Ginglymodi

The fossil record of ginglymodians goes back at least to the Anisian stage of the Triassic period, over 240 million years ago. Eosemionotus is one of the earliest ginglymodians. Acentrophorus, another taxon from the Middle and Late Permian, and Paracentrophorus from the Early Triassic epoch, could be even earlier members of the group. Ginglymodi was diverse and widespread during the Mesozoic era, but they represent a depauperate lineage today. The group first evolved in marine environments, but several lineages made separate transitions into freshwater environments.{{Cite journal |last1=Cavin |first1=Lionel |last2=Deesri |first2=Uthumporn |last3=Olive |first3=Sébastien |date=2019-07-22 |title=Scheenstia bernissartensis (Actinopterygii: Ginglymodi) from the Early Cretaceous of Bernissart, Belgium, with an appraisal of ginglymodian evolutionary history |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2019.1634649 |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |volume=18 |issue=6 |pages=513–527 |doi=10.1080/14772019.2019.1634649 |s2cid=199631685 |issn=1477-2019|url-access=subscription }} The basal ginglymodian order Kyphosichthyiformes is known from a few genera from the Triassic of China, many of which have deep bodies.

Ginglymodi underwent substantial diversification during the Late Triassic and the Late Jurassic, with the Lepisosteiformes and Semionotiformes having likely diverged during the Middle Triassic.{{Cite journal |last1=Cawley |first1=John J. |last2=Marramà |first2=Giuseppe |last3=Carnevale |first3=Giorgio |last4=Villafaña |first4=Jaime A. |last5=López‐Romero |first5=Faviel A. |last6=Kriwet |first6=Jürgen |date=February 2021 |title=Rise and fall of †Pycnodontiformes: Diversity, competition and extinction of a successful fish clade |journal=Ecology and Evolution |language=en |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=1769–1796 |doi=10.1002/ece3.7168 |issn=2045-7758 |pmc=7882952 |pmid=33614003}} Early non-gar ginglymodians of all groups, but especially early lepisosteiforms, show heavy morphological convergence with modern cypriniforms (carp and relatives), suggesting that they may have had a similar ecological niche. Notably, molecular evidence suggests that the cypriniforms may have originated and diversified around the same time and place (Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous Southeast Asia) that the similar freshwater ginglymodians showed major diversification.{{Cite journal |last1=Deesri |first1=Uthumporn |last2=Jintasakul |first2=Pratueng |last3=Cavin |first3=Lionel |date=2016-10-07 |title=A new Ginglymodi (Actinopterygii, Holostei) from the Late Jurassic–Early Cretaceous of Thailand, with comments on the early diversification of Lepisosteiformes in Southeast Asia |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2016.1225747 |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=36 |issue=6 |pages=e1225747 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2016.1225747 |s2cid=89359438 |issn=0272-4634|url-access=subscription }} Eventually, some ginglymodians evolved a more predatory lifestyle, with the earliest known true gars from the Late Jurassic. Ginglymodians underwent a major decline during the mid-Cretaceous, eventually leaving gars as the only surviving members of the group. Gar fossils have been found on all continents except Australia and Antarctica. Only seven species exist today, distributed in the freshwater systems of North America.{{Cite journal |author1=Paulo M. Brito |author2=Jésus Alvarado-Ortega |author3=François J. Meunier |year=2017 |title=Earliest known lepisosteoid extends the range of anatomically modern gars to the Late Jurassic |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=Article number 17830 |bibcode=2017NatSR...717830B |doi=10.1038/s41598-017-17984-w |pmc=5736718 |pmid=29259200}}

{{gallery|

File:Ticinolepis.jpg|The Middle Triassic Ticinolepis

|File:Propterus.jpg|The Jurassic macrosemiid semionotiform Propterus sp.

|File:Macrosemius rostratus 3434.jpg|The Jurassic macrosemiid semionotiform Macrosemius rostratus

|File:Lepidotes maximus - Naturmuseum Senckenberg - DSC02236.JPG|The Late Jurassic European lepidotid lepisosteiform Scheenstia maxima

|Kyphosichthys.jpg|The basal ginglymodian Kyphosichthys (Kyphosichthyiformes) from the Middle Triassic of China|Luoxiongichthys_hyperdorsalis_2.jpg|Luoxiongichthys, a basal ginglymodian (Kyphosichthyiformes) from the Middle Triassic of China||}}

Phylogenetic relationships of Ginglymodi to other living neopterygian fish.

{{clade| style=font-size:100%;line-height:100%;

| label1=Neopterygii

| 1={{clade

|1=Teleostei 130px

|label2=Holostei

|2={{clade

|1=Halecomorphi (bowfin, eyespot bowfin and their fossil relatives) 130px

|2=Ginglymodi (gars and their fossil relatives) 130px

}}

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Phylogenetic relationships among different groups of ginglymodians (cladogram after Xu & Ma 2023):{{Cite journal |last1=Xu |first1=Guang-Hui |last2=Ma |first2=Xin-Ying |date=2023-10-16 |title=A new basal ginglymodian fish (Holostei: Neopterygii) from the Middle Triassic (Anisian) Luoping Biota, Yunnan, China |url=https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/advance-article/doi/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad144/7319190 |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |language=en |doi=10.1093/zoolinnean/zlad144 |issn=0024-4082|url-access=subscription }}

{{clade| style=font-size:100%;line-height:100%;

| label1=Ginglymodi

| 1={{clade

|1={{extinct}}Diandongichthys

|2={{extinct}}Ticinolepis

|3={{clade

|label1={{extinct}}Kyphosichthyiformes

|1={{clade

|1={{clade

|1= Fuyuanichthys

|2= Kyphosichthys

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|2={{clade

|1= Yudaiichthys

|2= Lashanichthys

}}

}}

|2={{clade

|1={{extinct}}Sangiorgioichthys

|label2=

|2={{clade

|1={{extinct}}Semionotiformes

|2=Lepisosteiformes

}}

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{{Portal|Paleontology|Fish}}

{{Reflist|refs=

{{cite journal |last1=López-Arbarello |first1=A. |last2=Sferco |first2=E. |title=Neopterygian phylogeny: the merger assay |journal=Royal Society Open Science |date=2018 |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=172337 |doi=10.1098/rsos.172337|pmid=29657820 |pmc=5882744 |bibcode=2018RSOS....572337L |doi-access=free }}

{{cite book |last=Nelson |first=Joseph S. |title=Fishes of the World |year=2016 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc |isbn=978-1-118-34233-6}}

{{Cite journal|last=Romano|first=Carlo|date=2021|title=A Hiatus Obscures the Early Evolution of Modern Lineages of Bony Fishes|journal=Frontiers in Earth Science|volume=8|pages=672|doi=10.3389/feart.2020.618853|issn=2296-6463|doi-access=free}}

{{cite journal |last1=Xu |first1=G. |last2=Ma |first2=X. |last3=Wu |first3=F. |last4=Ren |first4=Y. |title=A Middle Triassic kyphosichthyiform from Yunnan, China, and phylogenetic reassessment of early ginglymodians |journal=Vertebrata PalAsiatica |date=2019 |volume=57 |issue=3 |pages=181–204 |doi=10.19615/j.cnki.1000-3118.190319 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334308274}}

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{{Ginglymodi}}

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Category:Vertebrate unranked clades

Category:Anisian first appearances

Category:Extant Middle Triassic first appearances

Category:Taxa named by Edward Drinker Cope

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