General Electric Affinity
{{Short description|Supersonic aircraft engine design}}
| {{Infobox Aircraft Begin
|name= Affinity |image=File:GE Affinity.png |caption= }} {{Infobox Aircraft Engine |type= Turbofan |national origin= United States |manufacturer= GE Aviation |first run= |major applications= Aerion AS2 |number built = Cancelled |program cost = |unit cost = |developed from = CFM International CFM56 |developed into = |variants with their own articles = }} |
The General Electric Affinity was a turbofan developed by GE Aviation for supersonic transports.
Conceived in May 2017 to power the Aerion AS2 supersonic business jet, initial design was completed in 2018 and detailed design in 2020 for the first prototype production.
GE Aviation discontinued development of the engine in May 2021.
Its high-pressure core is derived from the CFM56, matched to a new twin fan low-pressure section for a reduced bypass ratio better suited to supersonic flight.
Development
At the May 2017 EBACE, Aerion announced the selection of GE Aviation to power the Aerion AS2 supersonic business jet.{{cite news |url= http://aviationweek.com/ebace-2017/supersonic-aerion-selects-ge-engine |title= Supersonic Aerion Selects GE Engine |date= May 22, 2017 |author= Fred George |work= ShowNews |publisher= Aviation Week Network}}
GE then launched the Affinity program.
The final engine configuration was a core with billions of operational hours – suggesting the CFM56 – and a new low-pressure section optimized for supersonic speed.
The Affinity high-pressure core was adapted from the CFM56 and the GE F101/F110 military engines.{{cite news |url= https://aviationweek.com/business-aviation/ge-affinity-turbofans-power-as2 |title= GE Affinity Turbofans To Power AS2 |date= November 16, 2020 |work= Aviation Week}}
In February 2018, Aerion released the GE engine configuration.
Thrust was reduced at takeoff to meet Chapter 5 noise regulations, requiring a longer balanced field takeoff as an acceptable compromise.
Chapter 5 applies from 2018 to over 120,000 lb (54,400 kg) aircraft and all aircraft from 2021.{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/analysis-aerion-releases-configuration-of-supersoni-446122/ |title= Aerion releases configuration of supersonic jet engine |date= 22 Feb 2018 |author= Kate Sarsfield |work= Flightglobal}}
The initial design of its Affinity medium-bypass-ratio turbofan was completed by October 2018.
The detailed design review was expected to be completed by 2020 for the prototype production.{{cite news |url= https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/business-aviation/2018-10-15/aerion-unveils-stage-5-ge-affinity-engine-supersonic-as2 |title= Aerion Unveils Stage 5 GE Affinity Engine for Supersonic AS2 |author= Mark Phelps |date= October 15, 2018 |work= AIN online}}
Following the collapse of Aerion on 21 May 2021, GE Aviation discontinued development of the Affinity engine, leaving no supersonic turbojet supplier for the Boom Overture,{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/business-aviation/ge-stops-work-on-affinity-supersonic-engine/143876.article |title= GE stops work on Affinity supersonic engine |author= Murdo Morrison |date= 24 May 2021 |work= Flightglobal}} after Rolls-Royce also announced the end of their involvement in the project.{{cite news |last=Hemmerdinger |first=Jon |date=2022-09-08 |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/airframers/rolls-royce-exits-booms-supersonic-airliner-project/150111.article |title=Rolls-Royce exits Boom's supersonic airliner project |work= Flightglobal |access-date=2022-11-09}}
Design
GE Aviation needed to develop a configuration accommodating reasonable requirements for supersonic speed, subsonic speed and noise levels.{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/nbaa-ge-nears-milestones-on-15b-bet-on-business-a-441992/ |title= GE nears milestones on $1.5B bet on business aircraft |date= 10 Oct 2017 |author= Stephen Trimble |work= Flightglobal}}
Managing the high intake temperatures at high altitudes is a key challenge for the initial design.{{cite news |url= https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/lockheed-and-aerion-to-develop-supersonic-business-j-444243/ |title= Lockheed and Aerion to develop supersonic business jet |date= 15 Dec 2017 |author= Stephen Trimble |work= Flightglobal}}
An engine for supersonic flight needs a lower bypass ratio than modern turbofans, and a higher flow speed for better efficiency. This is limited by noise regulations at takeoff, and a lower compression core like the CFM56 is better suited to higher temperatures encountered supersonically.{{cite news |url= https://leehamnews.com/2017/12/20/the-supersonic-dilemma/ |title= The Supersonic dilemma |author= Bjorn Fehrm |date= December 20, 2017 |work= Leeham}}
The engine is a compromise between a large core for power and a small fan for wave drag, and Mach 1.4 is a compromise between higher speed and enough range.{{cite news |url= http://aviationweek.com/business-aviation/aerion-closes-supersonic-as2-program-launch |title= Aerion Closes In On Supersonic AS2 Program Launch |date= Jul 3, 2018 |author= Guy Norris |work= Aviation Week Network}}
The high-pressure core is derived from the nine-stage compressor and single-stage turbine of the CFM56, matched to a new low-pressure section optimised for supersonic speed with a 133 cm (52in) diameter fan instead of the 155-173 cm (61-68.3in) fan of the 6:1 bypass ratio CFM56.
The twin-shaft, twin-fan engine with FADEC has a service ceiling of 18,300 m (60,000 ft). It lacks an afterburner, and has a combustor with advanced coatings and uses additive manufacturing technologies.
The {{cvt|18,000|lbf|kN}} GE Affinity has a nine-stage HP compressor, a single-stage HP turbine and a two-stage low-pressure turbine.
Preceded by fixed inlet guide vanes with movable flaps, the twin blisk fans have wide-chord titanium blades.
The exhaust mixer is similar to the GE Passport ceramic matrix composite design.{{cite news |url= http://aviationweek.com/nbaa-2018/ge-shows-affinity-supersonics |title= GE Shows Affinity for Supersonics |date= Oct 15, 2018 |author= Guy Norris |work= Aviation Week Network}}
The Mach 1.4-to-1.6 speed requires no variable-geometry inlet and the variable-area nozzle has a cone moving longitudinally, replacing a convergent-divergent nozzle.{{cite news |url= http://aviationweek.com/nbaa-2018/why-ge-s-affinity-supersonic-enabler |title= Why GE's Affinity Is a Supersonic Enabler |date= Oct 16, 2018 |author= Guy Norris |work= Aviation Week Network}}
The bypass ratio is around 3 to lower the ram drag, and it should produce {{cvt|3,500|lbf|kN}} at Mach 1.4 and FL500, with a cruise fuel consumption increased by 50% over the Mach 0.78 CFM56-5.{{cite news |url= https://leehamnews.com/2018/10/26/bjorns-corner-supersonic-transport-revival-part-12/ |title= Bjorn's Corner: Supersonic transport revival, Part 12 |date= October 26, 2018 |work= Leeham News }}
Specifications
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|type= Twin-shaft, medium bypass, non-afterburning turbofan
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|compressor= 2 Fans, 9 HP stages
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|thrust={{cvt|16,000-20,000|lbf|kN}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.geaviation.com/bga/engines/ge-affinity|title = B&GA | GE Aviation}} ({{cvt|3,500|lbf|kN}} in cruise)
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See also
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References
{{Reflist}}
External links
- [https://www.geaviation.com/bga/engines/ge-affinity GE Affinity web page]
{{GE aeroengines}}
Category:Medium-bypass turbofan engines