George W. Hotchkiss

Hotchkiss was born on October 16, 1831, in New Haven, Connecticut. His parents were Ellas Woodward and Almira Woodward Hotchkiss. He had four brothers and four sisters, and was the sixth child in the family. Hotchkiss was of English and Welsh ancestry; his ancestors were Huguenots who emigrated to Switzerland and from there went with the Plymouth colony to America, settling at Guilford, Connecticut. Hotchkiss as a child attended the Lancasterian School in New Haven. He later attended the Russell Military Academy of New Haven for two years.{{sfn|Marquis|1911|page=344}}{{sfn|Currey|1912|page=289}}

Hotchkiss left the Russell Military Academy in June 1848, just before he was 17 years old. He went to work for his older brother Thomas as a clerk and bookkeeper. His brother had taken over their father's lumber yard in New Haven the year before.{{sfn|Currey|1912|page=287}}

Prompted by the California gold rush, Hotchkiss went to that state in the spring of 1849.{{sfn|Mr. and Mrs. George W. Hotchkiss wedded sixty-six years|1923|page=747}} The 154-day sailing trip from the east coast involved going around Cape Horn, the southernmost tip of South America where the Atlantic and Pacific oceans meet.{{sfn|Mr. and Mrs. George W. Hotchkiss|1921|page=419}} The voyage ended in San Francisco with many other gold-seekers, who were known as "forty-niners". In California he worked as a clerk of a general store in Sacramento for about a year, then opened a trading post in the Greenwood Valley near Sacramento in early 1850.{{sfn|Hotchkiss|1898|page=xix}} In that year he was one of the signers of the petition for California statehood application.{{sfn|Mr. and Mrs. George W. Hotchkiss|1921|page=419}}

Hotchkiss in his own 1898 book History of the Lumber and Forest Industry of the Northwest gives a autobiographical account of his life in the 1850s. He explains that he returned to Connecticut late in 1850 with just 25 cents in his pocket. He was hoping to return to California, funded from the profits of an investment in a dam on the American River. The investment did not pay out and in early 1851 he went to Port Dover, Ontario, Canada, where he joined his brother-in-law Henry Wheeler as a lumber dealer serving the Albany, New York, market. He purchased Wheeler's business at Albany in 1855 and added grain commodities as a marketing product. He continued operating the business until 1862 when merchants of the United States were forced to halt any Canadian operations due to the ongoing American Civil War.{{sfn|Hotchkiss|1898|page=xix}}

Hotchkiss then went to Buffalo, New York, for a short break from business. He then took a job as the manager for a Buffalo-based company that had a barge line on the Great Lakes that operated to Saginaw, Michigan.{{sfn|Sources of Forest History|1976|loc= Editor's introduction, p. 150}} The firm out of Buffalo was Noyes & Reed, which had three rebuilt steamboats in its fleet of barges, which were used for hauling large quantities of lumber. Hotchkiss moved to nearby Bay City, Michigan, in late 1862.{{sfn|Hotchkiss|1898|page=xix}}

Railroad lines were soon built on the south side of Lake Erie; they took all of the lumber traffic and barges were no longer needed. In late 1863, Hotchkiss joined with Andrew H. Hunter to form Hunter & Hotchkiss, a lumber dealer (the firm later changed names a couple of times). Their successful business towed log booms from Tobico Bay and the Rifle River to Bay City to turn into lumber.{{sfn|Hotchkiss|1898|page=xix}} While living in Bay City, Hotchkiss was an alderman and town supervisor.{{sfn|Sources of Forest History|1976|loc= Editor's introduction, p. 150}} In 1866, Hotchkiss's company contracted to build a {{Convert|17|mile|km|adj=on|abbr=out}} plank road from Bay City to Midland, Michigan. They built a sawmill in the town of Williams, Michigan, about halfway between the two cities. The loss of two rafts of logs on Saginaw Bay and bad weather caused the company to go bankrupt.{{sfn|Hotchkiss|1898|page=xix}} Hotchkiss then established a sawmill and surrounding village in northern Michigan, but it was subsequently destroyed by a fire in 1874.{{sfn|Sources of Forest History|1976|loc= Editor's introduction, p. 150}}

In 1869, between some of his business efforts with lumber,{{sfn|Sources of Forest History|1976| loc= Editor's introduction, p. 150}} Hotchkiss took employment at the editorial department of the Saginaw Daily Courier, which was his first job in journalism.{{sfn|Marquis|1911|page=344}}{{sfn|Hotchkiss|1898|page=xx}} He was associated with another writer, Henry S. Dow,{{sfn|Sources of Forest History|1976|loc= Editor's introduction, p. 150}} and they started publishing the Lumberman's Gazette in 1872.{{sfn|Marquis|1911|page=344}}{{sfn|Hotchkiss|1898|page=xx}}{{sfn|Thackwell|1922|page=127}} It was the world's first journal dedicated to just the lumber industry.{{sfn|Mr. and Mrs. George W. Hotchkiss wedded sixty-six years|1923|page=747}}{{sfn|Rogers|1973|page=30}}{{sfn|Personal Paragraphs|1922|page=40}} As such, Hotchkiss was part of the initial set of lumber writers in America.{{sfn|Sources of Forest History|1976|loc= Editor's introduction, p. 149}} Hotchkiss became the Gazette{{'}}s editor in 1875.{{sfn|Industrial Chicago|1894|page=572}} He was also an editor for The Bay City Journal at intervals from 1871 to 1876.{{sfn|Flinn|1894|page=206}}

He went to Chicago in 1877 to work as an assistant editorial writer for the Northwestern Lumberman, where he prepared a Lumberman's Handbook of Inspection and Grading, which sold over 40,000 copies nationwide.{{sfn|Marquis|1911|page=344}}{{sfn|Hotchkiss|1898|page=xx}} (Early lumber journalism often focused on the manufacturing part of the lumber industry.{{sfn|Sources of Forest History|1976|loc= Editor's introduction, p. 149}}) The Lumberman's Exchange of Chicago, an influential group in the industry, elected Hotchkiss to the position of executive secretary in 1881, a post that he held until 1887. Together with Walter C. Wright, he bought the Lumber Trade Journal in 1887; although Hotchkiss was nominally president and editor of the publication for the next two decades, frequent ill health meant that Wright bore most of the management burden.{{sfn|Sources of Forest History|1976| loc= Editor's introduction, p. 150}}

Hotchkiss married Elizabeth St. John of Ellsworth, Connecticut, on August 18, 1856. They had a son and a daughter.{{sfn|Currey|1912|page=289}} In 1856 Hotchkiss joined and became very involved in the Masonic Order; he served as secretary in two of its chapters and was one of the Order's oldest members in Illinois. He was also a member and recorder of the Knights Templar. Hotchkiss was a Presbyterian and a member of the Second Presbyterian Church in Evanston, Illinois.{{sfn|George W. Hotchkiss, 1831-1926|1926|pp=270–271}}{{sfn|Currey|1912|page=290}}

Hotchkiss lived the last 48 years of his life in Evanston, Illinois.{{sfn|Mr. and Mrs. George W. Hotchkiss|1921|page=419}}{{sfn|Thackwell|1922|page=127}} There he managed the Evanston Press, a weekly publication. A Jeffersonian Democrat throughout his life, during the 1890s he was elected as both a supervisor and a justice of the peace in Evanston, which at the time was a town dominated by the Republican Party. He was secretary of the Illinois Lumber Dealers Association from 1891 to 1918.{{sfn|Sources of Forest History|1976|loc= Editor's introduction, p. 150}}

He retired a few years after a 78-year career as a lumberman, and has been considered the "father" of lumber periodicals in the lumber world since then.{{sfn|Mr. and Mrs. George W. Hotchkiss|1921|page=419}}{{sfn|Thackwell|1922|page=127}} In later life, Hotchkiss was said to be 'the oldest living lumber man' and the 'last of the 49ers'.{{sfn|Personal Paragraphs|1922|page=40}} On August 14, 1921, Hotchkiss, at the age of 90, and his wife celebrated their 65th wedding anniversary at their home in Evanston.{{sfn|Mr. and Mrs. George W. Hotchkiss|1921|page=419}} He died at the age of 94 on March 1, 1926.{{sfn|George W. Hotchkiss, 1831-1926|1926|pages=270–271}}

Hotchkiss had gathered at his home the last 16 of the original forty-niners. As a group they vowed to eulogized each other at each successive funeral when one died. Hotchkiss was the last to go and there was no one left to speak for him as he had outlived them all.{{cite news |date= March 2, 1926 |title=Last of the Forty Niners is dead|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/61203711/ |work=Sterling Daily Gazette|location= Sterling, Illinois|via=Newspapers.com |agency=United Press }}

One modern scholar assessing Hotchkiss's 1898 work calls it "a classic history of lumbering in the Midwest",{{sfn|Doherty|1990|page=41}} while another, in a survey of sources on the history of the lumber industry, says that it "is full of detail, but disjointed" and not as valuable as studies published in the mid-20th century and later.{{sfn|Cox|2010|page=514}}

{{reflist|30em}}

• {{cite book | author-last=Cox | author-first= Thomas R. | title=The Lumberman's Frontier: Three Centuries of Land Use, Society, and Change in America's Forests | publisher=Oregon State University Press | location=Corvallis, Oregon | year=2010 | url=https://muse.jhu.edu/chapter/267136 | via=Project Muse }}
• {{cite book|url= https://archive.org/details/chicagoitshisto02currgoog |title= Chicago: Its History |first= Josiah Seymour |last= Currey |publisher=S J Clarke Publishing Co. |date=1912}}
• {{cite book | author-last=Doherty | author-first=Robert | title=Disputed Waters: Native Americans and the Great Lakes Fishery | publisher=The University Press of Kentucky | location=Lexington, Kentucky | year=1990 | url=https://muse.jhu.edu/chapter/1519905 | via=Project Muse }}
• {{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Ho5QAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA206|title= Handbook of Chicago Biography |first=John Joseph |last=Flinn |publisher= Goodspeed Publishing Company|location= Madison, Wisconsin |date=1894}}
• {{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=THICXUqtRv4C&pg=PA572|title= Industrial Chicago: The manufacturing interests |publisher=Goodspeed Publishing Company|location= Madison, Wisconsin |date=1894 |ref = {{harvid|Industrial Chicago|1894 }} }}
• {{cite book|chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=uS0UAAAAYAAJ|title= Journal of Illinois State Historical Society |volume=19 |chapter= George W. Hotchkiss, 1831–1926 |publisher= Illinois State Historical Society|location=Chicago, Illinois |date=1926 |ref= {{harvid|George W. Hotchkiss, 1831-1926|1926}} }}
• {{cite book|url= https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt/search?q1=%22the%20first%20lumber%20journal%20of%20the%20world%22;id=mdp.39015007512042;view=1up;seq=21;start=1;sz=10;page=search;orient=0|title= History of the Lumber and Forest Industry of the Northwest |first= George W. |last= Hotchkiss |publisher= G.W. Hotchkiss & Company |location=Chicago|date=1898}}
• {{cite book|url= https://archive.org/details/bookchicagoansa00marqgoog |title= The Book of Chicagoans: A Biographical Dictionary of Leading Living Men of the City of Chicago |editor-first= Albert Nelson |editor-last= Marquis |publisher= A.N. Marquis & Company|date=1911}}
• {{cite book|chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=4UhIAAAAYAAJ |title=Journal Illinois State Historical Society |volume=14 |chapter= Mr. and Mrs. George W. Hotchkiss celebrate their sixtieth wedding anniversary|publisher= Illinois Historical Society|location= Ann Arbor, Michigan|date=1921 |ref = {{harvid|Mr. and Mrs. George W. Hotchkiss|1921}} }}
• {{cite book|chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ETAUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA747|title=Journal of Illinois State Historical Society |volume=15 |publisher= Illinois State Historical Society|location=Chicago, Illinois |date=1923 |chapter= Mr. and Mrs. George W. Hotchkiss wedded sixty-six years |ref = {{harvid|Mr. and Mrs. George W. Hotchkiss wedded sixty-six years|1923}} }}
• {{cite book|chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=vVxAAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA7-PA40|title= The Southern Lumberman |chapter= Personal Paragraphs|volume=107 |publisher= Greysmith Publishing Co|location= Franklin, Tennessee |date=1922 |ref = {{harvid|Personal Paragraphs|1922}} }}
• {{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=JIHhAAAAMAAJ|title=Lumberman's Gazette, America first lumber journal|first= David Laurence |last= Rogers|publisher=Michigan State University|location= Ann Arbor, Michigan|date=1973}}
• {{cite journal|date= 1976 |title= Sources of Forest History: The First Quarter Century of Lumber Journalism |url= https://www.jstor.org/stable/3983397 |journal= Journal of Forest History |volume= 20|issue= 3 |pages= 149–155 |doi= 10.2307/3983397 |jstor= 3983397 |s2cid= 163579108 |ref = {{harvid|Sources of Forest History|1976}} |last1= Hotchkiss |first1= George W. }}
• {{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=UzZAAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA127|title=The Southern Lumberman |volume=108 |first=Rhys G. |last= Thackwell |publisher=Greysmith Publishing Co.|location= Franklin, Tennessee |date=1922}}

{{commons}}

• {{cite book | editor-last=Flader | editor-first=Susan L. | year=1983 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gJ2Gz3LMCd0C | title=The Great Lakes Forest: An Environmental and Social History | publisher=University of Minnesota Press| isbn=9781452907949 }}
• {{cite book | author-last=Williams | author-first=Michael | year=1992 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HupJE8k4SnUC | title=Americans and their forests: A historical geography | publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn=9780521428378 | format=Paperback}}
• {{cite book | author-last=Dickmann | author-first=Donald I. | author2-last=Leefers | author2-first=Larry A.| year=2016 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PNvFDAAAQBAJ&q=hotchkiss | title=The Forests of Michigan | publisher=University of Michigan Press | isbn=9780472036530 | edition=Revised and Updated}}

• [https://search.lib.umich.edu/catalog/record/990027397710106381?library=Bentley+Historical+Library&query=george+w.+hotchkiss George W. Hotchkiss papers, 1857–1927 and undated] at the Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hotchkiss, George W.}}

Category:1831 births

Category:1926 deaths

Category:Writers from Evanston, Illinois

Category:People from Bay City, Michigan

Category:Businesspeople from New Haven, Connecticut

Category:People of the California Gold Rush

Category:Journalists from Illinois

Category:Journalists from Michigan

Category:19th-century American businesspeople

Category:American businesspeople in timber

Category:Jeffersonian democracy