=Edvardas |title=Didysis kunigaikštis |trans-title=Grand Duke |url=https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/didysis-kunigaikstis/ |website=Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija |access-date=19 March 2023 |language=lt}} The cap was placed on the head by the Bishop of Vilnius and the sword was presented by the Grand Marshal of Lithuania.{{cite web |last1=Gudavičius |first1=Edvardas |title=Inauguracija |url=https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/inauguracija/ |website=Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija |access-date=19 March 2023 |language=lt}}{{cite book |last1=Gudavičius |first1=Edvardas |title=Kultura Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego: analizy i obrazy / opracowanie |date=2006 |publisher=Towarzystwo Autorów i Wydawców Prac Naukowych Universitas |location=Kraków |isbn=8324205497 |pages=834–854 |url=https://www.lituanistika.lt/content/3632 |access-date=19 March 2023 |language=pl, lt, en}} The regalia of Vytautas the Great consisted of Gediminas' Cap, sword, ring, flag, and seal.

The first inauguration ceremony of a Lithuanian Grand Duke about which there is reliable information is that of Casimir IV Jagiellon, as reported by Jan Długosz.{{Sfn|Kosman|1989|p=274}} Casimir IV was sent by his older brother King of Poland and Hungary, Supreme Duke of Lithuania Władysław III, to Lithuania to rule in his name.{{Sfn|Frost|2015|pp=185–186}} But instead he was elected as Grand Duke upon his arrival to Vilnius on June 29, 1440, with the ringing of church bells and the singing of the Te Deum laudamus.{{Sfn|Frost|2015|p=186}}{{Sfn|Kosman|1989|p=274}} This was breaching the agreements of the Union of Grodno (1432) and terminating the Polish–Lithuanian union.{{cite web |title=1440 06 29 Vilniaus katedroje atlikta Kazimiero Jogailaičio pakėlimo Lietuvos didžiuoju kunigaikščiu ceremonija |url=https://www.delfi.lt/archive/1440-06-29-vilniaus-katedroje-atlikta-kazimiero-jogailaicio-pakelimo-lietuvos-didziuoju-kunigaiksciu-ceremonija.d?id=22446442 |access-date=19 March 2023 |website=DELFI, Lithuanian Institute of History |language=lt |quote=Nepaisant prie karalaičio buvusių lenkų ponų prieštaravimo, 1440 06 29 Kazimieras Jogailaitis Vilniaus katedroje buvo vainikuotas Lietuvos didžiuoju kunigaikščiu. (...) Šis lietuvių vienašališkai įvykdytas aktas rodė Gardine 1432 pasirašyto sąjungos akto sulaužymą. (...) Tuo būdu 1440 buvo nutraukta Lenkijos ir Lietuvos sąjunga.}}{{cite web |last1=Gudavičius |first1=Edvardas |title=Lietuvos feodalinės visuomenės ir jos valdymo sistemos genezė: 2 dalis |url=https://vrm.lrv.lt/uploads/vrm/documents/files/LT_versija/Veikla/Vidaus%20reikal%C5%B3%20istorija/2dalis.pdf |website=Ministry of the Interior (Lithuania) |language=lt |page=8 |access-date=19 March 2023 |quote=Kazimiero vainikavimas didžiuoju kunigaikščiu, Vilniaus vyskupui uždedant vadinamąją „Gedimino kepurę“, manifestavo suverenią Lietuvos valstybė; tas pats Kazimieras vėliau pabrėždavo esąsas „laisvas ponas“ (pan – dominus).}} It manifested Lithuania as a sovereign state and its ruler Casimir IV Jagiellon stressed himself as a "free lord" (pan – dominus). According to historian Edvardas Gudavičius, Bishop of Vilnius put a Gediminas' Cap in the Vilnius Cathedral on his head, despite the Polish nobility's opposition.

File:Statut Vialikaha Kniastva Litoŭskaha, Pahonia. Статут Вялікага Княства Літоўскага, Пагоня (1531).jpg copy of Laurentius (1531) of the First Statute of Lithuania]]

Another documented inauguration is the enthronement of Alexander Jagiellon in 1492. Alexander was appointed Grand Duke by his father, nevertheless, a formal election of the ruler was held as part of a general assembly, which was attended for the first time by representatives from all the lands of the Grand Duchy.{{Sfn|Frost|2015|pp=328–330}} The course of the ceremony was documented by Maciej Stryjkowski, who reported that after the election lords elevated Alexander in the cathedral. The newly elected ruler was dressed "in a ducal cap with pearls and precious stones set in it, also the usual robe that today the princes of the Reich wear at the imperial coronation."{{Sfn|Kosman|1989|p=277|ps=w czapkę książęcą z perłami i kamieńmi drogimi osadzoną, także szatę zwykłą, jaką dziś kurfistowie rzescy przy koronacjej cesarskiej noszą}} Then Bishop of Vilnius Wojciech Tabor blessed him and held a pastoral exhortation over him. Then the Grand Marshal of Lithuania Petras Jonaitis Mantigirdaitis handed Alexander a bare sword and a sceptre.{{Sfn|Kosman|1989|pp=276–277}}{{Sfn|Frost|2015|pp=329–330}} Subsequently, the Poles considered electing Alexander Jagiellon as the King of Poland, however instead of him John I Albert was elected as the King of Poland in August 1492 and this led to another termination of the Polish–Lithuanian union.{{cite web |last1=Spečiūnas |first1=Vytautas |title=Jonas Albrechtas |url=https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/jonas-albrechtas/ |website=Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija |access-date=10 November 2023 |language=lt}}

Stryjkowski also relayed the election and inauguration of Sigismund I as Grand Duke of Lithuania on October 20, 1509. The ceremony was again attended by Bishop Wojciech Tabor, who this time not only blessed but also placed a cap on the ruler's head. In turn, Grand Marshal Michael Glinski presented him with a sword. Sigismund received the oath of the Lithuanian lords while sitting on the throne.{{Sfn|Kosman|1989|pp=277–278}} According to Stryjkowski, the cap was: "of red velvet with gold spheres set with precious stones".{{Sfn|Kosman|1989|p=278|ps=aksamintu czerwonego w sfery złote kamieniami drogimi osadzoną}}

The last ceremony to elevate a grand duke took place on October 18, 1529, when Sigismund Augustus was elevated to this dignity during his father's lifetime. The ceremony occurred in the great hall of the newly built lower castle, as the cathedral burned down that same year.{{Sfn|Kosman|1989|p=279}}{{cite web |title=Istorinė raida |url=https://www.valdovurumai.lt/lt/rumu-istorija/i/142/istorine-raida-2/ |website=Palace of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania |access-date=23 April 2023 |language=lt}} The young Sigismund Augustus sat on the throne between his parents, surrounded by members of the council of lords. The cap was placed on the ruler's head by the Bishop of Vilnius, while the Grand Marshal presented him with a sword.{{Sfn|Kosman|1989|pp=279–280}}

File:Vilnius Gedimino Pilies Bokštas Blick auf die Valdovu rumai.jpg, where the ceremony of Sigismund II Augustus was held|left]]

Following the Union of Lublin, which formed the federative Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1569, and the death of the last Gediminid ruler Sigismund II Augustus in 1572, separate inaugurations in Vilnius Cathedral were abolished, therefore Gediminas' Cap lost its ceremonial significance.{{cite book |last1=Kapleris |first1=Ignas |title=Iliustruota Lietuvos istorija. Nuo baltų, Lietuvos Karalystės, Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės iki Abiejų Tautų Respublikos. |date=2022 |publisher=Briedis Press |location=Vilnius |isbn=9786094940033 |page=166 |edition=1 tome |url=https://www.pegasas.lt/media/samples/000000000002185659/puslapiai_pavartymui/Pegasas/9789955267720-Iliustruota-Lietuvos-istorija.-I-tomas.pdf |access-date=19 March 2023 |language=lt}} The insignias of the Lithuanian rulers were not preserved and following the Union of Lublin only the seal (kept by the Grand Chancellor of Lithuania) and the flag (carried near the ruler by the Grand Flag Bearer of Lithuania) remained.

The demand of a separate inauguration ceremony of the Grand Duke of Lithuania was raised by the nobles of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (e.g. Mikołaj "the Red" Radziwiłł, Eustachy Wołłowicz, Jan Karol Chodkiewicz, Konstanty Ostrogski) during the negotiations of the Union of Lublin, however it was not officially included into it.{{cite web |last1=Jasas |first1=Rimantas |title=Liublino unija |url=https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/liublino-unija/ |website=Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija |access-date=6 November 2023 |language=lt}} On 20 April 1576 a congress of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania's nobles was held in Grodno which adopted an Universal, signed by the participating Lithuanian nobles, which announced that if the delegates of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania will feel pressure from the Poles in the Election sejm, the Lithuanians will not be obliged by an oath of the Union of Lublin and will have the right to select a separate monarch.{{cite journal |last1=Kiaupinienė |first1=Jūratė |title=Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės Seimas – valstybės modernizacijos grandis (1572–1587 metai) |pages=31–32 |url=https://journals.lnb.lt/parliamentary-studies/article/download/725/720/1097 |journal=Parlamento Studijos |publisher=Lithuanian Institute of History |language=lt |access-date=4 November 2023}} On 29 May 1580, bishop Merkelis Giedraitis in the Vilnius Cathedral presented Grand Duke Stephen Báthory (King of Poland since 1 May 1576) a luxuriously decorated sword and a hat adorned with pearls (both were sanctified by Pope Gregory XIII himself), while this ceremony manifested the sovereignty of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and had the meaning of elevation of the new Grand Duke of Lithuania, this way ignoring the stipulations of the Union of Lublin.{{cite web |title=Vavelio pilies lobyne – ir Lietuvos, Valdovų rūmų istorija |url=https://www.valdovurumai.lt/lt/naujienos/i/2680/vavelio-pilies-lobyne-ir-valdovu-rumu-istorija20220721/ |website=Palace of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania |access-date=6 November 2023 |language=lt}}{{cite journal |last1=Bues |first1=Almut |title=Politinė ceremonialo paskirtis elekcinėje monarchijoje: Lenkija–Lietuva XVI–XVIII a. |date=2005 |page=9 |url=https://www.istorija.lt/data/public/uploads/2021/02/lim-2003-2-1-a.-bues-politine-ceremonialo-paskirtis-elekcineje-monarchijoje-p.-5-20.pdf |journal=The Year-book of Lithuanian History |publisher=Lithuanian Institute of History |access-date=6 November 2023 |language=lt}}{{cite book |last1=Stryjkowski |first1=Maciej |title=Kronika polska, litewska, żmódzka i wszystkiéj Rusi Macieja Stryjkowskiego. T. 2. |date=1846 |location=Warsaw |page=432 |url=https://polona.pl/preview/e45e12f2-4de5-4c17-b150-d7704ac29662 |access-date=6 November 2023 |language=pl}}{{cite book |last1=Ragauskienė |first1=Raimonda |last2=Ragauskas |first2=Aivas |last3=Bulla |first3=Noémi Erzsébet |title=Tolimos bet artimos: Lietuvos ir Vengrijos istoriniai ryšiai |date=2018 |location=Vilnius |page=67 |url=https://www.flf.vu.lt/dokumentai/TOLIMOS_BET_ARTIMOS_LIETUVOS_IR_VENGRIJOS_ISTORINIAI_RY%C5%A0IAI_LIT_2019.12.pdf |access-date=6 November 2023 |language=lt}} Nevertheless, per Union of Lublin the rulers of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth were elected in joint Polish–Lithuanian election sejms until the Third Partition in 1795 and received separate titles of the King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania.{{cite web |last1=Tyla |first1=Antanas |title=Elekcinis seimas |trans-title=Electoral Seimas |url=https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/elekcinis-seimas/ |website=Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija |access-date=19 March 2023 |language=lt}} During the coronations of joint Polish–Lithuanian monarchs, the Polish crown was also announced as a property of both the Polish and Lithuanian nobles.

File:Vytenis, the Grand Duke of Lithuania, painted in 1709.png|Vytenis with Gediminas' Cap, painted in 1709

File:Algierd. Альгерд (1578).jpg|Algirdas with Gediminas' Cap, painted in 1578

File:Žygimont Kiejstutavič. Жыгімонт Кейстутавіч (XIX).jpg|Sigismund Kęstutaitis with Gediminas' Cap, painted in the 19th century

File:Vytautas the Great with the Gediminas' Cap sitting on a throne near the Columns of Gediminas, painted in circa 1555.jpg|Vytautas the Great with Gediminas' Cap, painted in circa 1555

File:Vitaŭt Vialiki. Вітаўт Вялікі (XVIII) (2).jpg|Vytautas the Great with Gediminas' Cap, painted in the 18th century

File:Šventasis Kazimieras, 1594.jpg|Saint Casimir with Gediminas' Cap, painted in circa 1594

File:Sv.Kazimiero baznycia.2006-08-10.jpg|Dome of the Church of St. Casimir in Vilnius

File:Heraldic tapestry of Žygimantas Augustas with Lithuanian coat of arms Vytis, Polish eagle and coats of arms of Volhynia, Smolensk, Kyiv voivodeships, circa 1548.jpg|Tapestry with the coat of arms of Grand Duke Sigismund II Augustus, crowned with Gediminas' Cap, circa 1548

File:Lithuanian coin of Sigismund II Augustus with Lithuanian Vytis (Waykimas) and the Columns of Gediminas, minted in 1568.jpg|A 1568 Lithuanian coin of Grand Duke Sigismund II Augustus with the coat of arms of Lithuania, Gediminas' Cap and Columns of Gediminas

File:Žygimont Vaza, Pahonia. Жыгімонт Ваза, Пагоня (24.01.1588).jpg|Ennoblement Act granted by Sigismund III Vasa (1588)

File:Magni Ducatus Lithuaniae, et Regionum Adiacentium exacta Descriptio.jpg|A fragment from the early 17th-century Radziwiłł map with Gediminas' Cap depicted above Vilnius

File:The administrative map of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania - Magni Ducatus Lithuaniae Divisa Tam In Palatinatus Quam Subiacentes Castellanias, 1695.jpg|Administrative map of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania featuring Gediminas' Cap above the coat of arms of Lithuania in 1695

File:Title page of Kuryer Litewski newspaper (1760, Vilnius).jpg|Title page of Kurier Litewski featuring Gediminas' Cap above the coat of arms of Lithuania, published in 1760 in Vilnius

File:Reconstructed Cap of the Grand Duke of Lithuania (Gediminas' Cap) in the Palace of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania in Vilnius.jpg|Front view of the reconstructed Gediminas' Cap, exhibited in the Palace of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania in Vilnius

File:Wooden throne at Lower Representative Hall of the Palace of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania in Vilnius.jpg|Coat of arms of Lithuania crowned with Gediminas' Cap in one of the rooms of the Palace of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania in Vilnius

File:Stained-glass window of the Church of the Assumption in Kaunas, featuring Vytautas the Great, Kęstutis, Lithuanian Vytis (Waykimas) and coat of arms of the Kęstutaičiai dynasty.jpg|Stained-glass window with Vytautas the Great wearing Gediminas' Cap (left) in the Church of Vytautas the Great in Kaunas

File:Vilnius Universitetas Bibliotekos Kiemas Tür 1.jpg|Gediminas' Cap depicted on the bronze doors of the Vilnius University Central Campus

File:Allegory of Lithuania by Dmochowski.jpg|1848 Allegory of Lithuania by Wincenty Dmochowski. The Gediminas' Cap is depicted in the middle of an Oak tree

File:Coat of arms of the Seimas of Lithuania.svg|In the modern day the Gediminas' Cap is used on the coat of arms of the Seimas of Lithuania

• Polish crown jewels, used by joint Polish–Lithuanian monarchs following the Union of Lublin in 1569
• Cap of maintenance, a similar royal insignia of the British sovereign
• Gediminas' Tower

{{reflist}}

• {{cite book |last=Frost |first=Robert |title=The Oxford History of Poland-Lithuania. The Making of the Polish-Lithuanian Union, 1385—1569 |year=2015 |isbn=978-0-19-820869-3 |location=Oxford |author-link=Robert Frost}}
• {{Cite book |last=Kosman |first=Marceli |title=Litwa pierwotna. Mity, legendy, fakty |year=1989 |pages=244–282 |chapter="Podniesienie" książąt litewskich |trans-chapter="Elevation" of the Lithuanian princes |author-link=Marceli Kosman}}
• {{Cite journal |last=Piech |first=Zenon |date=1987 |title=Mitra książęca w świetle przekazów ikonograficznych od czasów rozbicia dzielnicowego do końca epoki jagiellońskiej |trans-title=Ducal mitre in the light of iconographic records from the time of the fragmentation to the end of the Jagiellonian era |journal=Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej |volume=39 |issue=1}}

{{crowns}}

{{Hats}}

Category:History of Lithuania (1219–1569)

Category:Lithuanian monarchy

Gediminas

Category:Cultural history of Lithuania

Category:Caps

Category:Headgear in heraldry

Category:State ritual and ceremonies