Givati Parking Lot dig

{{Infobox ancient site

| name = Givati Parking Lot dig

| image = Givati Parking Lot Excavations in the City of David in Jerusalem Old City (28307821157).jpg

| alt =

| caption = Givati Parking Lot Excavations

| map_type =

| map_size = 220

| map_dot_label = Givati Parking Lot

| coordinates = {{Coord|31.773056|N|35.236389|E|type:landmark}}

| location = Silwan, Jerusalem

| type = Archaeological excavation

| built = Various periods, primarily Second Temple and Byzantine

| discovered = 2007

| public_access = No

|alternate_name=Wadi Hilwa Square}}The Givati Parking Lot dig (also called Wadi Hilwa Square){{Cite journal |title=Silwan: Biblical Archaeology, Cultural Appropriation, and Settler Colonialism |last=Hawari |first=Mahmoud |journal=Jerusalem Quarterly |volume=90 |pages=75–97 |url=https://www.palestine-studies.org/en/node/1653292 |date=2022 |language=en}} {{open access}} is an archaeological excavation located in Silwan in advance of building project commissioned by the El'ad Association. It is adjacent to the City of David archaeological site. The dig was conducted by Doron Ben-Ami and Yana Tchekhanovets of the Israel Antiquities Authority and underwritten by the City of David Foundation.{{cite news |last=Lidman |first=Melanie |url=http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=186462 |title=2,000 year-old intact carving of Cupid found in Jerusalem |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100902112052/http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=186462 |archive-date=2010-09-02 |date=2010-08-30 |newspaper=Jerusalem Post}} While the IAA conducts the excavations, the project and site is managed by El'ad.{{cite report |last=Greenberg |first=Raphael |title=A Privatized Heritage: How the Israel Antiquities Authority Relinquished Jerusalem's Past |year=2014 |publisher=Emek Shaveh |url=https://emekshaveh.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Privatized-Heritage-English-Web1.pdf |page=41}} {{open access}}

Location

In the 1970s the Jerusalem Municipality seized land in Silwan in East Jerusalem to create a parking lot for visitors. The site is located in Wadi Hilweh, a Palestinian neighbourhood of Silwan, and is close to the Western Wall.{{cite report |last=Greenberg |first=Raphael |title=A Privatized Heritage: How the Israel Antiquities Authority Relinquished Jerusalem's Past |year=2014 |publisher=Emek Shaveh |url=https://emekshaveh.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Privatized-Heritage-English-Web1.pdf |page=37}} {{open access}} The area has undergone a process of Judaization with Hebrew names replacing Arabic names: Silwan was renamed Kfar Hashiloah and the Wadi Hilwa Square was renamed the Givati Parking Lot.{{Cite journal |title=Silwan: Biblical Archaeology, Cultural Appropriation, and Settler Colonialism |last=Hawari |first=Mahmoud |journal=Jerusalem Quarterly |volume=90 |pages=82 |url=https://www.palestine-studies.org/en/node/1653292 |date=2022 |language=en}} {{open access}}

History of the excavations

In the 1990s the El'ad Association began planning to build in the area of the City of David and purchasing land. The construction was initially opposed by the Israel Antiquities Authority to protect historical sites. El'ad continued to purchased land in the area and were given control over the Jerusalem Walls National Park; they proposed various construction projects on the site of the parking lot, and the proposal to establish a multi-storey visitor centre was approved by the IAA. Rescue excavations would need to be carried out in advance of planned construction to record any archaeological remains and the IAA stipulated that "archaeological finds will be integrated into the building".{{cite report |last=Greenberg |first=Raphael |title=A Privatized Heritage: How the Israel Antiquities Authority Relinquished Jerusalem's Past |year=2014 |publisher=Emek Shaveh |url=https://emekshaveh.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Privatized-Heritage-English-Web1.pdf |pages=11–12, 14, 18–19}} {{open access}}

El'ad "[pursues] an ideology of strengthening the Jewish hold in Palestinian neighborhoods in East Jerusalem",{{cite report |last=Greenberg |first=Raphael |title=A Privatized Heritage: How the Israel Antiquities Authority Relinquished Jerusalem's Past |year=2014 |publisher=Emek Shaveh |url=https://emekshaveh.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Privatized-Heritage-English-Web1.pdf |page=51}} {{open access}} and the excavations at the parking lot have contributed to that aim.{{citation |last1=Veeder |first1=Anna |last2=Mizrachi |first2=Jonathan |title=Remaking the City: Archaeological projects of political import in Jerusalem’s Old City and in the village of Silwan |journal=Approaching Religion |volume=4 |number=2 |year=2014 |pages=142 |url=https://journal.fi/ar/article/view/67557 |doi=10.30664/ar.67557 |doi-access=free}} The parking lot was divided into four parks that would be totally excavated one after the other,{{cite report |last=Greenberg |first=Raphael |title=A Privatized Heritage: How the Israel Antiquities Authority Relinquished Jerusalem's Past |year=2014 |publisher=Emek Shaveh |url=https://emekshaveh.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Privatized-Heritage-English-Web1.pdf |page=31}} {{open access}} and excavations on the site began in 2007.{{cite sign |title=The Givati Parking Lot Excavation |location=Givati Parking Lot |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Description_of_the_Givati_Parking_lot.jpg |archive-date=2022-07-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724172625/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Description_of_the_Givati_Parking_lot.jpg }} Among the 2007 discoveries is an ancient building believed to have been the palace of Queen Helena of Adiabene.{{cite book |title=Unearthing Jerusalem: 150 Years of Archaeological Research in the Holy City |last1=Ben-Ami |first1=Doron |publisher=Penn State Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-57506-659-2 |pages=231–240 |last2=Tchekhanovets |first2=Yana |editor-last=Galor |editor-first=Katharina |chapter=Has the Adiabene Royal Family “Palace” Been Found in the City of David? |editor-last2=Avni |editor-first2=Gideon |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QjULEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA231}}

File:Part of Hoard thet was found in City of David.jpg Heraclius]]

In 2008 medieval burials were found and removed by the developer and not recorded by the IAA.{{cite report |last=Greenberg |first=Raphael |title=A Privatized Heritage: How the Israel Antiquities Authority Relinquished Jerusalem's Past |year=2014 |publisher=Emek Shaveh |url=https://emekshaveh.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Privatized-Heritage-English-Web1.pdf |pages=31–33}} {{open access}} The same year, archaeologists uncovered a hoard of 264 gold coins minted at the beginning of the reign of Byzantine emperor Heraclius, between the years 610–613 CE, thus just before the Persian conquest of Jerusalem.Israel Antiquities Authority, [https://www.antiquities.org.il/Article_eng.aspx?sec_id=25&subj_id=240&id=1463&hist=1 "A Hoard Comprising Hundreds of Gold Coins was Uncovered in the Excavations the Israel Antiquities Authority is Conducting at the 'Giv'ati Car Park' in the City of David, in the Walls Around Jerusalem National Park"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405062337/http://www.antiquities.org.il/Article_eng.aspx?sec_id=25&subj_id=240&id=1463&hist=1 |date=2016-04-05}}, 22 December 2008. Accessed 23 June 2022.

Residents of Silwan and non-governmental organization Peace Now objected to the proposed construction and petitioned to stop the work, though were ultimately unsuccessful.{{Cite journal |title=Silwan: Biblical Archaeology, Cultural Appropriation, and Settler Colonialism |last=Hawari |first=Mahmoud |journal=Jerusalem Quarterly |volume=90 |pages=85 |url=https://www.palestine-studies.org/en/node/1653292 |date=2022 |language=en}} {{open access}} In 2010, the dig discovered a small, Roman-era cameo of Cupid made from onyx. The cupid is in a "striking" blue on a dark brown ground, he has wings and curly hair. The round cameo would have been an insert in a piece of jewelry. Cupid's left hand rests on an overturned torch, symbolizing death, so it was probably a mourning piece.[http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/israel-archeologists-uncover-2-000-year-old-cupid-in-city-of-david-dig-1.311059 "Israel archeologists uncover 2,000-year-old cupid in City of David dig Israel Antiquities Authority says added inlaid semi-precious stone is of the 'Eros in mourning,' one of a group of visual motifs linked with mourning practices."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100901142306/http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/israel-archeologists-uncover-2-000-year-old-cupid-in-city-of-david-dig-1.311059 |date=2010-09-01}} Aug. 30, 2010, Haaretz.

File:JRSLM 210416 City of David Acra 03.jpg associated with the Acra, 2015]]

In November 2015, discovery of a tower and glacis identified as belonging to the Seleucid fortress known as the Acra was announced. According to archaeologists Doron Ben-Ami, Yana Tchekhanovets and Salome Dan Goor they had unearthed a complex of rooms and fortified walls they identified as the Acra. Finds include fortification walls, a watchtower measuring 4 by 20 meters, and a glacis. Bronze arrowheads, lead sling-stones and ballista stones were unearthed at the site, stamped with a trident characteristic to the reign of Antiochus IV Epiphanes. These are indicative of the military nature of the site and the efforts to take it. The finds included coins from the reigns of Antiochus Epiphanes through Antiochus VII Sidetes, as well as a multitude of stamped Rhodian amphora handles.{{cite news|url=http://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Culture/Archaeological-find-in-Jerusalems-City-of-David-may-answer-100-year-old-mystery-431895|author=Eisenbud, D.|date=November 3, 2015|accessdate=November 4, 2015|title=Archeological find in Jerusalem's City of David may answer ancient mystery|newspaper=Jerusalem Post|location=Jerusalem|archive-date=November 4, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151104094232/http://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Culture/Archaeological-find-in-Jerusalems-City-of-David-may-answer-100-year-old-mystery-431895|url-status=live}}{{cite book |title=The Middle Maccabees: Archaeology, History, and the Rise of the Hasmonean Kingdom |last=Zilberstein |first=Ayala |publisher=SBL Press |year=2021 |isbn=978-0-884-14504-2 |pages=37–52 |editor-last=Berlin |editor-first=Andrea M. |chapter=Hellenistic Military Architecture from the Givʿati Parking Lot Excavations, Jerusalem |editor-last2=Kosmin |editor-first2=Paul J. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wusmEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA37}}

Archaeological architect Leen Ritmeyer disagrees with this identification. He claims the location and north–south orientation of the fortifications make them part of the defensive walls of what is known today as the City of David and described by Josephus as the Lower City. This Lower City was fortified by the Seleucids, who built the citadel known as Acra. In Greek, any fortification is called an acra. This is a common noun, not a proper one, thus some confusion as to which fortification each specific ancient description is referring to: the refortified City of David, which Ritmeyer identifies as Josephus' southern part of the Lower City, or the Acra proper, the entirely new fortress.

Ritmeyer argues (a) there were two distinct fortified structures in the Lower City and (b) the new citadel, the Acra, was higher than the Temple, which it overlooked. Given that the new finds from the Givati Parking Lot are some 200 metres away from the Temple Mount of the Hellenistic period, and at a much lower elevation than the Mount, they could not be part of the Acra that "overlooked the temple".{{Cite web|url=https://www.ritmeyer.com/2015/11/11/the-mysterious-akra-in-jerusalem/|title=The mysterious Akra in Jerusalem|first=Leen|last=Ritmeyer|date=November 11, 2015|access-date=July 24, 2022|archive-date=July 23, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723145139/https://www.ritmeyer.com/2015/11/11/the-mysterious-akra-in-jerusalem/|url-status=live}}

File:City of David Excavation site.jpg

In 2019, a seal bearing the inscription "(belonging) to Nathan-Melech, Servant of the King" was discovered. The discoverers believe this seal probably refers to the official Nathan-melech mentioned in 2 Kings 23:11.{{cite journal |title=A Newly Discovered Personal Seal and Bulla from the Excavations of the GivꜤati Parking Lot, Jerusalem |journal=Israel Exploration Journal |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27098633 |last1=Mendel-Geberovich |first1=Anat |issue=2 |volume=69 |pages=154–174 |last2=Shalev |first2=Yiftah |year=2019 |issn=0021-2059 |jstor=27098633 |last3=Bocher |first3=Efrat |last4=Shalom |first4=Nitsan |last5=Gadot |first5=Yuval}} In 2023, archaeologists discovered a manmade moat dating at the latest to the 9th century BCE that would have separated the northern end of the City of David from the Ophel.{{cite journal |title=An Early Iron Age Moat in Jerusalem between the Ophel and the Southeastern Ridge/City of David |journal=Tel Aviv |last1=Gadot |first1=Yuval |issue=2 |volume=50 |pages=147–170 |last2=Bocher |first2=Efrat |doi=10.1080/03344355.2023.2246811 |year=2023 |last3=Freud |first3=Liora |last4=Shalev |first4=Yiftah|doi-access=free}} The discovery of the moat led to the re-evaluation of Kathleen Kenyon's excavations at Jerusalem decades earlier, suggesting that she had encountered a continuation of the moat and had interpreted it as a natural feature.{{cite news |last=David |first=Ariel |title=Archaeologists Bewildered by Monumental Moat That Split Biblical Jerusalem in Two |url=https://www.haaretz.com/archaeology/2023-12-12/ty-article/archaeologists-bewildered-by-monumental-moat-that-split-biblical-jerusalem-in-two/0000018c-5eac-d6f9-afbc-5feeab320000 |newspaper=Haaretz |date=12 December 2023 |accessdate=9 October 2024}}

Impact

The excavations at the parking lot are part of a long-standing attempt to understand the Biblical history of the area.{{Cite journal |title=Silwan: Biblical Archaeology, Cultural Appropriation, and Settler Colonialism |last=Hawari |first=Mahmoud |journal=Jerusalem Quarterly |volume=90 |pages=90 |url=https://www.palestine-studies.org/en/node/1653292 |date=2022 |language=en}} {{open access}} An investigation by Emek Shaveh found that the developers who intended to build on the site prioritised the preservation of layers relating to Jewish history. As a result, finds were removed and structures dismantled without adequate recording. This included a Muslim and possibly Jewish cemetery. Archaeologist Raphael Greenberg considered that this is a "serious breach of good archaeological practice, especially in view of the paucity of archaeological evidence concerning Jerusalem’s population in the Fatimid or Mamluk periods and the possibility of investigating an ethnically mixed, Muslim and Jewish, population".{{cite report |last=Greenberg |first=Raphael |title=A Privatized Heritage: How the Israel Antiquities Authority Relinquished Jerusalem's Past |year=2014 |publisher=Emek Shaveh |url=https://emekshaveh.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Privatized-Heritage-English-Web1.pdf |page=32}} {{open access}} El'ad's director, David Be'eri, was of the opinion that "It is necessary to present as much evidence linked to Biblical periods as possible".

Archaeologist Mahmoud Hawari contends that the Israeli-led excavations in Silwan contravene international law as they are carried out in occupied territory.{{Cite journal |title=Silwan: Biblical Archaeology, Cultural Appropriation, and Settler Colonialism |last=Hawari |first=Mahmoud |journal=Jerusalem Quarterly |volume=90 |pages=88 |url=https://www.palestine-studies.org/en/node/1653292 |date=2022 |language=en}} {{open access}}