Georgiana Simpson

{{Infobox academic

| honorific_prefix = Dr.

| name = Georgiana Rose Simpson

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| image = File:Georgiana Simpson.jpg

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| alt = Photograph of Simpson in 1921, wearing academic dress for her graduation from the University of Chicago

| caption = Simpson in 1921, wearing academic dress for her graduation from the University of Chicago

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| birth_date = 1865

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| death_date = {{death year and age|1944|1865}}

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| nationality = American

| period = 1915–1944

| occupation = Professor

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| discipline = Philologist

| sub_discipline = German language

| alma_mater = University of Chicago{{cite web|title=Future Intellectuals: Georgiana Simpson (AB 1911, PhD 1921)|url=https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/webexhibits/IntegratingTheLifeOfTheMind/GeorgianaSimpson.html|website=Integrating the Life of the Mind: African Americans at the University of Chicago 1870–1940.|publisher=Special Collections Research Center, University of Chicago|access-date=13 February 2016}}

| thesis_title = Herder's Conception of "Das Volk"

| thesis_year = 1921

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| workplaces = Howard University

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Georgiana Rose Simpson (1865–1944) was a philologist and the first African-American woman to receive a PhD in the United States. Simpson received her doctoral degree in German from the University of Chicago in 1921.

Early life and education

Simpson was born in Washington, D.C., on 31 March 1865, eldest daughter of David and Catherine Simpson, where she attended public school.{{cite book|last1=Jordan|first1=John H.|title=Black Americans 17th Century to 21st Century: Black Struggles and Successes|date=2013|publisher=Trafford Publishing|isbn=978-1-4907-1733-3|page=258}} She later received training to teach in city elementary schools at Miner Normal School in Washington, D.C., and started teaching in 1885.{{cite book|last1=Gates|first1=Henry Louis Jr.|title=Life Upon These Shores: Looking at African American History, 1513–2008|date=2011|publisher=Alfred A. Knopf|location=New York|isbn=978-0-307-59342-9|page=[https://archive.org/details/lifeuponthesesho00gate/page/267 267]|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/lifeuponthesesho00gate/page/267}}{{cite news|last1=Bowean|first1=Lolly|title=U. of C. statue gives black scholar her place in history|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/breaking/ct-met-simpson-statue-university-chicago-20171121-story.html|access-date=27 November 2017|work=chicagotribune.com|date=27 November 2017}} During this time, she taught within German immigrant communities. She was encouraged to continue learning and to formally study German in college by one of her former teachers, Dr. Lucy E. Moten.

Simpson enrolled at the University of Chicago in 1907, and received a bachelor of arts degree in German in 1911. To avoid the pervasive racism on campus, she finished her studies mainly through summer and correspondence courses. She completed her master's degree with her thesis, The Phonology of Merigarto which examined an early Middle High German poem. Simpson was also teaching at Dunbar High School (Washington, D.C.) during her post-graduate years. At age 55, she completed her dissertation, Herder's Conception of "Das Volk", and received her PhD in German on 14 June 1921.{{cite book|last1=May|first1=Vivian M.|title=Anna Julia Cooper, Visionary Black Feminist: A Critical Introduction|date=2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-91155-3|pages=18, 192}} Miss Simpson was a member of Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority Incorporated.{{Cite web |last=Beta |date=March 8, 2017 |title=Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated Beta Chapter |url=https://www.facebook.com/100064624274409/posts/757810407719634/ |access-date=June 11, 2024 |website=Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority, Incorporated Beta Chapter}}

Experience and contributions during segregation

File:Woolley-JudsonLetter.jpg

Simpson and her achievements have been discussed in the context of the civil rights movement during segregation. She experienced racial prejudice very early on in her enrollment at the University of Chicago, particularly in housing; that she was invited to reside in the women's dormitory was met with protest from white students.{{cite book|last1=Johnson|first1=Joan Marie|title=Southern Women at the Seven Sister Colleges: Feminist Values and Social Activism, 1875–1915|date=2010|publisher=University of Georgia Press|isbn=978-0-8203-3468-4|pages=104–105}} She was initially asked to leave the women's dormitory by Sophonisba Breckinridge, who headed the residence hall, but Simpson refused. Breckinridge reversed her decision so that Simpson could remain, but she was overruled by university president Harry Pratt Judson, who asked Simpson to leave, to which she complied.{{cite web|title=The Social Question – Round One|url=https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/webexhibits/IntegratingTheLifeOfTheMind/SocialQuestionRoundOne.html|website=Integrating the Life of the Mind: African Americans at the University of Chicago 1870–1940.|publisher=Special Collections Research Center, University of Chicago|access-date=13 February 2016}} Consequently, Simpson took her courses during the summer to avoid further racially motivated conflicts with the predominantly white, southern student body. Furthermore, a letter from the Frederick Douglass Centre was sent to President Judson condemning their action to remove Simpson:

{{quote|The case of Miss Simpson ... who upon your demand gave up her room there and sought quarters outside the campus, is one which has aroused deep interest and concern in and out of university circles.|author=Cecelia Woolley|source=in a letter to University of Chicago president, Harry Pratt Judson (1907).}}

Simpson was the first black woman to be awarded a doctoral degree in the United States.{{cite book |last1=Potter |first1=Joan |title=African American Firsts: Famous, Little-known and Unsung Triumphs of Blacks in America |date=2014 |publisher=Kensington Publishing Corp. |isbn=978-0-7582-9242-1 |edition=Fourth edition ; fully revised and updated. |pages=40–41}}{{cite web|last1=Gates|first1=Henry Louis|last2=Wolf|first2=Julie|title=Who Was the 1st Black Female Ph.D.?|url=http://www.theroot.com/articles/history/2015/03/_3_black_women_who_broke_barriers_in_academic_achievement.html|website=The Root|publisher=Univision Communications|access-date=14 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222002503/http://www.theroot.com/articles/history/2015/03/_3_black_women_who_broke_barriers_in_academic_achievement.html|archive-date=22 February 2016}} Simpson returned to Dunbar High School in Washington, D.C., to teach as most universities did not hire black women outside of home economics courses at this time.{{cite book |last1=Wilson |first1=Francille Rusan |author-link=Francille Wilson |title=The segregated scholars: Black social scientists and the creation of Black labor studies, 1890–1950 |date=2006 |publisher=Univ. of Virginia Press |isbn=0-8139-2550-9 |location=Charlottesville, VA |pages=113, 210}}

Simpson also wrote a letter to W. E. B. Du Bois in 1936 inquiring about an encyclopedic project and how she may contribute an article on the "Negro dialect" or on the "philosophy of Negro folk literature."{{cite web|title=Letter from Georgiana R. Simpson to W. E. B. Du Bois, March 26, 1936|url=http://credo.library.umass.edu/view/full/mums312-b080-i250|website=Special Collections and University Archives|publisher=University of Massachusetts Amherst Libraries|access-date=13 February 2016}} Her final major publication was a translation of a French work, detailing the biography of Toussaint L'Ouverture, the leader of the Haitian Revolution.

After leaving Dunbar High School, Simpson was a professor at Howard University, retiring in 1939.{{Cite web |date=2021-06-10 |title=100 years ago, Georgiana Simpson made history as the first Black woman to graduate with a Ph.D. {{!}} University of Chicago News |url=https://news.uchicago.edu/story/100-years-ago-georgiana-simpson-made-history-first-black-woman-graduate-phd |access-date=2024-05-21 |website=news.uchicago.edu |language=en}}

In 2017, the Monumental Women Project, co-founded by Asya Akca and Shae Omonijo, honored Simpson by commissioning a bust of her in the Reynolds Club at the University of Chicago, which was placed directly across from a relief that honors President Judson. Miss Simpson was a member of Alpha Kappa Alpha Sorority Incorporated. Miss Simpson marched in the 1913 Woman Suffrage Procession.{{Cite web |date=2024 |title=Biographical Sketch of Georgia Rose Simpson, 1864-1944 |url=https://documents.alexanderstreet.com/d/1010220402 |access-date=June 11, 2024 |website=Alexander Street}}