Genetics and the Book of Mormon

{{main|Peopling of the Americas|Genetic history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas}}

File:Early migrations mercator.svg based on the Out of Africa theory; figures are in thousands of years ago (kya).{{cite book|first= Göran |last= Burenhult |title=Die ersten Menschen |publisher= Weltbild Verlag |year= 2000 |isbn= 978-3-8289-0741-6}}]]

The first settlers in the Americas were Paleolithic hunter-gatherers (Paleo-Indians) who entered North America from the North Asian Mammoth steppe via the Beringia land bridge, which had formed between northeastern Siberia and western Alaska due to the lowering of sea level during the Last Glacial Maximum (26,000 to 19,000 years ago).{{cite news |last=Pringle |first=Heather |author-link=Heather Pringle (writer) |title=What Happens When an Archaeologist Challenges Mainstream Scientific Thinking? |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/jacques-cinq-mars-bluefish-caves-scientific-progress-180962410 |date=March 8, 2017 |work=Smithsonian }} These populations expanded south of the Laurentide Ice Sheet and spread rapidly southward, occupying both North and South America, by 12,000 to 14,000 years ago.{{cite book |first1=Brian M. |last1=Fagan |first2=Nadia |last2=Durrani |name-list-style=amp |title=World Prehistory: A Brief Introduction |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fMneCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA124 |year=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-34244-1 |page=124}}{{cite journal |title=The Late Pleistocene dispersal of modern humans in the Americas |last1=Goebel |first1=Ted |last2=Waters |first2=Michael R. |last3=O'Rourke |first3=Dennis H. |url=http://www.centerfirstamericans.com/cfsa-publications/Science2008.pdf |journal=Science |volume=319 |issue=5869 |pages=1497–1502 |year=2008 |pmid=18339930 |doi=10.1126/science.1153569 |bibcode=2008Sci...319.1497G |access-date=2010-02-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102191740/http://www.centerfirstamericans.com/cfsa-publications/Science2008.pdf |archive-date=2014-01-02 |citeseerx=10.1.1.398.9315 |s2cid=36149744 }}{{cite news |last=Zimmer |first=Carl |author-link=Carl Zimmer |title=In the Bones of a Buried Child, Signs of a Massive Human Migration to the Americas |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/03/science/native-americans-beringia-siberia.html |date=January 3, 2018 |work=The New York Times |access-date=January 3, 2018 }}{{cite journal |last1=Moreno-Mayar |first1=JV |last2=Potter |first2=BA |last3=Vinner |first3=L |last4=Steinrücken |first4=M |last5=Rasmussen |first5=S |last6=Terhorst |first6=J |last7=Kamm |first7=JA |last8=Albrechtsen |first8=A |last9=Malaspinas |first9=A-S |last10=Sikora |first10=M |last11=Reuther |first11=JD |last12=Irish |first12=JD |last13=Malhi |first13=RS |last14=Orlando |first14=L |last15=Song |first15=YA |last16=Nielsen |first16=R |last17=Meltzer |first17=DJ |last18=Willerslev |first18=E |display-authors=3 |title=Terminal Pleistocene Alaskan genome reveals first founding population of Native Americans |journal=Nature |doi=10.1038/nature25173 |pmid=29323294 |bibcode=2018Natur.553..203M |volume=553 |issue=7687 |year=2018 |pages=203–207 |s2cid=4454580 |url=http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/7887/1/UpwardSun_Nature%20paper%20MS%20DEC17.pdf}}{{Cite thesis |last=Núñez Castillo |first=Mélida Inés |date=2021-12-20 |title=Ancient genetic landscape of archaeological human remains from Panama, South America and Oceania described through STR genotype frequencies and mitochondrial DNA sequences |url=https://ediss.uni-goettingen.de/handle/21.11130/00-1735-0000-0008-59CC-F |journal=Dissertation |doi=10.53846/goediss-9012|s2cid=247052631 |type=doctoralThesis |doi-access=free }} The earliest populations in the Americas, before roughly 10,000 years ago, are known as Paleo-Indians. Indigenous peoples of the Americas have been linked to Siberian populations by linguistic factors, the distribution of blood types, and in genetic composition as reflected by molecular data, such as DNA.{{cite book |first1=Patricia J. |last1=Ash |first2=David J. |last2=Robinson |name-list-style=amp |title=The Emergence of Humans: An Exploration of the Evolutionary Timeline |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JUlSYsyC-NQC&pg=PT289 |year=2011 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-119-96424-7 |page=289}}

Analyses of genetics among Indigenous American and Siberian populations have been used to argue for early isolation of founding populations on Beringia{{Cite journal |display-authors=3 |last1=Tamm |first1=Erika |last2=Kivisild |first2=Toomas |last3=Reidla |first3=Maere |last4=Metspalu |first4=Mait |last5=Smith |first5=David Glenn |last6=Mulligan |first6=Connie J. |last7=Bravi |first7=Claudio M. |last8=Rickards |first8=Olga |last9=Martinez-Labarga |first9=Cristina |last10=Khusnutdinova |first10=Elsa K. |last11=Fedorova |first11=Sardana A. |last12=Golubenko |first12=Maria V. |last13=Stepanov |first13=Vadim A. |last14=Gubina |first14=Marina A. |last15=Zhadanov |first15=Sergey I. |last16=Ossipova |first16=Ludmila P. |last17=Damba |first17=Larisa |last18=Voevoda |first18=Mikhail I. |last19=Dipierri |first19=Jose E. |last20=Villems |first20=Richard |last21=Malhi |first21=Ripan S. |title=Beringian Standstill and Spread of Native American Founders |journal=PLOS ONE |date=5 September 2007 |volume=2 |issue=9 |pages=e829 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0000829 |pmid=17786201 |pmc=1952074 |bibcode=2007PLoSO...2..829T |doi-access=free }} and for later, more rapid migration from Siberia through Beringia into the New World.{{Cite journal |first1=Miroslava |last1=Derenko |first2=Boris |last2=Malyarchuk |first3=Tomasz |last3=Grzybowski |first4=Galina |last4=Denisova |first5=Urszula |last5=Rogalla |first6=Maria |last6=Perkova |first7=Irina |last7=Dambueva |first8=Ilia |last8=Zakharov |display-authors=3 |title=Origin and Post-Glacial Dispersal of Mitochondrial DNA Haplogroups C and D in Northern Asia |journal=PLOS ONE |volume= 5 |issue=12 |pages=e15214 |date=21 December 2010 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0015214 |pmid=21203537 |pmc=3006427 |bibcode=2010PLoSO...515214D|doi-access=free }} The microsatellite diversity and distributions of the Y lineage specific to South America indicates that certain Indigenous American populations have been isolated since the initial peopling of the region.{{Cite journal |first1=Maria-Catira |last1=Bortolini |first2=Francisco M. |last2=Salzano |first3=Mark G. |last3=Thomas |first4=Steven |last4=Stuart |first5=Selja P.K. |last5=Nasanen |first6=Claiton H.D. |last6=Bau |first7=Mara H. |last7=Hutz |first8=Zulay |last8=Layrisse |first9=Maria L. |last9=Petzl-Erler |first10=Luiza T. |last10=Tsuneto |first11=Kim |last11=Hill |first12=Ana M. |last12=Hurtado |first13=Dinorah |last13=Castro-de-Guerra |first14=Maria M. |last14=Torres |first15=Helena |last15=Groot |first16=Roman |last16=Michalski |first17=Pagbajabyn |last17=Nymadawa |first18=Gabriel |last18=Bedoya |first19=Neil |last19=Bradman |first20=Damian |last20=Labuda |first21=Andres |last21=Ruiz-Linares |display-authors=3 |title=Y-chromosome evidence for differing ancient demographic histories in the Americas |journal=American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=73 |issue=3 |date=September 2003 | pages=524–539 |pmc=1180678 |pmid=12900798 |doi=10.1086/377588 }} The Na-Dene, Inuit and Native Alaskan populations exhibit Haplogroup Q-M242; however, they are distinct from other Indigenous Americans with various mtDNA and atDNA mutations.{{Cite journal |display-authors=3 |title=mtDNA Variation among Greenland Eskimos. The Edge of the Beringian Expansion |url= |journal=American Journal of Human Genetics |first1=Juliette |last1=Saillard |first2=Peter |last2=Forster |first3=Niels |last3=Lynnerup |first4=Hans-Jürgen |last4=Bandelt |first5=Søren |last5=Nørby |volume=67 |pages=718–726 |year=2000 |doi=10.1086/303038 |issue=3 |pmid=10924403 |pmc=1287530}} This suggests that the peoples who first settled in the northern extremes of North America and Greenland derived from later migrant populations than those who penetrated farther south in the Americas.{{Cite journal |last1=Schurr |first1=Theodore G. |title=The Peopling of the New World: Perspectives from Molecular Anthropology |journal=Annual Review of Anthropology |date=21 October 2004 |volume=33 |pages=551–583 |doi=10.1146/annurev.anthro.33.070203.143932}}{{Cite journal |first1=Antonio |last1=Torroni |first2=Theodore G. |last2=Schurr |first3=Chi-Chuan |last3=Yang |first4=Emoke J. E. |last4=Szathmary |first5=Robert C. |last5=Williams |first6=Moses S. |last6=Schanfield |first7=Gary A. |last7=Troup |first8=William C. |last8=Knowler |first9=Dale N. |last9=Lawrence |first10=Kenneth M. |last10=Weiss |first11=Douglas C. |last11=Wallace |display-authors=3 |title=Native American Mitochondrial DNA Analysis Indicates That the Amerind and the Nadene Populations Were Founded by Two Independent Migrations |journal=Genetics |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=153–162 |pmid=1346260 |pmc=1204788 |date=January 1992 |doi=10.1093/genetics/130.1.153 }} Linguists and biologists have reached a similar conclusion based on analysis of Indigenous American language groups and ABO blood group system distributions.{{Cite news |first=Nicholas |last=Wade |title=Pause Is Seen in a Continent's Peopling |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/13/science/linguistic-study-sheds-new-light-on-peopling-of-north-america.html |date=12 March 2014 |access-date=24 February 2017 |archive-date=9 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210409232356/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/13/science/linguistic-study-sheds-new-light-on-peopling-of-north-america.html |url-status=live }}{{Cite book |chapter=Native Languages of the Americas |title=An Introduction to the Languages of the World |first=Anatole V. |last=Lyovin |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y6Y-L4ogfhIC&pg=PA309 |year=1997 |publisher=Oxford University |page=309 |isbn=978-0-19-508115-2 |access-date=2020-06-07 |archive-date=2021-05-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510142934/https://books.google.com/books?id=y6Y-L4ogfhIC&pg=PA309 |url-status=live }}{{Cite journal |last=Mithun |first=Marianne |title=Studies of North American Indian Languages |journal=Annual Review of Anthropology |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=309–330 |date=October 1990 |doi=10.1146/annurev.an.19.100190.001521 |jstor=2155968}}{{Cite book|author=Alice Roberts|title=The Incredible Human Journey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ng8ai3xkZRUC&pg=PT101|year=2010|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-1-4088-1091-0|pages=101–03|access-date=2019-08-05|archive-date=2021-01-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125180803/https://books.google.com/books?id=ng8ai3xkZRUC&pg=PT101|url-status=live}}

In November 2013 Nature published a discovery on an Upper Paleolithic Siberian site linking Western Eurasians in the Middle East and Europe to the indigenous Native American population.{{cite journal |last1=Raghavan |first1=Maanasa |last2=Skoglund |first2=Pontus |date=20 November 2013 |title=Upper Palaeolithic Siberian genome reveals dual ancestry of Native Americans |journal=Nature |volume=505 |pages=87–91 |doi=10.1038/nature12736 |pmid=24256729 |issue=7481 |pmc=4105016|bibcode=2014Natur.505...87R }}{{cite web |url=http://phys.org/news/2013-11-ancient-siberian-genome-reveals-genetic.html#jCp |title=Ancient Siberian genome reveals genetic origins of Native Americans |date=20 November 2013 |website=Phys.org |access-date=15 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129030041/http://phys.org/news/2013-11-ancient-siberian-genome-reveals-genetic.html#jCp |archive-date=29 November 2014 |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/11/131120-science-native-american-people-migration-siberia-genetics |title="Great Surprise"—Native Americans Have West Eurasian Origins |date=20 November 2013 |website=National Geographic |access-date=15 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141105051731/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/11/131120-science-native-american-people-migration-siberia-genetics/ |archive-date=5 November 2014 |url-status=dead }}{{cite web |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/the-very-first-americans-may-have-had-european-roots-5517714/?no-ist= |title=The Very First Americans May Have Had European Roots |date=25 October 2013 |website=Smithsonian.com |access-date=15 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151021184406/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/the-very-first-americans-may-have-had-european-roots-5517714/?no-ist= |archive-date=21 October 2015 |url-status=live }} According to the study the genomes sequenced show distinct genetic markers that are unique to the indigenous Native Americans and western Eurasia, but with no relation to East Asians. The study indicates that 14–38% of Native American ancestry may originate through this gene flow. One of the authors, Professor Kelly Graf, explained the significance of this, stating that:

Our findings are significant at two levels. First, it shows that Upper Paleolithic Siberians came from a cosmopolitan population of early modern humans that spread out of Africa to Europe and Central and South Asia. Second, Paleoindian skeletons like Buhl Woman with phenotypic traits atypical of modern-day indigenous Americans can be explained as having a direct historical connection to Upper Paleolithic Siberia.

{{see also|Historicity of the Book of Mormon}}

{{see also|Proposed Book of Mormon geographical setting#LDS Church leaders' teachings}}

LDS Church leaders long equated Amerindians with Lamanites. In the Doctrine and Covenants, revelations delivered by Joseph Smith refer to native people in the United States as "Lamanites".Doctrine and Covenants 28:8–9, 14; 32:2; 54:8. Smith reported that when the golden plates were revealed to him in New York, an angel told him that the plates contained "an account of the former inhabitants of this continent, and the source from whence they sprang."Joseph Smith–History 1:34. Brigham Young and other 19th-century church leaders generally equated Lamanites with the native Indians of the Americas.See, e.g., {{cite journal | last1 = Young | first1 = Brigham | year = 1866 | title = Our Indian Relations—How To Deal with Them | journal = Journal of Discourses | volume = 11 | pages = 263–66 }}; {{cite journal | last1 = Kimball | first1 = Heber C. | author-link = Heber C. Kimball | title = Union of the Saints—Authority of the Priesthood—Power of God—Obedience—The Urim and Thummim, Etc | journal = Journal of Discourses | volume = 2 | page = 108 }}; {{cite journal | last1 = Woodruff | first1 = Wilford | author-link = Wilford Woodruff | title = Preaching the Gospel to, and Helping the Lamanites—Obedience to Counsel | journal = Journal of Discourses | volume = 9 | pages = 221–29 }} Statements from senior LDS church leadership to that effect continued throughout the 20th century.Spencer W. Kimball, "To You ... Our Kinsmen", Conference Report, October 1959, pp. 57-62.Spencer W. Kimball, [https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/ensign/1971/07/of-royal-blood "Of Royal Blood"], Ensign, July 1971.Ted E. Brewerton, [https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/ensign/1995/11/the-book-of-mormon-a-sacred-ancient-record "The Book of Mormon: A Sacred Ancient Record"], Ensign, November 1995.

An introductory paragraph added to the Book of Mormon in the LDS Church's 1981 edition stated in part: "After thousands of years, all were destroyed except the Lamanites, and they are the principal ancestors of the American Indians." In a 2006 edition, the statement was altered to indicate that "the Lamanites ... are among the ancestors of the American Indians."Stack, Peggy Fletcher. "Single word change in Book of Mormon speaks volumes", Salt Lake Tribune, 08 November 2007Moore, Carrie A. [http://www.deseretnews.com/article/1,5143,695226008,00.html "Debate renewed with change in Book of Mormon introduction"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724013840/http://deseretnews.com/article/1,5143,695226008,00.html |date=2008-07-24 }}, Deseret News, 08 November 2007

In 2014, the LDS Church published an essay on its website dealing with the topic directly.[https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/gospel-topics-essays/book-of-mormon-and-dna-studies Book of Mormon and DNA Studies. churchofjesuschrist.org. Gospel Topics Essays. Accessed January 17, 2025.] The essay argues primarily that:

• the primary purpose of the Book of Mormon is more spiritual than historical;
• nothing is known about the DNA of Book of Mormon peoples, and even if their genetic profile were known, there are sound scientific reasons that it might remain undetected, which also means arguments by defenders of the Book of Mormon based on DNA studies are also speculative;
• significant European, African and West Asian DNA has arrived in the Americas since Columbus, may prevent the detection the Israelite DNA in question, especially if the genetic founder or founders of the Book of Mormon populations had unique genetics;
• and that methods used by scientists to date Y-chromosome and mitochondrial DNA markers are not sufficiently sensitive to pinpoint the timing of migrations that occurred as recently as a few hundred or even a few thousand years ago.

Some defenders of the Book of Mormon's historicity, such as John L. Sorenson, have argued that the Book of Mormon peoples from the Middle East formed only a small portion of the population of the Americas, in what is called the limited geography model of the Book of Mormon.{{Harvnb|Sorenson|1984a}}; {{Harvnb|Sorenson|1984b}} Some limited geography model proponents, such as Michael F. Whiting, argue that there is " a strong possibility that there was substantial introgression of genes from other human populations into the genetic heritage of the Nephites and Lamanites, such that a unique genetic marker to identify someone unambiguously as a Lamanite, if it ever existed, was quickly lost."{{Harv|Whiting|2003|pp=24–35}}.

Critics of this argument counter that the Book of Mormon does not make clear reference to any other group of people that may have existed in the Americas alongside Book of Mormon people that would account for the dilution of the Middle Eastern genetic markers in the New World.{{cite journal|last=Murphy|first=Thomas|title=Simply Implausible: DNA and a Mesoamerican Setting for the Book of Mormon|journal=Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought|year=2003|volume=36|issue=4|pages=109–131|doi=10.2307/45227190 |jstor=45227190 |ssrn=2177709}} Therefore, it is argued, a "traditional reading" of the Book of Mormon suggests that "most, if not all" of the ancestry of the pre-Columbian inhabitants of the Americas came from this Hebrew migration in ancient times.{{Harv|Southerton|2004|p=156}}.

Mormon researchers such as anthropologist Thomas W. Murphy and ex-Mormon plant geneticist Simon Southerton state that the substantial collection of Native American genetic markers now available are not consistent with any detectable presence of ancestors from the ancient Middle East. They have argued that this poses substantial evidence to contradict the account in the Book of Mormon.{{Harv|Southerton|2004}}.

In 2004, Simon Southerton, then a geneticist and LDS Church member, published the book Losing a Lost Tribe: Native Americans, DNA, and the Mormon Church.{{Sfn|Southerton|2004}} The book uses genetic evidence to examine the historical accuracy of the Book of Mormon and related claims about the Lamanite people. Southerton concluded that genetic evidence available up to that time discredited the LDS Church's claims regarding the Book of Mormon.

• Mormon views on evolution

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{{Refend}}

• {{cite book |url= https://rsc.byu.edu/archived/no-weapon-shall-prosper/book-mormon-and-origin-native-americans-maternally-inherited-dna |contribution= The Book of Mormon and the Origin of Native Americans from a Maternally Inherited DNA Standpoint |author-link= Ugo A. Perego |last= Perego |first= Ugo A. |pages= 171–217 |title= No Weapon Shall Prosper: New Light on Sensitive Issues |editor1-last= Millet |editor1-first= Robert L. |editor1-link= Robert L. Millet |place= Provo, Utah |publisher= Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University |year= 2011 |isbn= 978-0-8425-2794-1 }}
• {{citation |url= https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/topics/book-of-mormon-and-dna-studies?lang=eng |title= Gospel Topics {{ndash}} Book of Mormon and DNA Studies |work= churchofjesuschrist.org |publisher=LDS Church }}
• {{citation |url= https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/article/dna-and-the-book-of-mormon |title= Commentary {{ndash}} DNA and the Book of Mormon |work= MormonNewsroom.org |date= 16 February 2006 |publisher= LDS Church }}
• {{cite journal |title= Y chromosomes traveling south: the cohen modal haplotype and the origins of the Lemba--the "Black Jews of Southern Africa" |author1= Thomas, MG |author2= Parfitt, T |author3= Weiss, DA |author4= Skorecki, K |author5= Wilson, JF |author6= le Roux, M |author7= Bradman, N |author8= Goldstein, DB |journal= American Journal of Human Genetics |date= February 2000 |volume= 66 |issue= 2 |pages= 674–86 |pmid= 10677325 |doi=10.1086/302749 |pmc=1288118}}

• [https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/cf_dev/AbsByAuth.cfm?per_id=1933243 Murphy, Thomas W.'s Scholarly Papers], Social Science Research Network

{{Latter-day Saints}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Genetics And The Book Of Mormon}}

*Genetics

Category:Book of Mormon studies

Category:Criticism of Mormonism

Mormon, Genetics and the Book of

Category:Mormonism and Native Americans

Category:Mormonism-related controversies