Giovinezza
{{short description|Italian Fascist anthem}}
{{other uses|Giovinezza (graduation song)|Giovinezza (film)}}
{{Infobox anthem
|title = Giovinezza
|english_title = Youth
|alt_title =
|en_alt_title =
|alt_title_2 =
|en_alt_title_2 =
|image = Giovenezza.gif
|image_size =
|caption = Score of "Giovinezza"
|prefix = Former national
|country = Italy
|author = Nino Oxilia (1909)
Marcello Manni (1919)
Salvator Gotta (1924)
|lyrics_date =
|composer = Giuseppe Blanc
|music_date = 1909
|adopted = 1943
|until = 1945
|sound = Giovinezza (instrumental).ogg
|sound_title = Instrumental version
|predecessor = "Marcia Reale"
(Kingdom of Italy)
|successor = "La Leggenda del Piave"
}}
"{{lang|it|Giovinezza|italic=no}}" ({{IPA|it|dʒoviˈnettsa|}}; {{langnf|it||Youth}}) was the official hymn of the Italian National Fascist Party, regime, and army, and was an unofficial national anthem of the Kingdom of Italy between 1924 and 1943.Farrell, Nicholas. 2005. Mussolini: a New Life. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. {{ISBN|1-84212-123-5}}. p. 238. Although often sung with the Royal March, the official anthem, some sources consider "{{lang|it|Giovinezza|i=no}}" to have supplanted it as the de facto national anthem of the countrySilone, Ignazio. 1977. Fontamara. Manchester University Press. {{ISBN|0-7190-0662-7}}. p. 252. ({{lang|it|Inno della Patria}}),Bertini, Tullio Bruno. 1998. Trapped in Tuscany Liberated by the Buffalo Soldiers. Branden Books. {{ISBN|0-937832-35-9}}. p. 79. to the dismay of Victor Emmanuel IIIMack Smith, Denis. 1959. Italy: A Modern History. University of Michigan Press. p. 391.—a powerful symbol of the diarchy between the King and Mussolini.Mack Smith, Denis. 1989. Italy and Its Monarchy. Yale University Press. {{ISBN|0-300-05132-8}}. p. 273. It was subsequently an unofficial anthem of the Italian Social Republic.Giacomo De Marzi, I canti di Salò, Fratelli Frilli, 2005.
Ubiquitous in mid-twentieth century Italy, the hymn emphasized youth as a theme of the fascist movement and was one example of the centrality of the Arditi to the fascist narrative.Olick, Jeffrey K. 2003. States of Memory-CL: continuities, conflicts, and transformations in national retrospection. Duke University Press. {{ISBN|0-8223-3063-6}}. p. 69.
History
"Giovinezza" was composed by lawyer and composer Giuseppe Blanc in 1909 as "Il Commiato" (Italian for "farewell"). Blanc later also wrote other fascist songs, including The Eagles of Rome, an Ode to the Italian Empire.Arnold, Denis. 1983. The New Oxford Companion to Music. Oxford University Press. p. 763. Previously a Turin university graduation song,Langsam, Walter Consuelo. 1954. The World Since 1919. Macmillan. p. 154. and popular among Italian soldiers during World War I, the song was called "Inno degli Arditi" (Hymn of the Arditi, a corps of the Italian Royal Army during World War I, whose members joined the fascist movement in large numbers).Scott, Jonathan French, and Baltzly, Alexander. 1930. Readings in European History Since 1814. F. S. Crofts & co. p. 607. The hymn was further popularized by the mass rallies of Gabriele d'Annunzio in Fiume.Payne, George Stanley. 1995. A History of Fascism, 1914-1945. Routledge. {{ISBN|1-85728-595-6}}. p. 92.
The version sung during the March on Rome was composed by G. Castaldo in 1921, using the original score by Giuseppe Blanc and words by Marcello Manni (beginning "Su compagni in forte schiere"). After the March on Rome, where it was sung, Mussolini commissioned Salvator Gotta to write the new lyrics, which were completed in 1924."[http://david.national-anthems.net/it-gio.htm "Giovinezza" (The Youth)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080823153757/http://david.national-anthems.net/it-gio.htm |date=2008-08-23 }}."
Gotta's version plays on fascist themes like youth and nationalism. Its reference to "Alighieri's vision" is an allusion to Dante Alighieri marking Italy's borders on the Quarnaro (Kvarner) Gulf, thus including the province of Istria, a territory granted to Italy after World War I.Bosworth, Richard J. B. 1996. Italy and the Wider World 1860-1960. Routledge. {{ISBN|0-415-13477-3}}. p. 154.
There were new lyrics drafted in 1943 to fit the new nation. The lyrics were rewritten because the triumphant, happy tone of the old lyrics did not fit the tone of the 600 day long civil war ongoing in Italy at the time.
After the capitulation of Italy in 1943, the Allies suppressed the hymn in Italy. At the time, Italy had no national anthem,Blom, Eric ed., 1955, Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians, St. Martin's Press, p. 22 until "Il Canto degli Italiani" was provisionally chosen when Italy became a Republic on 12 October 1946, only to be officially legislated on 4 December 2017.
Lyrics
=1922 lyrics=
| border=0 |
| valign=top |
:Italian lyricsFasci di combattimento Version. "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KvQRbkL_GpQ]". ::Su, compagni in forti schiere, ::Marciam verso l'avvenire, ::Siam falangi audaci e fiere, ::Pronte a osare, pronte a ardire. ::Trionfi alfine l'ideale, ::Per cui tanto combattemmo: ::Fratellanza nazionale ::D'italiana civiltà. ::Giovinezza, giovinezza, ::Primavera di bellezza, ::Nel Fascismo è la salvezza ::Della nostra libertà. ::Non più ignava nè avvilita ::Resti ancor la nostra gente, ::Si ridesti a nuova vita ::Di splendore più possente. ::Su, leviamo alta la face ::Che c'illumini il cammino, ::Nel lavoro e nella pace ::Sia la verà libertà. ::Giovinezza, giovinezza, ::Primavera di bellezza, ::Nel Fascismo è la salvezza ::Della nostra libertà. ::Maledetto fu il cilicio ::Che condusse all'eroismo, ::Fu schernito il sacrificio ::Dal novello Socialismo. ::Sorgi, o popolo sovrano, ::Su dall'Alpi di Salvore, ::Fino al siculo vulcano, ::Che or si vince oppur si muor. ::Giovinezza, giovinezza, ::Primavera di bellezza, ::''Nel Fascismo è la salvezza ::Della nostra libertà. ::Nelle veglie di trincea, ::Cupo vento di mitraglia ::Ci ravvolse alla bandiera, ::Che agitammo alla battaglia. ::Vittoriosa al nuovo sole: ::Stretti a lei dobbiam lottare, ::È l'Italia che lo vuole, ::Per l'Italia vincerem! ::Giovinezza, giovinezza ::Primavera di bellezza, ::Nel Fascismo è la salvezza ::Della nostra libertà. ::Sorgi alfin lavoratore, ::Giunto è il dì della riscossa, ::Ti frodarono il sudore ::Con l'appello alla sommossa. ::Giù le bende ai traditori ::che ti strinsero a catena; ::alla gogna gl'impostori ::delle asiatiche virtù. ::Giovinezza, giovinezza, ::Primavera di bellezza, ::Nel Fascismo è la salvezza ::Della nostra libertà. | valign=top | ::::Come on, comrades in strong ranks, ::::Let us march toward the future, ::::We are bold and proud phalanxes, ::::Ready to venture, ready to dare. ::::Finally triumphs the ideal ::::For which we fought so much: ::::National brotherhood ::::Of Italian civilization. ::::Youth, youth, ::::Spring of beauty, ::::In Fascism is the salvation ::::Of our freedom. ::::No more slothful nor disheartened ::::Remains still our people, ::::They reawakened to new life ::::Of more powerful splendour. ::::Come on, let us raise high the torch ::::That lights the way, ::::In work and in peace ::::Is true freedom. ::::Youth, youth, ::::Spring of beauty, ::::In Fascism is the salvation ::::Of our freedom. ::::Cursed was the cilice ::::Which led to heroism, ::::Sacrifice was mocked ::::By the new socialism. ::::Arise, o sovereign people, ::::Up from the Alps of Salvore ::::As far as the Sicilian volcano, ::::When now you overcome or you die. ::::Youth, youth, ::::Spring of beauty, ::::In Fascism is the salvation ::::Of our freedom. ::::In vigils of trenches, ::::Dark wind of machine gun ::::Wrapped us in the flag ::::That we stirred to the battle. ::::Victorious at the new sun, ::::Close to her we must fight, ::::It is Italy that wants this, ::::For Italy we will win! ::::Youth, youth, ::::Spring of beauty, ::::In Fascism is the salvation ::::Of our freedom. ::::Arise at last worker. ::::Arrived is the day of revenge. ::::They defrauded you sweat ::::With the call to riot. ::::Down with the traitors' blindfolds ::::Which reduce you to chains; ::::To the pillory, the imposters ::::Of Asian virtue. ::::Youth, youth, ::::Spring of beauty, ::::In Fascism is the salvation ::::Of our freedom. |
=1924 lyrics=
| border=0 |
| valign=top |
:Italian lyricsPNF Version. "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qr0xi5gwumw]". ::Salve o popolo di eroi, ::salve o Patria immortale, ::son rinati i figli tuoi ::con la fe' nell'ideale. ::Il valor dei tuoi guerrieri, ::la virtù dei pionieri, ::la vision dell'Alighieri, ::oggi brilla in tutti i cuor. ::𝄆 Giovinezza, Giovinezza, ::Primavera di bellezza, ::della vita nell'asprezza ::il tuo canto squilla e va! 𝄇 ::Nell'Italia nei confini, ::son rifatti gli Italiani, ::li ha rifatti Mussolini ::per la guerra di domani. ::Per la gloria del lavoro, ::per la pace e per l'alloro, ::per la gogna di coloro ::che la Patria rinnegar. ::𝄆 Giovinezza, Giovinezza, ::Primavera di bellezza, ::della vita nell'asprezza ::il tuo canto squilla e va! 𝄇 ::I poeti e gli artigiani, ::i signori e i contadini, ::con orgoglio d'Italiani ::giuran fede a Mussolini. ::Non v'è povero quartiere, ::che non mandi le sue schiere, ::che non spieghi le bandiere ::del Fascismo redentor. ::𝄆 Giovinezza, Giovinezza, ::Primavera di bellezza, ::della vita nell'asprezza ::il tuo canto squilla e va! 𝄇 | valign=top | :::::Hail, people of heroes, :::::hail, immortal Fatherland, :::::your sons were born again :::::with the faith and the ideal. :::::Your warriors' valour, :::::your pioneers' virtue, :::::Alighieri's vision, :::::today shines in every heart. :::::𝄆 Youth, Youth, :::::Spring of beauty, :::::In the hardship of life :::::Your song rings and goes! 𝄇 :::::In the Italian borders, :::::Italians have been remade, :::::Mussolini has remade them :::::For tomorrow's war. :::::For labour's glory, :::::for peace and for the laurel, :::::for the shame of those :::::who have disowned our Fatherland. :::::𝄆 Youth, Youth, :::::Spring of beauty, :::::In the hardship of life :::::Your song rings and goes! 𝄇 :::::The poets and the artisans, :::::the lords and the countrymen, :::::with an Italian's pride :::::swear loyalty to Mussolini. :::::There is no poor neighbourhood, :::::which does not send its ranks, :::::which does not unfurl the flags :::::of redeeming Fascism. :::::𝄆 Youth, Youth, :::::Spring of beauty, :::::In the hardship of life :::::Your song rings and goes! 𝄇 |
=1943 lyrics=
| border=0 |
| valign=top |
:Italian lyricsRSI Version. "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kIICR9ow8DE]". ::Allorché dalla trincera ::suona l'ora di battaglia, ::sempre è prima Fiamma Nera ::che terribile si scaglia ::col pugnale nella mano ::con la fede dentro il cuore: ::essa avanza, va lontano ::con la gloria e di valor! ::Giovinezza, giovinezza, ::primavera di bellezza, ::della vita nell'asprezza ::il tuo canto squilla e va! ::Per Benito Mussolini: ::Eja, eja, alalà! ::Col pugnale e colla bomba ::nella vita del terrore ::quando l'obice rimbomba ::non mi trema in petto il cuore. ::La mia splendida bandiera ::è d'un unico colore, ::è una fiamma tutta nera ::che divampa in ogni cuor! ::Giovinezza, giovinezza, ::primavera di bellezza, ::della vita nell'asprezza ::il tuo canto squilla e va! ::Per Benito Mussolini: ::Eja, eja, alalà! ::Del pugnale al fiero lampo ::della bomba al gran fragore, ::tutti avanti, tutti al campo: ::qui si vince oppur si muore! ::Sono giovane e son forte, ::non mi trema in petto il cuore: ::sorridendo vo alla morte ::pria d'andar al disonor! ::Giovinezza, giovinezza, ::primavera di bellezza, ::della vita nell'asprezza ::il tuo canto squilla e va! ::Per Benito Mussolini: ::Eja, eja, alalà! | valign=top | ::::When from the trench ::::the hour of battle sounds ::::It's always before the Black Flame ::::what a terrible thing it is ::::with the dagger in hand ::::with faith inside the heart ::::it advances, it goes far ::::with glory and valor! ::::Youth, youth, ::::spring of beauty, ::::in the hardship of life ::::your song rings and goes! ::::For Benito Mussolini: ::::Hip, hip hooray. ::::With the dagger and the bomb ::::in the life of terror ::::when the howitzer is booming ::::my heart does not tremble. ::::My beautiful flag ::::is of a single color, ::::it is a flame, completely black ::::that blazes in every heart! ::::Youth, youth, ::::spring of beauty, ::::in the hardship of life ::::your song rings and goes! ::::For Benito Mussolini: ::::Hip, hip hooray. ::::From the dagger to the lightning flash ::::from the bomb to the great roar, ::::all ahead, all in the field: ::::here you win or die! ::::I am young and I am strong, ::::my heart does not tremble: ::::smiling at death ::::before going to dishonor! ::::Youth, youth, ::::spring of beauty, ::::in the hardship of life ::::your song rings and goes! ::::For Benito Mussolini: ::::Hip, hip hooray. |
Performances
"Giovinezza" was played "with the slightest pretext" at sporting events, films, and other public gatherings, and often carried adverse (even violent) consequences for those who did not join in.Gallagher, Tag. 1998. The Adventures of Roberto Rossellini. Da Capo Press. {{ISBN|0-306-80873-0}}. p. 62. Even foreigners were roughed up by blackshirts if they failed to remove their hats and show respect when "Giovinezza" was played.Mellow, MR James R. 1994. Hemingway: A Life Without Consequences. Da Capo Press. {{ISBN|0-201-62620-9}}. p. 184.
In the 1930s, "Giovinezza" was made the official anthem of the Italian army.Germino, Dante L. 1959. The Italian Fascist Party in Power: A Study in Totalitarian Rule. University of Minnesota Press. p. 114. The school day was required to be opened either with "Giovinezza" or "Balilla", the song of the Opera Nazionale Balilla.Ebenstein, William. 1972. Fascist at Work. Ams Pr Inc. p. 134. A faint, recorded version of the hymn played in the background of the Chapel of the Fascist Martyrs in the Exhibition of the Fascist Revolution.Etlin, Richard A. 1994. Symbolic Space: French Enlightenment Architecture and Its Legacy. University of Chicago Press. {{ISBN|0-226-22084-2}}. p. 196.
There was a German song with German lyrics, set to the same tune as Giovinezza; "Hitlerleute" (Hitler's people) replacing "Giovinezza". [http://www.ingeb.org/songs/giovinez.html] A Japanese translation of Giovinezza, "黒シャツ党の歌" (lit. The song of blackshirts party) and "ファシストの歌" (lit. Fascist Song), was created in commemoration of the Tripartite Pact and used in Japanese overseas broadcasting.北山節郎 (KITAYAMA, Setsurou) 1987 ラジオ・トウキョウ 1 真珠湾への道 (Radio Tokyo 1: The road to the Pearl Harbor) {{ISBN|978-4803802078}}
Italian tenor Beniamino Gigli recorded "Giovinezza" in 1937, although the anthem is noticeably excluded from his "Edizione Integrale", released by EMI.High fidelity. 1957. Records in Review. Wyeth Press. p. 360. "Giovinezza" followed the inauguration of the Fascist parliament in 1924 (following the Acerbo law)The New York Times. 25 May 1924. "Italy's Parliament Opened with Pomp." p. 3. and preceded the Nazi radio broadcast announcing the creation of the Italian Social Republic.New York Times. 9 September 1943. "New Fascist Regime Setup, Nazis Report." p. 1.
"Giovinezza" was sung on 12 March 1939, the day of Pope Pius XII's coronation, by the Pope's Palatine Guard. After the last ceremony of his papal coronation was over Pius XII went to rest in the Lateran Palace. The singing occurred during a moment of public bonhomie between the Palatine Guards and the Italian Guards, "Palatine and Italian Guards exchanged courtesies, the former playing the fascist anthem, "Giovinezza" and the latter the papal hymn." This incident, which was not part of the coronation ceremony and took place without the knowledge or approval of Pope Pius XII is sometimes used to portray Pius XII as a crypto-fascist.Matthews, Herbert L. 19 May 1939. "Pope Takes Over St. John Lateran In Pageant Last Held 93 Years Ago." New York Times. p. 9.
=Toscanini=
Arturo Toscanini (who had previously run as a Fascist parliamentary candidate in 1919 and whom Mussolini had called "the greatest conductor in the world") notably refused to conduct "Giovinezza" on multiple occasions. Toscanini had refused to play "Giovinezza" in Milan in 1922 and later in Bayreuth, which earned him accolades from anti-fascists throughout Europe.Ignatieff, Michael. 1999. Isaiah Berlin: A Life. Owl Books. {{ISBN|0-8050-6300-5}}. p. 54. Mussolini did not attend the premier of Puccini's Turandot on 15 April 1926{{spaced ndash}}having been invited by the management of La Scala{{spaced ndash}}because Toscanini would not play Giovinezza before the performance.Osborne, Charles. 1993. The Complete Operas of Puccini: A Critical Guide. Da Capo Press. {{ISBN|0-306-80200-7}}. p. 250-251. Finally, Toscanini refused to conduct "Giovinezza" at a May 1931 concert in Bologna, was subsequently roughed up by a group of blackshirts, and thereafter left Italy until after World War II.Taubman, Hyman Howard. 1951. The Maestro, the Life of Arturo Toscanini. Simon and Schuster. p. 157.
Relationship to Marcia Reale
The Royal March had often preceded "Giovinezza" on official occasions,Procacci, Giuliano. 1970. History of the Italian People. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 356. as required by official regulations following an abortive attempt to conflate the two songs. Many considered the Royal March "long-winded and gaudy", and these faults were thrown into sharp relief by back-to-back ceremonial presentations.Katz, Robert. 1971. The Fall of the House of Savoy. Macmillan. p. 259. "Giovinezza" was used as a sign-off by Italian radio under Mussolini; after the ousting of Mussolini in 1943, the Italian radio signed off for the first time in 21 years playing only the Royal March, "Marcia Reale".Brigham, Daniel T. 26 July 1943. "Mussolini ousted with fascist cabinet." New York Times.
See also
- Il Canto degli Italiani – the current Italian national anthem
- Faccetta Nera
- Horst-Wessel-Lied
- Cara al Sol
- Stornelli Legionari
References
{{reflist|2}}
External links
- [https://archive.org/details/78_fascisti-hymn-giovinezza_italian-military-band-g-blanc_gbia0120201b Giovinezza 78rpm record on the Internet Archive]
;Lyrics
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20060714203319/http://david.national-anthems.net/it-gio.txt Giovinezza in Italian and English]
- [http://ingeb.org/songs/giovinez.html Giovinezza in Italian and German]
- [http://exordio.com/1939-1945/Sounds/giovinezza.html Giovinezza in Italian and Spanish]
{{Former anthems of Europe}}
{{Authority control}}
Category:Political party songs
Category:Historical national anthems