Glaucophyte

The plastids of glaucophytes are known as 'muroplasts',{{cite book |editor1-last=Wise |editor1-first=Robert R. |editor2-last=Hoober |editor2-first=J. Kenneth |title=The structure and function of plastids |year=2006 |publisher=Springer |location=Dordrecht |isbn=978-1-4020-4061-0 |pages=3–21 |url=http://www.uwosh.edu/biology/faculty-and-staff/faculty/wise/publications/wise-the-diversity-of-plastid}} 'cyanoplasts', or 'cyanelles'. Unlike the plastids in other organisms, they have a peptidoglycan layer, believed to be a relic of the endosymbiotic origin of plastids from cyanobacteria.{{cite journal |doi=10.1186/1471-2229-14-57 |pmid=24602296 |pmc=4015805 |title=DipM is required for peptidoglycan hydrolysis during chloroplast division |journal=BMC Plant Biology |volume=14 |pages=57 |year=2014 |last1=Miyagishima |first1=Shin-ya |last2=Kabeya |first2=Yukihiro |last3=Sugita |first3=Chieko |last4=Sugita |first4=Mamoru |last5=Fujiwara |first5=Takayuki |doi-access=free }} Glaucophytes contain the photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll a. Along with red algae and cyanobacteria, they harvest light via phycobilisomes, structures consisting largely of phycobiliproteins. The green algae and land plants have lost that pigment.Skuja, A. (1948). Taxonomie des Phytoplanktons einiger Seen in Uppland, Schweden. Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses 9(3): 1-399.{{AlgaeBase taxon|id=4301|name=Glaucophyta}} Like red algae, and in contrast to green algae and plants, glaucophytes store fixed carbon in the cytosol.{{cite journal |last1=Ball |first1=S. |last2=Colleoni |first2=C.|last3=Cenci |first3=U. |last4=Raj |first4=J. N. |last5=Tirtiaux |first5=C. |title=The evolution of glycogen and starch metabolism in eukaryotes gives molecular clues to understand the establishment of plastid endosymbiosis |journal=Journal of Experimental Botany |date=10 January 2011 |volume=62 |issue=6 |pages=1775–1801 |doi=10.1093/jxb/erq411 |pmid=21220783 |doi-access=free}}

The most early-diverging genus is Cyanophora, which only has one or two plastids. When there are two, they are semi-connected.{{cite journal | last1=de Vries | first1=Jan | last2=Gould | first2=Sven B. | title=The monoplastidic bottleneck in algae and plant evolution | journal=Journal of Cell Science | publisher=The Company of Biologists | date=2017-01-01 | volume=131 | issue=2 | issn=1477-9137 | doi=10.1242/jcs.203414 | page=| pmid=28893840 | doi-access=free }}

Glaucophytes have mitochondria with flat cristae, and undergo open mitosis without centrioles. Motile forms have two unequal flagella, which may have fine hairs and are anchored by a multilayered system of microtubules, both of which are similar to forms found in some green algae.

File:2024 Glaucophyte Numbered.svg (with hairs)|

Mucocyst, discharges a mucous mass sometimes used in cyst formation|

Plate|

Plate vesicle|

Starch granule|

Furrow|

Anterior folds|

Basal body|

Contractile vacuole, regulates the quantity of water inside a cell|

Golgi apparatus; modifies proteins and sends them out of the cell|

Plastid membranes (2, primary)|

Peptidoglycan, a polysaccharide layer surrounding the cytoplasmic membrane|

Central body|

Thylakoids, site of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis|

Phycobilisome|

Nucleolus|

Nucleus|

Endoplasmic reticulum, the transport network for molecules going to specific parts of the cell|

Mitochondrion, creates ATP (energy) for the cell, (flat cristae)|

Posterior flagellum}}]]

{{anchor|muroplast}}

Together with red algae and Viridiplantae (green algae and land plants), glaucophytes form the Archaeplastida – a group of plastid-containing organisms that may share a unique common ancestor that established an endosymbiotic association with a cyanobacterium. The relationship among the three groups remains uncertain, although it is most likely that glaucophytes diverged first:

{{clade

|label1=Archaeplastida

|1={{clade

|1=Glaucophyta

|2={{clade

|1=Red algae

|2=Viridiplantae

}}

}}

}}

The alternative, that glaucophytes and red algae form a clade, has been shown to be less plausible, but cannot be ruled out.

The internal phylogeny of the glaucophytes and the number of genera and species varies considerably among taxonomic sources. A phylogeny of the Glaucophyta published in 2017 divided the group into three families, and includes five genera:{{cite book |last1=Price |first1=Dana C. |last2=Steiner |first2=Jürgen M. |last3=Yoon |first3=Hwan Su |last4=Bhattacharya |first4=Debashish |last5=Löffelhardt |first5=Wolfgang |date=2016 |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_42-1 |contribution=Glaucophyta |title=Handbook of the Protists |pages=1–65 |isbn=978-3-319-32669-6 }}

{{Clade

|label1=Glaucophyta

|1={{Clade

|label1=Cyanophoraceae

|1=Cyanophora

|2={{Clade

|label1=Gloeochaetaceae

|1={{Clade

|1=Cyanoptyche

|2=Gloeochaete

}}

|label2=Glaucocystidaceae

|2={{Clade

|1=Glaucocystopsis

|2=Glaucocystis

}}

}}

}}

}}

A 2019 list of the described glaucophyte species has the same three subdivisions, treated as orders, but includes a further five unplaced possible species, producing a total of between 14 and 19 possible species.{{Citation |mode=cs1 |last1=Figueroa-Martinez |first1=Francisco |last2=Jackson |first2=Christopher |last3=Reyes-Prieto |first3=Adrian |date=2019 |title=Plastid Genomes from Diverse Glaucophyte Genera Reveal a Largely Conserved Gene Content and Limited Architectural Diversity |journal=Genome Biology and Evolution |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=174–188 |doi=10.1093/gbe/evy268 |pmid=30534986 |pmc=6330054 }}

• Order Cyanophorales
• Genus Cyanophora – 5–6 species
• Order Glaucocystales
• Genus Glaucocystis – 7–8 species
• Order Gloeochaetales
• Cyanoptyche – 1 species
• Gloeochaete – 1 species
• Other possible species
• ?Archaeopsis monococca Skuja
• ?Chalarodora azurea Pascher
• ?Glaucocystopsis africana Bourrelly
• ?Peliaina cyanea Pascher
• ?Strobilomonas cyaneus Schiller

{{As of|2022|March}}, AlgaeBase divided glaucophytes into only two groups, placing Cyanophora in Glaucocystales rather than Cyanophorales (however the entry was dated 2011).{{AlgaeBase genus|name=Cyanophora|id=44133|access-date=2022-03-01}} AlgaeBase included a total of 26 species in nine genera:{{AlgaeBase taxon|name=Glaucophyta|id=4301|access-date=2022-03-01}}

• Glaucocystales
• Chalarodora Pascher – 1 species
• Corynoplastis Yokoyama, J.L.Scott, G.C.Zuccarello, M.Kajikawa, Y.Hara & J.A.West – 1 species
• Cyanophora Korshikov – 6 species
• Glaucocystis Itzigsohn – 13 species
• Glaucocystopsis Bourrelly – 1 species
• Peliaina Pascher – 1 species
• Strobilomonas Schiller – 1 species
• Gloeochaetales
• Cyanoptyche Pascher – 1 species
• Gloeochaete Lagerheim – 1 species

None of the species of Glaucophyta is particularly common in nature.

The glaucophytes were considered before as part of family Oocystaceae, in the order Chlorococcales.{{Cite web|url=http://cfb.unh.edu/phycokey/Choices/Glaucophyceae/GLAUCOCYSTIS/Glaucocystis_key.html|title=Phycokey - Glaucocystis}}

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{{Life on Earth}}

{{Eukaryota|D.}}

{{Plant classification}}

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Category:Algal taxonomy

Category:Archaeplastida