Ghana Research Reactor-1
{{Infobox reactor|name=GHARR-1|image=|caption=|location_map=Ghana|location_map_width=200|location_map_text=Accra, Ghana|institution=Ghana Atomic Energy Commission|location=Accra, Ghana|coordinates={{coord|5|33|N|0|12|W|region:GH|display=inline,title}}|type=Miniature Neutron Source Reactor|power=30 kW|power_therm_elec=thermal
|construct_cost=|construct_start=1994|construct_length=1 year|first_crit=December 17, 1994|upkeep_cost=1.5 M $US |#_of_staff=|#_of_operators=|shutdown=|decommission=|refuel_time=
|max_thermal_flux=1.012 s−1 cm−2|max_fast_flux=1.2·1012 s−1 cm−2|fuel_elements=|#_fuel_elements=|fuel_per_assembly=|cooling=Light water|moderator=Light water|reflector=Beryllium|cladding_material=|control_rods=|rods_per_element=|beamtubes=|source=}}
The Ghana Research Reactor-1 (GHARR-1) is a nuclear research reactor located in Accra, Ghana and is the only nuclear reactor in the country. It is operated by the National Nuclear Research Institute, a sub-division of the Ghana Atomic Energy Commission. The reactor is a commercial version of the Chinese Miniature Neutron Source Reactor (MNSR) design. The reactor had its first criticality on December 17, 1994.{{Cite web|url=https://nucleus.iaea.org/RRDB/RR/HeaderInfo.aspx?RId=590|title=Header Information - RRDB - IAEA|last=BSS|first=IAEA - MTIT -|website=nucleus.iaea.org|access-date=2018-02-15}}
Description
GHARR-1 is a light water reactor with a maximum thermal power of 30 kW, a maximum thermal flux of 1012 s−1cm−2, and a maximum fast flux of 1.2·1012 s−1cm−2.{{Cite web |title=Ghana, Republic of: Research Reactor Details - GHARR-1 |url=http://www-naweb.iaea.org/napc/physics/research_reactors/database/rr%20data%20base/datasets/report/Ghana,%20Republic%20of%20%20Research%20Reactor%20Details%20-%20GHARR-1.htm |access-date=2023-01-11 |website=www-naweb.iaea.org}} Beryllium is used as a reflector and the reactor is cooled by natural convection. Low enriched fuel is used, although the reactor was initially designed for 90.2% enriched uranium. The reactor core has 347 fuel rods.
The reactor is mainly used as a research tool, including for neutron activation analysis and reactor physics experiments.{{Cite web|url=https://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/Publications/PDF/pub1120/CD/PDF/Issue4/CN-82-05.pdf|title=Safety of Ghana Research Reactor (GHARR-1)|last1=Amuasi|first1=J. H.|last2=Schandorf|first2=C.|website=International Atomic Energy Agency|access-date=February 14, 2017|last3=Yeboah|first3=J.}} Research has indicated that GHARR-1 could be used to produce the radionuclide Technetium-99 in the future.{{Cite journal|last1=Akaho|first1=E. H. K.|last2=Maaku|first2=B. T.|last3=Anim-Sampong|first3=S.|date=1998|title=A mathematical model for predicting activities of 99Mo, 99mTc and 99Tc: with application to Ghana Research Reactor-1|url=http://inis.iaea.org/Search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:30036450|journal=Ghana Journal of Chemistry|volume=4|issue=1|pages=7–13|issn=0855-0484}} It is also used for education of university students at the University of Ghana School of Nuclear and Allied Sciences.
Conversion to low enriched uranium
The miniature neutron source reactor (MNSR) design originally operated with high enriched uranium (HEU), typically 90% uranium-235 or greater. In 2006, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) developed a Collaborative Research Project (CRP) and eventually a MNSR working group to coordinate conversion to low enriched uranium (LEU) fuel, typically defined as lower than 20% Uranium-235. HEU is associated with increased proliferation risks, as it can be more easily diverted to non-peaceful uses of atomic energy than LEU. The Ghana Atomic Energy Commission is a member of the MNSR working group, and has successfully transitioned GHARR-1 to low enriched fuel.
Ghana was the first country outside of China to successfully convert their MNSR reactor to LEU.{{Cite news|url=https://www.iaea.org/newscenter/news/supporting-nuclear-non-proliferation-ghana-converts-research-reactor-from-heu-to-leu-fuel|title=Supporting Nuclear Non-Proliferation: Ghana Converts Research Reactor from HEU to LEU Fuel|date=2017-08-29|access-date=2018-02-15}} The HEU core was removed in August 2016{{Cite web|url=http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/RS-Ghanaian-reactor-at-full-power-after-fuel-conversion-1108174.html|title=Ghanaian reactor at full power after fuel conversion|website=www.world-nuclear-news.org|access-date=2018-02-15}} and the operation was completed in 2017.{{Cite web|url=https://www.iaea.org/OurWork/ST/NE/NEFW/Technical-Areas/RRS/mnsr.html|title=MNSR - IAEA NEFW|last=(IAEA)|first=International Atomic Energy Agency|website=www.iaea.org|access-date=2018-02-15}} The original nuclear fuel was UAl4 with Al-303-1 cladding while the new LEU fuel is uranium dioxide at 13% enrichment with Zircaloy-4 cladding.{{Cite journal|last1=Odoi|first1=H. C.|last2=Gbadago|first2=J. K.|last3=Abrefah|first3=R. G.|last4=Birikorang|first4=S. A.|last5=Sogbadjo|first5=B. B. M.|last6=Ampomah-Amoako|first6=E.|last7=Morman|first7=J.|title=Efforts Made for the Conversion of Ghana's MNSR to LEU|url=http://www.rertr.anl.gov/RERTR35/pdfs/S1P3_Paper_Odoi.pdf|journal=35th International Meeting on Reduced Enrichment for Research and Test Reactors}}
See also
References
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Category:Nuclear power in Ghana
Category:Nuclear research reactors