Gleicheniales

These ferns are characterized by root steles having 3–5 protoxylem poles and antheridia with 6–12 narrow, twisted or curved cells in their walls, Gleichenia-type spore wall ultrastructure. Otherwise, their habitus is highly diverse, including plants with the typical fern fronds, others whose leaves resemble those of palm trees, and yet others again which have undivided leaves. They are tropical ferns, most diverse in Asia and the Pacific region.

In the molecular phylogenetic classification of Smith et al. in 2006, the Gleicheniales were placed in class Polypodiopsida (the leptosporangiate ferns). Three families, Dipteridaceae, Gleicheniaceae, and Matoniaceae were recognized.{{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Alan R. |last2=Pryer |first2=Kathleen M. |last3=Schuettpelz |first3=Eric |last4=Korall |first4=Petra |last5=Schneider |first5=Harald |last6=Wolf |first6=Paul G. |title=A classification for extant ferns |journal=Taxon |volume=55 |issue=3 |date=August 2006 |pages=705–731 |doi=10.2307/25065646 |url=https://www.fieldmuseum.org/sites/default/files/smith-et-al-taxon-2006.original.pdf |jstor=25065646 |access-date=2016-12-22 |archive-date=2021-12-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209070955/https://www.fieldmuseum.org/sites/default/files/smith-et-al-taxon-2006.original.pdf |url-status=dead }} The linear sequence of Christenhusz et al. (2011), intended for compatibility with the classification of Chase and Reveal (2009){{cite journal |first1=Maarten J. M. |last1=Christenhusz |author-link1=Maarten J. M. Christenhusz |first2=Xian-Chun |last2=Zhang |first3=Harald |last3=Schneider |date=18 February 2011 |title=A linear sequence of extant families and genera of lycophytes and ferns |journal=Phytotaxa |volume=19 |pages=7–54 |url=http://www.mapress.com/phytotaxa/content/2011/f/pt00019p054.pdf |doi=10.11646/phytotaxa.19.1.2 }} which placed all land plants in Equisetopsida,{{cite journal |last1=Chase |first1=Mark W. |author-link1=Mark Wayne Chase |last2=Reveal |first2=James L. |author-link2=James L. Reveal |title=A phylogenetic classification of the land plants to accompany APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=122–127 |date=October 2009 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.01002.x|doi-access=free }} reclassified Smith's Polypodiopsida as subclass Polypodiidae and placed the Gleicheniales there. The circumscription of the order and its families was not changed, and that circumscription and placement in Polypodiidae has subsequently been followed in the classifications of Christenhusz and Chase (2014){{cite journal |last1=Christenhusz |first1=Maarten J. M. |last2=Chase |first2=Mark W. |title=Trends and concepts in fern classification |journal=Annals of Botany |volume=113 |issue=4 |date=13 February 2014 |pages=571–594 |doi=10.1093/aob/mct299|pmid=24532607 |pmc=3936591 }} and PPG I (2016).{{cite journal |author=The Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group |title=A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns |journal=Journal of Systematics and Evolution |volume=54 |issue=6 |pages=563–603 |date=November 2016 |doi=10.1111/jse.12229|s2cid=39980610 |doi-access=free }}

The fossil taxon Microphyllopteris is used for some Mesozoic Gleicheniales that cannot be reliably assigned to the present-day orders. The Triassic Antarctipteris and Gleichenipteris are sometimes ascribed to the Gleicheniaceae, but are probably better considered Gleicheniales incertae sedis. The oldest possible macrofossils of the Gleicheniales stem group are members of the genus Oligocarpia (fertile fronds) from the Carboniferous. However, these have alternatively been considered members of fossil family Sermayaceae. The oldest evidence of stem (basal) group of Gleicheniales was discovered in the wall ultrastructure of miospores Maiaspora from the Visean (Middle Mississippian) of Russia and United Kingdom. The oldest unambiguous macrofossil records, belonging to the stem member of family Gleicheniaceae, are known from the Wuda Tuff flora of China, dating to the Asselian, approximately 298.34 million years ago.{{Cite journal|last1=He|first1=Xuezhi|last2=Zhou|first2=Weiming|last3=Li|first3=Dandan|last4=Wang|first4=Shijun|last5=Hilton|first5=Jason|last6=Wang|first6=Jun|date=November 2021|title=A 298-million-year-old gleicheniaceous fern from China|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0034666720302591|journal=Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology|language=en|volume=294|pages=104355|doi=10.1016/j.revpalbo.2020.104355|s2cid=229436258 }}

In historical treatments, the order has sometimes been treated as a subclass Gleicheniatae of the Pteridopsida, with the taxa treated as families here upranked to orders, so that a distinct subclass can be established for the leptosporangiate ferns. In other treatments, they were expanded to include the filmy ferns (order Hymenophyllales), as well as the similar-looking genus Hymenophyllopsis (as order Hymenophyllopsidales). The resultant group was treated as class Gleichenopsida alongside the Pteridopsida, which would then be limited to the leptosporangiate ferns. However, this class is not monophyletic but rather a basal grade, retaining ancient traits among the living ferns. Irrespective of their modern taxonomic treatment, the Gleicheniales were formerly included in the order Polypodiales. But the ferns in the loose sense are much too diverse a group to be shoehorned into one taxon at such a low rank.

The following diagram shows the phylogeny of Gleicheniales.{{cite journal |author=Samuli Lehtonen |year=2011 |title=Towards Resolving the Complete Fern Tree of Life |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=6 |issue=10 |pages=e24851 |url=http://www.sci.utu.fi/sivustot/amazon/publications/articles/pdf_pub/Lehtonen_2011_PLoS1.pdf |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0024851 |pmid=22022365 |pmc=3192703 |doi-access=free |access-date=2021-03-26 |archive-date=2012-08-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808065104/http://www.sci.utu.fi/sivustot/amazon/publications/articles/pdf_pub/Lehtonen_2011_PLoS1.pdf |url-status=dead }}{{cite journal |last1=Choo |first1=Thereis Y. S. |last2=Escapa |first2=Ignacio H. |year=2018 |title=Assessing the evolutionary history of the fern family Dipteridaceae (Gleicheniales) by incorporating both extant and extinct members in a combined phylogenetic study |journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=105 |issue=8 |pages=1–14 |url= |doi=10.1002/ajb2.1121 |pmid= 30091784|pmc=|doi-access=free |hdl=11336/98938 |hdl-access=free }}

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• {{aut|Smith, A. R.; Pryer, Kathleen M.; Schuettpelz, E.; Korall, P.; Schneider, H. & Wolf, P.G.}} (2006): A classification for extant ferns. Taxon 55(3): 705–731. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080226232147/http://www.pryerlab.net/publication/fichier749.pdf PDF fulltext]

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Category:Fern orders