Gerald Gabrielse

Gabrielse attended Trinity Christian College and then Calvin College, graduating with a B.S. (honors) in 1973. He then completed his M.S. (1975) and Ph.D. (1980) in physics from the University of Chicago under Henry Gordon Berry. Gabrielse became a postdoc at the University of Washington in Seattle in 1978 under Hans Dehmelt,{{Cite web|title = Hans G. Dehmelt - Biographical|url = https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1989/dehmelt-bio.html|website = www.nobelprize.org|accessdate = 2015-11-14}} and joined the faculty in 1985. He became professor of physics at Harvard University in 1987, and the chair of Harvard's physics department in 2000.

In 2018, Gabrielse moved to Northwestern University, becoming the director of the newly created Center for Fundamental Physics at Low Energy.{{Cite web|title = Renowned Physicist Gerald Gabrielse To Join Northwestern: Northwestern University News|url = http://www.northwestern.edu/newscenter/stories/2015/11/physicist-gerald-gabrielse-to-join-northwestern-.html|website = www.northwestern.edu|accessdate = 2015-11-19|archive-date = 2016-07-29|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160729020937/http://www.northwestern.edu/newscenter/stories/2015/11/physicist-gerald-gabrielse-to-join-northwestern-.html|url-status = dead}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.weinberg.northwestern.edu/about/news/2015/meet-physicist-jerry-gabrielse-.html|title=Meet Physicist Jerry Gabrielse: Weinberg College - Northwestern University|last=|first=|date=|website=www.weinberg.northwestern.edu|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2018-07-30}} The center is the first of its kind to be dedicated to small-scale, tabletop fundamental physics experiments.{{Cite journal |last=Popkin |first=Gabriel |date=2018-01-10 |title=Step aside CERN: There's a cheaper way to break open physics |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=553 |issue=7687 |pages=142–144 |doi=10.1038/d41586-018-00106-5|bibcode=2018Natur.553..142P |doi-access=free }}

Gabrielse was a pioneer in the field of low energy antiproton and antihydrogen physics by proposing the trapping of antiprotons from a storage ring, cooling them in collisions with trapped electrons,{{Cite journal|title = Cooling and slowing of trapped antiprotons below 100 meV|journal = Physical Review Letters|date = 1989-09-25|pages = 1360–1363|volume = 63|issue = 13|doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.63.1360|first1 = G.|last1 = Gabrielse|first2 = X.|last2 = Fei|first3 = L. A.|last3 = Orozco|first4 = R. L.|last4 = Tjoelker|first5 = J.|last5 = Haas|first6 = H.|last6 = Kalinowsky|first7 = T. A.|last7 = Trainor|first8 = W.|last8 = Kells|bibcode = 1989PhRvL..63.1360G|pmid=10040547}} and the use of these to form low energy antihydrogen atoms.{{cite web|title=Erice Proposal|last=Gabrielse|first=G.|url=http://gabrielse.physics.harvard.edu/gabrielse/papers/1987/Erice.pdf|access-date=2013-07-22|archive-date=2014-04-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140423041318/http://gabrielse.physics.harvard.edu/gabrielse/papers/1987/Erice.pdf|url-status=dead}} He led the TRAP team that realized the first antiproton trapping,{{Cite journal|title = First Capture of Antiprotons in a Penning Trap: A Kiloelectronvolt Source|journal = Physical Review Letters|date = 1986-11-17|pages = 2504–2507|volume = 57|issue = 20|doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.57.2504|first1 = G.|last1 = Gabrielse|first2 = X.|last2 = Fei|first3 = K.|last3 = Helmerson|first4 = S. L.|last4 = Rolston|first5 = R.|last5 = Tjoelker|first6 = T. A.|last6 = Trainor|first7 = H.|last7 = Kalinowsky|first8 = J.|last8 = Haas|first9 = W.|last9 = Kells|bibcode = 1986PhRvL..57.2504G|pmid=10033784|url = https://cds.cern.ch/record/679960}} the first electron cooling of trapped antiprotons, and the accumulation of antiprotons in a 4 Kelvin apparatus.{{cite journal|last=Gabrielse|first=G.|title=Extremely Cold Antiprotons|journal=Scientific American|date=December 1992|volume=267 |issue=6 |page=78|doi=10.1038/scientificamerican1292-78 |bibcode=1992SciAm.267f..78G }} The demonstrations and methods made possible an effort that grew to involve 4 international collaborations of physicists working at CERN's Antiproton Decelerator. In 1999, Gabrielse's TRAP team made the most precise test of the Standard Model's fundamental CPT theorem by comparing the charge-to-mass ratio of a single trapped antiproton with that of a proton to a precision of 9 parts in 10¹¹.{{Cite journal|title = Precision Mass Spectroscopy of the Antiproton and Proton Using Simultaneously Trapped Particles|journal = Physical Review Letters|date = 1999-04-19|pages = 3198–3201|volume = 82|issue = 16|doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.82.3198|first1 = G.|last1 = Gabrielse|first2 = A.|last2 = Khabbaz|first3 = D. S.|last3 = Hall|first4 = C.|last4 = Heimann|first5 = H.|last5 = Kalinowsky|first6 = W.|last6 = Jhe|bibcode = 1999PhRvL..82.3198G }} The precision of the resulting confirmation of the Standard Model prediction exceeded that of earlier comparisons by nearly a factor of 10⁶.

Gabrielse now leads the ATRAP team at CERN, one of the two teams that first produced slow antihydrogen atoms and suspended them in a magnetic trap.{{Cite journal|title = Background-Free Observation of Cold Antihydrogen with Field-Ionization Analysis of Its States|journal = Physical Review Letters|date = 2002-10-31|pages = 213401|volume = 89|issue = 21|doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.213401|first2 = N. S.|last2 = Bowden|first3 = P.|last3 = Oxley|first4 = A.|last4 = Speck|first5 = C. H.|last5 = Storry|first6 = J. N.|last6 = Tan|first7 = M.|last7 = Wessels|first8 = D.|last8 = Grzonka|last1 = Gabrielse|first1 = G.|bibcode = 2002PhRvL..89u3401G|pmid=12443407|url =https://cds.cern.ch/record/977774/files/PhysRevLett.89.213401.pdf }}{{Cite journal|title = Trapped Antihydrogen in Its Ground State|journal = Physical Review Letters|date = 2012-03-16|pages = 113002|volume = 108|issue = 11|doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.113002|first3 = W. S.|last3 = Kolthammer|first4 = R.|last4 = McConnell|first5 = P.|last5 = Richerme|first6 = D.|last6 = Grzonka|first7 = W.|last7 = Oelert|first8 = T.|last8 = Sefzick|last1 = Gabrielse|first1 = G.|last2 = Kalra|first2 = R.|arxiv = 1201.2717 |bibcode = 2012PhRvL.108k3002G|pmid=22540471| s2cid=1480649 }} Both TRAP and ATRAP teams used trapped antiprotons within a nested Penning trap device to produce antihydrogen atoms slow enough to be trapped in a magnetic trap. The team made the first one-particle comparison of the magnetic moments of a single proton and a single antiproton.{{Cite journal|title = Direct Measurement of the Proton Magnetic Moment|journal = Physical Review Letters|date = 2012-04-10|pages = 153001|volume = 108|issue = 15|doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.153001|pmid = 22587247|first1 = J.|last1 = DiSciacca|first2 = G.|last2 = Gabrielse|arxiv = 1201.3038 |bibcode = 2012PhRvL.108o3001D | s2cid=18621981 }}{{Cite journal|title = One-Particle Measurement of the Antiproton Magnetic Moment|journal = Physical Review Letters|date = 2013-03-25|pages = 130801|volume = 110|issue = 13|doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.110.130801|first2 = M.|last2 = Marshall|first3 = K.|last3 = Marable|first4 = G.|last4 = Gabrielse|first5 = S.|last5 = Ettenauer|first6 = E.|last6 = Tardiff|first7 = R.|last7 = Kalra|first8 = D. W.|last8 = Fitzakerley|last1 = DiSciacca|first1 = J.|bibcode = 2013PhRvL.110m0801D|pmid=23581304|arxiv = 1301.6310| s2cid=14943420 }} Their comparison, to a precision of 5 parts per million, was 680 times more precision than previous measurements.{{Cite web|title = Physicists Measure Magnetic Moment of Single Antimatter Particle {{!}} Physics {{!}} Sci-News.com|url = http://www.sci-news.com/physics/article00962.html|website = www.sci-news.com|accessdate = 2015-11-20}}

Gabrielse's group has been known to perform the most precise measurements of the electron magnetic moment by using a single trapped electron. These measurements are the most precise measurements of any single particle and are among the most stringent tests of the Standard Model.{{Cite web |last=Wilkins |first=Alex |title=Physicists made the most precise measurement ever of a single particle |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2342273-physicists-made-the-most-precise-measurement-ever-of-a-single-particle/ |access-date=2023-03-16 |website=New Scientist |language=en-US}} Using the theory of quantum electrodynamics, a measurement of the electron magnetic moment can also be interpreted as a measurement of the fine structure constant.{{Cite journal |last1=Gabrielse |first1=G. |last2=Hanneke |first2=D. |last3=Kinoshita |first3=T. |last4=Nio |first4=M. |last5=Odom |first5=B. |date=2006-07-17 |title=New Determination of the Fine Structure Constant from the Electron $g$ Value and QED |url=https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.030802 |journal=Physical Review Letters |volume=97 |issue=3 |pages=030802 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.030802|pmid=16907491 |bibcode=2006PhRvL..97c0802G |s2cid=763602 |url-access=subscription }} In 2006, the group made its first measurement with an uncertainty of 0.76 parts per trillion,{{Cite journal|title = New Measurement of the Electron Magnetic Moment Using a One-Electron Quantum Cyclotron|journal = Physical Review Letters|date = 2006-07-17|pages = 030801|volume = 97|issue = 3|doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.030801|first1 = B.|last1 = Odom|first2 = D.|last2 = Hanneke|first3 = B.|last3 = D’Urso|first4 = G.|last4 = Gabrielse|bibcode = 2006PhRvL..97c0801O|pmid=16907490}} which was 15 times more precise than a measurement that had stood for about 20 years.{{Cite journal|title = Gyromagnetic ratio of a lone trapped electron is measured to better than a part per trillion|journal = Physics Today|date = 2006-08-01|issn = 0031-9228|pages = 15–17|volume = 59|issue = 8|doi = 10.1063/1.2349714|first = Bertram|last = Schwarzschild|bibcode = 2006PhT....59h..15S }} This measurement was improved two years later by a factor of 2.{{Cite journal |last1=Hanneke |first1=D. |last2=Fogwell |first2=S. |last3=Gabrielse |first3=G. |date=2008-03-26 |title=New Measurement of the Electron Magnetic Moment and the Fine Structure Constant |journal=Physical Review Letters |volume=100 |issue=12 |pages=120801 |arxiv=0801.1134 |bibcode=2008PhRvL.100l0801H |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.120801 |pmid=18517850 |s2cid=2216271}} In 2023, the team improved upon the 2008 uncertainty by another factor of 2.{{Cite journal |last1=Fan |first1=X. |last2=Myers |first2=T. G. |last3=Sukra |first3=B. A. D. |last4=Gabrielse |first4=G. |date=2023-02-13 |title=Measurement of the Electron Magnetic Moment |url=https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.130.071801 |journal=Physical Review Letters |volume=130 |issue=7 |pages=071801 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.130.071801|pmid=36867820 |arxiv=2209.13084 |bibcode=2023PhRvL.130g1801F |s2cid=123962197 }}

In 2014, Gabrielse, as part of the ACME collaboration with John Doyle at Harvard and David DeMille at Yale, measured the electron electric dipole moment to over an order of magnitude over the previous measurement using a beam of thorium monoxide,{{Cite journal|title = Order of Magnitude Smaller Limit on the Electric Dipole Moment of the Electron|journal = Science|date = 2014-01-17|issn = 0036-8075|pmid = 24356114|pages = 269–272|volume = 343|issue = 6168|doi = 10.1126/science.1248213|first1 = The ACME|last1 = Collaboration|first2 = J.|last2 = Baron|first3 = W. C.|last3 = Campbell|first4 = D.|last4 = DeMille|first5 = J. M.|last5 = Doyle|first6 = G.|last6 = Gabrielse|first7 = Y. V.|last7 = Gurevich|first8 = P. W.|last8 = Hess|first9 = N. R.|last9 = Hutzler|bibcode = 2014Sci...343..269B|arxiv = 1310.7534| s2cid=564518 }} a result which had implications for the viability of supersymmetry.{{Cite web|title = 'Perfect' Electron Roundness Bruises Supersymmetry : DNews|url = http://news.discovery.com/space/perfect-electron-roundness-bruises-supersymmetry-131219.htm|website = DNews|accessdate = 2015-11-14|archive-date = 2015-11-17|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151117035017/http://news.discovery.com/space/perfect-electron-roundness-bruises-supersymmetry-131219.htm|url-status = dead}} In 2018, the ACME collaboration improved upon this upper limit by another order of magnitude.{{Cite journal |last1=Andreev |first1=V. |last2=Ang |first2=D. G. |last3=DeMille |first3=D. |last4=Doyle |first4=J. M. |last5=Gabrielse |first5=G. |last6=Haefner |first6=J. |last7=Hutzler |first7=N. R. |last8=Lasner |first8=Z. |last9=Meisenhelder |first9=C. |last10=O’Leary |first10=B. R. |last11=Panda |first11=C. D. |last12=West |first12=A. D. |last13=West |first13=E. P. |last14=Wu |first14=X. |last15=ACME Collaboration |date=2018-10-17 |title=Improved limit on the electric dipole moment of the electron |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0599-8 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=562 |issue=7727 |pages=355–360 |doi=10.1038/s41586-018-0599-8 |pmid=30333583 |bibcode=2018Natur.562..355A |s2cid=186242690 |issn=1476-4687}}

Gabrielse was also one of the discoverers of the Brown-Gabrielse invariance theorem,{{Cite journal|title = Precision spectroscopy of a charged particle in an imperfect Penning trap|journal = Physical Review A|date = 1982-04-01|pages = 2423–2425|volume = 25|issue = 4|doi = 10.1103/PhysRevA.25.2423|first1 = Lowell S.|last1 = Brown|first2 = Gerald|last2 = Gabrielse|bibcode = 1982PhRvA..25.2423B |url=https://cfp.physics.northwestern.edu/documents/InvarianceTheorem.pdf }} relating the free space cyclotron frequency to the measureable eigenfrequencies of an imperfect Penning trap. The theorem's applications include precise measurements of magnetic moments and precise mass spectrometry.{{Cite journal|title = The true cyclotron frequency for particles and ions in a Penning trap|journal = International Journal of Mass Spectrometry|date = 2009-01-15|pages = 107–112|volume = 279|issue = 2–3|doi = 10.1016/j.ijms.2008.10.015|first = G.|last = Gabrielse|bibcode = 2009IJMSp.279..107G |url=https://cfp.physics.northwestern.edu/documents/TrueCyclotronFrequency.pdf}} It also makes sideband mass spectrometry possible, a standard tool of nuclear physics.{{Cite journal|title = Why Is Sideband Mass Spectrometry Possible with Ions in a Penning Trap?|journal = Physical Review Letters|date = 2009-04-27|pages = 172501|volume = 102|issue = 17|doi = 10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.172501|first = G.|last = Gabrielse|bibcode = 2009PhRvL.102q2501G|pmid=19518777| s2cid=32016734 }}

Gabrielse has also invented a self-shielding superconducting solenoid that uses flux conservation and a carefully chosen geometry of coupled coils to cancel strong field fluctuations due to external sources. The device was responsible for the success of the precise comparison of antiproton and proton, and also enables magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) systems to locate changing magnetic fields from external sources, such as elevators.{{Cite journal|title = Self-shielding superconducting solenoid systems|journal = Journal of Applied Physics|date = 1988-05-15|issn = 0021-8979|pages = 5143–5148|volume = 63|issue = 10|doi = 10.1063/1.340416|first1 = G.|last1 = Gabrielse|first2 = J.|last2 = Tan|bibcode = 1988JAP....63.5143G |url=https://cfp.physics.northwestern.edu/documents/SolenoidDesign.pdf }}

Gabrielse identifies himself as a scientist who is Reformed Christian. In an interview, he said:

I do not believe that science and the Bible are in conflict. However, it is possible to misunderstand the Bible and to misunderstand science. It is important to figure out what of each might be misunderstood.

• On an episode of Late Night with Conan O'Brien that aired on February 21, 2007, Jim Carrey and Conan O'Brien humorously discussed content from a paper entitled, "Stochastic Phase-Switching of a Parametrically-Driven Electron in a Penning Trap".{{cite web |title=Stochastic Phase-Switching of a Parametrically-Driven Electron in a Penning Trap |url=http://gabrielse.physics.harvard.edu/gabrielse/papers/1999/DoubleWell.pdf |author=L.J. Lapidus, D. Enzer and G. Gabrielse |date=1999-08-02 |work=Physical Review Letters, vol. 83 no. 5, 899 |access-date=2013-07-22 |archive-date=2015-11-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117030429/http://gabrielse.physics.harvard.edu/gabrielse/papers/1999/DoubleWell.pdf |url-status=dead }} Gerald Gabrielse said that it was 'perhaps the most obscure paper I've ever written'.{{Cite web|title = APS: Prime-time physics : In The Field|url = http://blogs.nature.com/inthefield/2007/04/primetime_physics.html|website = blogs.nature.com|accessdate = 2015-11-14}}
• Working at CERN, Gabrielse trapped the first antiprotons in 1986. Dan Brown's subsequent novel Angels & Demons, and the movie made from it, use antimatter trapped at CERN as an important plot point.{{Cite web |last=Hsu |first=Jeremy |date=2009-05-13 |title=The Truth about Angels, Demons and Antimatter |url=https://www.livescience.com/3593-truth-angels-demons-antimatter.html |access-date=2023-11-01 |website=livescience.com |language=en}}

• Fellow of the American Physical Society (1992){{Cite web |title=APS Fellow Archive |url=http://www.aps.org/programs/honors/fellowships/archive-all.cfm |access-date=2023-11-01 |website=www.aps.org |language=en}}
• Distinguished Alumnus Award, Trinity College (1999){{Cite web |title=Past Alumni Of The Year (Technical) |url=https://www.trnty.edu/past-alumni-of-the-year-technical/ |access-date=2023-11-01 |website=Trinity Christian College |language=en-US}}
• Levenson Prize for Excellence in the Education of Undergraduates, Harvard University (2000)
• Davisson–Germer Prize of the American Physical Society (2002){{Cite web|title = Prize Recipient|url = http://www.aps.org/programs/honors/prizes/prizerecipient.cfm?last_nm=Gabrielse&first_nm=Gerald&year=2002|website = www.aps.org|accessdate = 2015-11-14}}
• George Ledlie Prize, Harvard University (2004){{Cite web |last=Office |first=Ken Gewertz Harvard News |date=2004-04-22 |title=George Ledlie Prize goes to physicist Gerald Gabrielse |url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2004/04/george-ledlie-prize-goes-to-physicist-gerald-gabrielse/ |access-date=2023-11-01 |website=Harvard Gazette |language=en-US}}
• Humboldt Research Award, Germany (2005)
• Distinguished Alumni Award, Calvin College (2006){{Cite web |title=Distinguished Alumni Award: Gerald Gabrielse '73 |url=http://www.calvin.edu/publications/spark/2006/fall/gabrielse-gerald.htm |accessdate=2015-11-14 |website=www.calvin.edu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303173543/http://www.calvin.edu/publications/spark/2006/fall/gabrielse-gerald.htm |archive-date=2016-03-03 }}
• Inducted into the National Academy of Sciences (2007){{Cite web|title = Gerald Gabrielse|url = http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/members/3013256.html|website = www.nasonline.org|accessdate = 2015-11-14}}
• Källén Lecturer, Lund, Sweden (2007)
• William H. Zachariasen Lecturer at the University of Chicago (2007-2008){{Cite web |title=Zachariasen Memorial Lectures {{!}} Department of Physics {{!}} The University of Chicago |url=https://physics.uchicago.edu/events/zachariasen-memorial-lectures/ |access-date=2023-11-01 |website=physics.uchicago.edu}}
• Poincaré Lecturer, Paris (2007){{Citation |last=Gabrielse |first=Gerald |title=Probing a Single Isolated Electron: New Measurements of the Electron Magnetic Moment and the Fine Structure Constant |date=2009 |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7643-8799-0_4 |work=The Spin: Poincaré Seminar 2007 |pages=105–145 |editor-last=Duplantier |editor-first=Bertrand |access-date=2023-11-09 |series=Progress in Mathematical Physics |place=Basel |publisher=Birkhäuser |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-7643-8799-0_4 |isbn=978-3-7643-8799-0 |editor2-last=Raimond |editor2-first=Jean-Michel |editor3-last=Rivasseau |editor3-first=Vincent}}{{Cite web |title=Séminaire Bourbaphy |url=http://www.bourbaphy.fr/decembre2007.html |access-date=2023-11-09 |website=www.bourbaphy.fr}}
• Premio Caterina Tomassoni and Felice Pietro Chisesi Prize, Italy (2008){{Cite web |title=Tomassoni Chisesi Prize {{!}} Dipartimento di Fisica |url=https://www.phys.uniroma1.it/fisica/node/10215 |access-date=2023-11-01 |website=www.phys.uniroma1.it}}
• Julius Edgar Lilienfeld Prize of the American Physical Society (2011){{Cite web |title=Prize Recipient |url=http://www.aps.org/programs/honors/prizes/prizerecipient.cfm |access-date=2023-11-01 |website=www.aps.org |language=en}}
• Trotter Prize, Texas A&M University (2013)
• Norman F. Ramsey Prize in Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics, and in Precision Tests of Fundamental Laws and Symmetries (2024){{Cite web |title=Prize Recipient |url=http://www.aps.org/programs/honors/prizes/prizerecipient.cfm |access-date=2023-10-28 |website=www.aps.org |language=en}}

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• [https://inspirehep.net/author/profile/G.Gabrielse.1 Scientific publications of Gerald Gabrielse] on INSPIRE-HEP

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Category:21st-century American physicists

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