Gloom

Light conditions may be considered gloomy when the level of light in an environment is too low for the proper function of cone cells, and colour vision is lost.{{citation |author1=Susan E. Rothwell |author2=Fergus W. Campbell |title=The physiological basis for the sensation of gloom |journal=Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics |volume=7 |number=2 |pages=161–163 |year=1987 |doi=10.1111/j.1475-1313.1987.tb01014.x |pmid=3658441 |s2cid=2790271 |url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/120021278/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130105075747/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/120021278/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0|url-status=dead|archive-date=2013-01-05|url-access=subscription }} In a study by Rothwell and Campbell, light levels described as "gloomy" fell between 28 and 3.6 cd/m².{{Cite journal |last1=Tiiler |first1=D |last2=Veltch |first2=J |date=1995 |title=Perceived room brightness: Pilot Study on the effect of luminance distribution |url=http://www.engr.psu.edu/ae/thesis/portfolios/2003/abb145/luminance%20distribution.pdf |journal=Lighting Research & Technology |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=93–101 |doi=10.1177/14771535950270020401 |s2cid=43479815}}

Low light and lack of color of this sort may be associated with depression and lethargy. This association was made as far back as the 2nd century by the ancient Greek physician, Aretaeus of Cappadocia, who said, "Lethargics are to be laid in the light and exposed to the rays of the sun, for the disease is gloom." Also, some studies have found weaker electrical activity in the retinas of depressed people, which gave the individuals studied poor visual contrast, meaning that they saw the world in grayer hues.{{citation |url=http://www.herald.ie/national-news/the-world-truly-a-grey-place-for-the-depressed-2266475.html |title=The world truly a grey place for the depressed |author=Hannah Devlin |date=July 21, 2010 |journal=Evening Herald}}{{citation |url=http://www.journals.elsevierhealth.com/periodicals/bps/article/S0006-3223(10)00129-0/abstract |volume=68 |issue=2 |pages=205–208 |date=15 July 2010 |title=Seeing Gray When Feeling Blue? Depression Can Be Measured in the Eye of the Diseased |author1=Emanuel Bubla |author2=Elena Kerna |author3=Dieter Eberta |author4=Michael Bachab |author5=Ludger Tebartz van Elsta |journal=Biological Psychiatry |doi=10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.02.009 |pmid=20359698|s2cid=10321851 |url-access=subscription }} The naturally weak daylight during winter at extreme latitudes can cause seasonal affective disorder (SAD), although a percentage of people experience SAD during summer.Ivry, Sara (August 13, 2002), [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C03E4DA103AF930A2575BC0A9649C8B63&sec=health Seasonal Depression can Accompany Summer Sun], The New York Times, Retrieved September 6, 2008[http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/seasonal-affective-disorder/DS00195/DSECTION=2 Seasonal affective disorder (SAD): Symptoms], MayoClinic.com, (September 22, 2011), Retrieved on March 24, 2013 A solarium or other source of bright light may be used as light therapy to treat winter SAD.{{citation |journal=British Journal of Psychiatry |year=2003 |volume=182 |issue=2 |pages=174–176 |author=John M. Eagles |title=Seasonal affective disorder |doi=10.1192/bjp.182.2.174|pmid=12562753 |doi-access=free }}

Where artificial lighting is used, this has to be sufficient to not only illuminate the task area, but also provide sufficient background lighting to avoid a sensation of gloominess which has a negative effect on efficiency.{{citation |title=Gloom as a psychophysical phenomenon |doi=10.1177/096032718902100301 |journal=Lighting Research and Technology |year=1989 |volume=21 |number=3 |pages=89–97 |author1=AJ Shepherd |author2=WG Julian |author3=AT Purcell |s2cid=110512746 }}{{citation |title=Sight, light, and efficiency |author=Hubert Claude Weston |year=1949 |publisher=H. K. Lewis & Co. Ltd.}}{{citation |title=Measuring appearance: Parameters indicated from gloom studies |doi=10.1177/096032719202400404 |journal=Lighting Research and Technology |year=1992 |volume=24 |number=4 |pages=203–214 |author1=AJ Shepherd |author2=WG Julian |author3=AT Purcell |s2cid=109295346 }} If the task is challenging, such as playing cricket, reaction times are found to increase significantly when the illumination declines to the gloom level.{{citation |url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/120021279/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0 |title=Bad light stops play |journal=Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=165–167 |date=19 Dec 2007 |author1=Fergus W. Campbell |author2=Susan E. Rothwell |author3=Michael J. Perry |doi=10.1111/j.1475-1313.1987.tb01015.x |pmid=3658442 |s2cid=145240361 |url-access=subscription }}{{dead link|date=February 2019|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}

In architecture, the level of lighting affects whether a building is considered to be unappealing. If there is little or no sunlight or view of the outdoor surroundings from within, then this will tend to make the building seem "gloomy". As seen from the exterior, an interior which is brighter than the surrounding light level may cause the overall building to seem gloomy because the normal cues and contrasts have been upset.{{citation |pages=24, 54 |title=Perception and lighting as formgivers for architecture |author1=W. M. C. Lam |author2=C. H. Ripman |year=1992 | publisher=Van Nostrand Reinhold |isbn=978-0-442-01117-8}}

In the arts, a gloomy landscape or setting may be used to illustrate themes such as melancholy or poverty.{{citation |title=The "Dreary Landscape" as a Background for Scenes of Rural Poverty in Victorian Paintings |author=HD Rodee |journal=Art Journal |year=1977 |volume=36 |number=4 |pages=307–313 |doi=10.2307/776087 |jstor=776087}} Horace Walpole coined the term gloomth to describe the ambiance of great ancient buildings which he recreated in the Gothic revival of his house, Strawberry Hill, and novel, The Castle of Otranto.{{citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CUbQULHA89kC&pg=PA19 |title=The Old Ladies |author=Hugh Walpole|isbn=9781406716788 |date=November 2006 |publisher=Read Books }} Characters which exemplify a gloomy outlook include Eeyore, Marvin and Old Man Gloom.{{citation |title=The Oxford dictionary of allusions |year=2001 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I3YYAAAAIAAJ |page=299|isbn=9780198600312 |last1=Delahunty |first1=Andrew |last2=Dignen |first2=Sheila |last3=Stock |first3=Penny |publisher=Oxford University Press }}{{citation |title=British fantasy and science-fiction writers since 1960 |author=Darren Harris-Fain |year=2002 |page=5 |publisher=Gale |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nssUAQAAIAAJ|isbn=9780787660055 }}{{citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bmd8BU0FdogC |title=Zozobra!: The Story of Old Man Gloom |author1=Jennifer Dewey |author2=Jeanie Puleston Fleming |isbn=9780826332790 |year=2004 |publisher=UNM Press }} The catchphrase "doom and gloom", which is commonly used to express extreme pessimism, was popularised by the movie Finian's Rainbow in which the leprechaun Og (Tommy Steele) uses it repeatedly.{{citation |title=A dictionary of catch phrases |page=115 |author1=Eric Partridge |author2=Paul Beale |year=1986 |publisher=Routledge |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nm3jbg0JalMC&pg=PA115|isbn=9780415059169 }}

{{main|Anticyclonic gloom}}

File:JuneGloom.jpg causes the "June Gloom" in California, as seen from above the cloud layer.]]

Gloomy conditions may arise when low cloud cover forms a continuous overcast. This occurs annually in Southern California, where it is known as June Gloom. Anticyclones may generate gloom-like conditions if they remain stationary, causing a haze and layer of stratocumulus clouds. These tend to occur in temperate winter at the middle latitudes or over an extended period in subtropical regions.{{cite book |chapter=Anticyclonic gloom |page=34 |title=Encyclopedia of Weather and Climate |volume=1 |first=Michael |last=Allaby |isbn=978-0-8160-4071-1 |year=2002|publisher=Facts on File }}{{cite book |page=393 |title=Fundamentals of Weather and Climate |first=J. F. Robin |last=McIlveen |publisher=Routledge |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-7487-4079-6}}

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Category:Emotions

Category:Visibility

Category:Vision