General of Ili

Based in Huiyuan City ({{zh|t=惠遠城|s=惠远城|labels=no}}; now Huiyuan Town, Huocheng County),{{Cite book|first=James A. |last=Millward

|publisher=Stanford University Press |year=1998|isbn=0-8047-2933-6|title=Beyond the pass: economy, ethnicity, and empire in Qing Central Asia, 1759-1864|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MC6sAAAAIAAJ|pages=77–79,277}} in the Qing delineated greater Xinjiang region in the northwest of China, the general was the senior military commander in the area.{{cite book|author=James Z. Gao|title=Historical Dictionary of Modern China (1800-1949)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wJrLhcgog8oC|year=2009|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-6308-8}} In 1759, Qing general {{Interlanguage link multi|Zhao Hui|zh|3=兆惠}} (Manchu: Zhaohuui) suppressed the Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas and reestablished Qing control over the western part of Xinjiang. As a result, in 1762 the Qing court established the position of General of Ili with Ming Rui as the first incumbent.

At the same time, the offices of Military Attache or Dūtǒng ({{zh|t=都統|labels=no}}) and Imperial Resident ({{zh|t=駐紮大臣|labels=no}}) were created under the general to manage military affairs north and south of the Tian Shan range of mountains. The northern circuit ({{zh|c=天山北路|labels=no}}) or Tarim Basin was administered by the Ili Ministerial Attache ({{zh|t=伊犁參贊大臣|labels=no}}), five Ministerial Leaders ({{zh|t=領隊大臣|labels=no}}), a Tarbagatai Ministerial Attache ({{zh|s=塔尔巴哈台参赞大臣|t=塔爾巴哈臺參贊大臣|labels=no|p=}}){{Cref2|A}} and a Minister of Affairs ({{zh|t=辦事兼領隊大臣|labels=no}}). In the south ({{zh|c=天山南路|labels=no}}) or Altishahr there was a General Minister for Altashahr Affairs ({{zh|t=總理回疆事務參贊大臣|labels=no}}) responsible for Kashgar, Ye 'erqiang ({{zh|c=葉爾羌|labels=no}}; now Yarkant County), Yingjisha'er ({{zh|c=英吉沙尔|labels=no}}; now Yengisar County), Uqturpan County, Aksu, Kuqa County, Hetian ({{zh|t=和闐|labels=no}}; now Hotan) and Kalash'er ({{zh|t=喀喇沙爾|labels=no}} now Karasahr) amongst others. In the western circuit ({{zh|t=東路|labels=no}} the Urumqi Military Command ({{zh|t=烏魯木齊都統|labels=no}}) was responsible for Gucheng ({{zh|c=古城}}; now Qitai County), Barköl Kazakh Autonomous County, {{Interlanguage link multi|Hamiting|zh|3=哈密廳}} (now Hami City) and {{Interlanguage link multi|Kur Qara Usu|zh|3=庫爾喀喇烏蘇}} (now Wusu) among other locations.

In 1763, the Qianlong Emperor ordered the construction of the new city of Huiyuan on the north bank of the Ili River as a base for the General of Ili. Thereafter, Huiyuan became the capital of the Qing Xinjiang Region. A further eight fortified cities were then constructed across the Ili or Dzungarian Basin: Ningyuan City ({{zh|t=寧遠城|labels=no}}; now Yining City), Huining City ({{zh|t=惠寧城|labels=no}}; now Bayandai Township [{{zh|t=巴彥岱鎮|labels=no}}) {{convert|10|-|18|km}} west of Yining), Taleqi City ({{zh|c=塔勒奇城|labels=no}}; now part of Huocheng County), Zhande City ({{zh|c=瞻德城|labels=no}}; now part of Qingshuihe County), Guangren City ({{zh|t=廣仁城|labels=no}}; now Lucaogou Town ({{zh|t=蘆草溝鎮|labels=no}} in Huocheng County), Gongchen City ({{zh|c=拱宸城|labels=no}}; now Khorgas City), Xichun City ({{zh|c=熙春城|labels=no}}; now part of Yining City) and Suiding City ({{zh|t=綏定城|labels=no}}; now Shuiding Town).

The headquarters of the Manchu bannermen was in Huiyuan and Huining while the Green Standard Army was distributed across the remaining towns with their commander in Suiding. Uyghur merchants (including the Taranchi) resided in Ningyuan. Their affairs were managed by the General of Ili through the East Yamen ({{zh|t=東衙門|s=东衙门|p=Dōng Yámén|labels=no}}).

In 1864, during the reign of the Tongzhi Emperor, the {{Interlanguage link multi|Xinjiang Hui Rebellion|zh|3=同治新疆回变}} broke out concurrent with the Dungan Revolt of 1862-77 further east. On 8 March 1866, a large force of Hui Muslims captured the General of Ili Mingsioi's Yamen. He committed suicide by blowing himself up but his predecessor Cangcing ({{zh|c=常清|p=Cháng Qīng}}) was captured and paraded through the streets.{{cite book|author=Hodong Kim|title=Holy War in China: The Muslim Rebellion and State in Chinese Central Asia, 1864-1877|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AtduqAtBzegC|year=2004|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-6723-1|page=55}}

After Tzarist Russia invaded the Ili Basin in 1865 they demolished Huiyuan then in 1876 Qing General Zuo Zongtang, at the head of a large army, ended Yaqub Beg's occupation of the southern part of Xinjiang. In 1881 the Qing army recaptured the Ili Basin and two years later rebuilt Huiyaun {{convert|7.5|km|abbr=on}} north of its former site. This new settlement was known historically as "New Huiyuan" ({{zh|t=新惠遠|labels=no}}.

Xinjiang officially became a province in 1883 with its capital at Dihua Fu ({{zh|c=迪化府|labels=no}} modern day Urumqi) and Huiyuan gradually lost its political importance; the General was to defend the north of the new province until the position was abolished following the 1911 Xinhai Revolution.

• Xinjiang under Qing rule

{{Cnote2 Begin}}

{{Cnote2|A|Responsible for the area around modern-day Tacheng}}

{{Cnote2 End}}

{{Reflist}}

{{Qing dynasty topics}}

{{Xinjiang topics}}

Category:Military history of the Qing dynasty

Category:History of Xinjiang