German Samoa

{{See also|Samoan Civil War|Samoan crisis|Second Samoan Civil War|Siege of Apia}}

In 1855, J. C. Godeffroy & Sohn expanded its trading business into the Pacific following negotiations by August Unshelm, Godeffroy's agent in Valparaíso. He sailed out to the Samoan Islands, which were then known as the Navigator Islands. During the second half of the 19th century, German influence in Samoa expanded with large scale plantation operations being introduced for coconut, cacao and hevea rubber cultivation, especially on the island of 'Upolu where German firms monopolised copra and cocoa bean processing.

The trading operations of J. C. Godeffroy & Sohn extended to islands in the Central Pacific.{{cite web| last = Masterman| first = Sylvia |title= The Origins of International Rivalry in Samoa: 1845–1884, Chapter ii. The Godeffroy Firm|publisher= George Allen and Unwin Ltd, London NZETC |page=63|year =1934|url= http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-MasOrig-t1-body1-d4-d2.html| access-date=15 April 2013}} In 1865, a trading captain acting on behalf of J. C. Godeffroy & Sohn obtained a 25-year lease to the eastern islet of Niuoku of Nukulaelae Atoll.{{cite book |author1=Suamalie N.T. Iosefa |author2=Doug Munro |author3=Niko Besnier | title=Tala O Niuoku, Te: the German Plantation on Nukulaelae Atoll 1865-1890 | year= 1991 | publisher= Institute of Pacific Studies |isbn=9820200733}} J. C. Godeffroy und Sohn was taken over in 1879 by Handels-und Plantagen-Gesellschaft der Südsee-Inseln zu Hamburg (DHPG). Competition in the trading operations in the Central Pacific came from Ruge, Hedemann & Co, established in 1875, which was succeeded by H. M. Ruge and Company until that firm failed in about 1887.{{cite book |editor1-first= Hugh |editor1-last=Laracy |title= Tuvalu: A History |year= 1983 |publisher= Institute of Pacific Studies, University of the South Pacific and Government of Tuvalu |pages=196–197|chapter=The ‘Ownership’ of Niulakita, 1880-1896 }}

Tensions caused in part by the conflicting interests of the German traders and plantation owners and British business enterprises and American business interests led to the first Samoan Civil War. The war was fought roughly between 1886 and 1894, primarily between Samoans though the German military intervened on several occasions. The United States and the United Kingdom opposed the German activity which led to a confrontation in Apia Harbour in 1887.{{cite book |last=Stevenson |first=Robert Louis |title=A Footnote to History: Eight Years of Trouble in Samoa|year=1892|publisher=BiblioBazaar |isbn=1-4264-0754-8}}

In 1899 after the Second Samoan Civil War, the Samoan Islands were divided by the three involved powers. The Samoa Tripartite Convention gave control of the islands west of 171 degrees west longitude to Germany, the eastern islands to the United States (present-day American Samoa) and the United Kingdom was compensated with other territories in the Pacific and West Africa.

File:Hafen von Saluafata.jpg, 1908), 10 miles east of Apia]]

During the colonial years new companies were formed to greatly expand agricultural activities which in turn increased tax revenues for public works that further stimulated economic growth; "...over all, the period of German rule was the most progressive, economically, that the country has experienced."Davidson, Samoa mo Samoa, p. 82 J. C. Godeffroy, as the leading trading and plantation company on Samoa, maintained communications among its various subdivisions and branches and the home base at Hamburg with its own fleet of ships.Washausen, Hamburg und die Kolonialpolitik des Deutschen Reiches, p. 56 Since the Samoan cultural envelope did not include "labor for hire," the importation of Chinese (coolie) laborers (and to a lesser extent Melanesians from New Guinea working for DHPG) was implemented,Spoehr, White Falcon, p. 40-42 and "...by 1914 over 2,000 Chinese were in the colony, providing an effective labor force for the [German] plantations."Davidson, p. 77

Major plantation enterprises on Samoa:

• J. C. Godeffroy & Son (superseded as Deutsche Handels und Plantagen Gesellschaft or DHPG)
• Deutsche Samoa Gesellschaft
• Safata-Samoa-Gesellschaft
• Samoa Kautschuk Kompagnie

File:Raising the German flag at Mulinu'u, Samoa 1900 photo AJ Tattersall.jpg, 1900 (photo by Alfred James Tattersall)]]

File:Group Wilhelm Solf, C H Mills, Mata'afa Iosefa - Samoa 1903.jpg (wearing peaked cap), New Zealand parliamentarian Charles H. Mills and paramount chief Mata'afa Iosefo during a visit by Mills to German Samoa, 1903]]

File:Bundesarchiv Bild 137-31813, Samoa, Dr. Wilhelm Solf.jpg

The German colonial period lasted for 14 years and officially began with the raising of the imperial flag on 1 March 1900. Wilhelm Solf became the first governor.

In its political relations with the Samoan people, Solf's government showed similar qualities of intelligence and care as in the economic arena.Davidson, p. 78 He skillfully grafted Samoan institutions into the new system of colonial government by the acceptance of native customs.Lewthwaite, in Western Samoa, p. 130 Solf himself learned many of the customs and rituals important to the Samoan people, observing cultural etiquette including the ceremonial drinking of kava.{{cite book

|url= https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-RowSamo-t1-front1-d9.html

|via=NZETC

|title=Samoa Under the Sailing Gods

|first=Newton A

|last=Rowe

|page=11

|publisher=Putnam

|year=1930

|access-date=25 February 2010

}}

"German rule brought peace and order for the first time. ... Authority, in the person of the governor, became paternal, fair, and absolute. Berlin was far away; there was no cable or radio."McKay, Samoana, p. 18 The German administrators inherited a system by which some two hundred leading Samoans held various public offices. Over the years, rivalries for these positions, as well as appointments by colonial officials created tensions that dissident matai (chiefs) gathered together into a militant movement to eventually march armed on Apia in 1909. Governor Solf met the Samoans, his resolute personality persuaded them to return home. However, political agitation continued to simmer, several warships arrived and Solf's patience came to an end. He had ten of the leaders, including their wives, children and retainers, in all 72 souls, deported to Saipan in the German Mariana Islands, in effect terminating the revolt.McKay, p. 20

Energetic efforts by colonial administrators established the first public school system; a hospital was built and staffed and enlarged as needed.Samoanisches Gouvernementsblatt, Apia, 20 March 1909 Of all colonial possessions of the European powers in the Pacific, German Samoa was by far the best-roaded;Lewthwaite, p. 153 all roads up until 1942 had been constructed under German direction. The imperial grants from the Berlin treasury which had marked the first eight years of German rule were no longer needed after 1908. Samoa had become a self-supporting colony.Schultz-Naumann, Unter Kaisers Flagge, p. 163, the only other German protectorate in this category was Togoland Wilhelm Solf left Samoa in 1910 to be appointed Colonial Secretary at Berlin; he was succeeded as governor by Erich Schultz, the former chief justice in the protectorate. The Germans built the Telefunken Railroad from Apia onto the Mount Vaea for transporting building materials for the 120 m high mast of their Telefunken wireless station, which was inaugurated as planned on 1 August 1914, just a few days after the beginning of World War I.{{cite news |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/ESD19140803.2.44.15 |title=THE GERMAN PACIFIC FLEET. |work=Evening Star |date=3 August 1914 |access-date=16 August 2021 |via=Papers Past}}

The German colonial administrator used the former home of writer Robert Louis Stevenson as a residence; the building is now the Robert Louis Stevenson Museum.{{Cite web|title=Robert Louis Stevenson Museum|url=http://www.atlasobscura.com/places/robert-louis-stevenson-museum|access-date=2021-05-16|website=Atlas Obscura|language=en}}

Germany did not experience similar levels of violent anti-colonial resistance in Samoa as it did in Southwest Africa, Cameroon, or East Africa.{{Cite journal |last=Fitzpatrick |first=Matthew P. |date=2023 |title='Renegade' Resistance and Colonial Rule in German Samoa |journal=The Journal of Pacific History |volume=58 |issue=4 |pages=325–347 |language=en |doi=10.1080/00223344.2023.2212591 |issn=0022-3344|doi-access=free }} However, there were anti-colonial resistance movements in Samoa, such as the elite-led Oloa and Mau a Pule movements, and youth movements against German colonial rule.

File:Occupation of German-Samoa 1914.jpg being hoisted at a building in Apia, 30 August 1914]]

{{Main|Occupation of German Samoa}}

Other than native Samoan police, Germany had no armed forces stationed in the islands. The small gunboat SMS Geier and the unarmed survey ship Planet were assigned to the so-called "Australian Station" (encompassing all German South Seas protectorates, not the British dominion Australia), but Geier never reached Samoa.At the outbreak of World War I, the gunboat was in transit from German East Africa to German New Guinea and met the light cruiser SMS Emden. Geier initially stayed on station in the German Caroline Islands, but the 20-year-old 'orphan' ship had no military value as a naval combatant and was short on coal and provisions. She proceeded in October 1914 to Honolulu in the United States Territory of Hawaii. Shadowed by the Japanese, she was interned. With United States entry into the war in April 1917, Geier was confiscated, renamed USS Schurz and operated by the United States Navy until 1918, when she sank after a collision mishap off the North Carolina coast.[http://freepages.military.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~cacunithistories/USS_St_Louis.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722054644/http://freepages.military.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~cacunithistories/USS_St_Louis.html|date=2011-07-22}}

British-born Herbert Morley, who was in business in Samoa in 1914, sent a letter dated 27 July 1914, where he tells of six German warships docking off Samoa. The letter was publicized in the Keighley News on 17 November 1914.{{Cite web|title=This week in WW1. 17th November — 23rd November 1914|url=http://www.wilsdenparishcouncil.gov.uk/wilsden-harecroft-2/this-week-in-ww1-2/164-17th-november-23rd-november-1914|access-date=2021-01-12|website=www.wilsdenparishcouncil.gov.uk|archive-date=2021-01-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116080827/http://www.wilsdenparishcouncil.gov.uk/wilsden-harecroft-2/this-week-in-ww1-2/164-17th-november-23rd-november-1914|url-status=dead}} Keighley News, 21 November 1914 (Keighley News Archives, accessed via Bradford libraries website).

At the behest of the United Kingdom the colony was invaded unopposed on the morning of 29 August 1914 by troops of the Samoa Expeditionary Force. Vice Admiral Count Maximilian von Spee of the East Asia Squadron gained knowledge of the occupation and hastened to Samoa with the armored cruisers SMS Scharnhorst and SMS Gneisenau, arriving off Apia on 14 September 1914. He determined however that a landing would only be of temporary advantage in an Allied dominated sea and the cruisers departed.The ships inflicted some damage at Papeete, Tahiti and then rejoined the squadron en route to South America New Zealand occupied the German colony through to 1920, then governed the islands until independence in 1962 as a League of Nations Class C Mandatedate of ratification by the League of Nations was 10 January 1920; Class C mandates were designed for populations considered incapable of self-government at first and then as a United Nations Trust Territory after 1946.

{{Main|Armorial of Germany#Colonies}}

In 1914, a series of drafts were made for proposed coats of arms and flags for the German colonies, including German Samoa. However, World War I broke out before the designs were finished, and the symbols were never used. Following its defeat in the war, Germany lost all its colonies, so the coats of arms and flags became unnecessary.

{{Portal|History}}

• Germany–Samoa relations
• History of Samoa
• List of colonial governors of Samoa
• Falemata'aga - Museum of Samoa

{{Reflist}}

• {{Cite book |last=Davidson |first=J. W. |url=https://www.fulcrum.org/concern/monographs/ms35t891f |title=Samoa mo Samoa: the emergence of the independent state of Western Samoa |date=1967 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-550060-8 |location=Melbourne |lccn=68079458 |oclc=458233 |hdl=2027/heb03584.0001.001}}
• {{Cite book |last=Kolonialgesellschaft |first=Deutsche |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WoVPAQAAMAAJ |title=Kleiner deutscher Kolonialatlas |date=1898 |publisher=Dietrich Reimer |location=Berlin |language=de |oclc=37420819}}
• {{Cite book |last=Gerlach |first=Hans-Henning |title=Deutsche Kolonien und deutsche Kolonialpolitik |last2=Birken |first2=Andreas |date=2001 |publisher=Philathek-Verlag |isbn=978-3-931753-26-9 |volume=4: Südsee und die deutsche Seepost: Atlas, Handbuch, Katalog der postalischen Entwertungen |location=Königsbronn |oclc=49909546}}
• {{Cite book |last=Graudenz |first=Karlheinz |title=Die deutschen Kolonien: Geschichte der deutschen Schutzgebiete in Wort, Bild und Karte |last2=Schindler |first2=Hanns Michael |date=1995 |publisher=Weltbild Verlag |isbn=978-3-89350-701-6 |edition=7th |location=Augsburg |oclc=35565218}}
• {{Cite book |last=Lewthwaite |first=Gordon R. |title=Western Samoa: land, life and agriculture in tropical Polynesia |date=1962 |publisher=Whitcombe & Tombs |editor-last=Cumberland |editor-first=Kenneth B. |location=Christchurch, N.Z. |chapter=Life, Land and Agriculture to Mid-Century |lccn=64003687 |oclc=512636 |editor-last2=Fox |editor-first2=James W.}}
• {{Cite book |last=McKay |first=Cyril Gilbert Reeves |title=Samoana, A Personal Story of the Samoan Islands |date=1968 |publisher=Reed Publishing |location=Wellington, N.Z. |lccn=77409684 |oclc=32790}}
• {{Cite book |last=Schultz-Naumann |first=Joachim |title=Unter Kaisers Flagge: Deutschlands Schutzgebiete im Pazifik und in China einst und heute |date=1985 |publisher=Universitas |isbn=978-3-8004-1094-1 |location=München |language=de |trans-title=Under the Kaiser's Flag, Germany's Protectorates in the Pacific and in China then and today |oclc=14130501}}
• {{Cite book |last=Ryden |first=George Herbert |title=The foreign policy of the United States in relation to Samoa |date=1975 |publisher=Octagon Books |location=New York |lccn=75017708 |oclc=1502379 |ol=5195808M |orig-date=1928}}
• {{Cite book |last=Spoehr |first=Florence Mann |title=White Falcon, The House of J.C. Godeffroy and its Commercial and Scientific Role in the Pacific |date=1963 |publisher=Pacific Books |location=Palo Alto, Calif. |lccn=63018693 |oclc=3149438}}
• {{Cite book |last=Washausen |first=Helmut |title=Hamburg und die Kolonialpolitik des Deutschen Reiches |date=1968 |publisher=Hans Christians Verlag |location=Hamburg |language=de |trans-title=Hamburg and Colonial Politics of the German Empire |lccn=73410422 |oclc=250090}}

• {{Commons category-inline|German Samoa|{{nowrap|German Samoa}}}}
• [http://www.deutsche-schutzgebiete.de/deutsche-kolonien.htm Deutsche Kolonien]—{{in lang|de}}
• [http://www.stub.bildarchiv-dkg.uni-frankfurt.de/Bildprojekt/Lexikon/Standardframeseite.php Deutsches Koloniallexikon] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222183015/http://www.stub.bildarchiv-dkg.uni-frankfurt.de/Bildprojekt/Lexikon/Standardframeseite.php |date=2015-12-22 }}—{{in lang|de}}

{{Former German colonies}}

{{Samoa topics|state=collapsed}}

{{Authority control}}

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Category:Former colonies in Oceania

Samoa

Samoa

Category:Former protectorates

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Category:States and territories established in 1900

Category:States and territories disestablished in 1920

Category:1900 establishments in Oceania

Category:1920 disestablishments in Oceania

Category:1900 establishments in the German colonial empire

Category:1920 disestablishments in the German colonial empire

Category:20th century in Samoa

Category:Germany–Samoa relations