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Giryama dialect

{{Infobox language

| name = Giryama

| states = Kenya

| ethnicity = Mijikenda, Giryama

| region = Kilifi district

| ref = e26

| familycolor = Niger-Congo

| fam2 = Atlantic–Congo

| fam3 = Volta-Congo

| fam4 = Benue–Congo

| fam5 = Bantoid

| fam6 = Southern Bantoid

| fam7 = Bantu

| fam8 = Northeast Bantu

| fam9 = Northeast Coast Bantu

| fam10 = Mijikenda

| glotto = giry1241

| glottorefname = Giryama

| iso3 = nyf

}}

Giryama is a dialect variety of the Mijikenda language spoken along the southern coast of Kenya, predominantly in the Kilifi district.

Phonology

= Consonants =

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"

! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |

! colspan="2" |Bilabial

! rowspan="2" |Labio-
dental

! colspan="2" |Dental/Alveolar

! rowspan="2" |Post-alv./
Palatal

! colspan="2" |Velar

! rowspan="2" |Glottal

plain

!lab.

!plain

!sibilant

!plain

!lab.

colspan="2" |Nasal

|{{IPA link|m}}

|{{IPA link|mʷ}}

|

|{{IPA link|n}}

|

|{{IPA link|ɲ}}

|{{IPA link|ŋ}}

|

|

rowspan="4" |Plosive/
Affricate

!voiceless

|{{IPA link|p}}

|

|

|{{IPA link|t}}

|{{IPA link|t͡s}}

|{{IPA link|t͡ʃ}}

|{{IPA link|k}}

|{{IPA link|kʷ}}

|({{IPA link|ʔ}})

aspirated

|{{IPA link|pʰ}}

|

|

|{{IPA link|tʰ}}

|{{IPA link|t͡sʰ}}

|{{IPA link|tʃʰ}}

|{{IPA link|kʰ}}

|{{IPA link|kʷʰ}}

|

voiced

|{{IPA link|b}}

|

|

|{{IPA link|d}}

|{{IPA link|d͡z}}

|{{IPA link|d͡ʒ}}

|{{IPA link|ɡ}}

|{{IPA link|ɡʷ}}

|

prenasal

|{{IPA link|ᵐb}}

|

|

|{{IPA link|ⁿd}}

|{{IPA link|ⁿd͡z}}

|{{IPA link|ᶮd͡ʒ}}

|{{IPA link|ᵑɡ}}

|{{IPA link|ᵑɡʷ}}

|

rowspan="2" |Fricative

!voiceless

|

|

|{{IPA link|f}}

|

|{{IPA link|s}}

|{{IPA link|ʃ}}

|

|

|{{IPA link|h}}

voiced

|{{IPA link|β}}

|

|{{IPA link|v}}

|{{IPA link|ð}}

|{{IPA link|z}}

|{{IPA link|ʒ}}

|

|

|

colspan="2" |Rhotic

|

|

|

|{{IPA link|ɾ}} ~ {{IPA link|r}}

|

|

|

|

|

colspan="2" |Lateral

|

|

|

|{{IPA link|l}}

|

|

|

|

|

colspan="2" |Approximant

|

|

|

|

|

|{{IPA link|j}}

|

|{{IPA link|w}}

|

  • Labialized sounds /mʷ, kʷ, kʷʰ, ɡʷ, ᵑɡʷ/ can alternatively be pronounced as labio-velar stops [ŋ͡m, k͡p, k͡pʰ, ɡ͡b, ᵑɡ͡b] among speakers in free variation.
  • /ɾ/ may have allophones as either [ɾ], [r] or [ɹ], all heard interchangeably.
  • [ʔ] is only heard in between vowel sounds, to break up a sequence of two vowels.{{Cite book |last=Volk |first=Erez |title=High, low and in between: Giryama tonology |publisher=Tel Aviv University |year=2007}}
  • Taylor (1891), noted two dental stops [t̪, d̪], however they were not easy to identify and therefore are not considered as phonemes.

= Vowels =

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"

!

!Front

!Central

!Back

Close

|{{IPA link|i}}

|

|{{IPA link|u}}

Mid

|{{IPA link|e}}

|

|{{IPA link|o}}

Open

|

|{{IPA link|a}}

|

References

{{Reflist}}

Sources

  • Taylor, William Ernest. 1891. Giryama vocabulary and collections. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge (SPCK).

Category:Northeast Coast Bantu languages

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