Gloria Allred

{{Short description|American attorney}}

{{Use American English|date=February 2020}}

{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2020}}

{{Infobox person

| name = Gloria Allred

| image = Gloria Allred press conference 2024-05-30 14 (cropped).jpg

| caption = Allred at a press conference in May 2024

| birth_name = Gloria Rachel Bloom

| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1941|7|3}}

| birth_place = Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.

| education = {{ubl|University of Pennsylvania (BA)|New York University (MA)|Southwestern Law School|Loyola Marymount University (JD)}}

| employer = Allred, Maroko & Goldberg

| occupation = {{hlist|Attorney|human rights activist}}

| spouse = {{plainlist|

  • {{marriage|Peyton Huddleston Bray Jr.|1960|1962|reason=div}}{{cite magazine |url=http://www.harpersbazaar.com/culture/features/a539/gloria-allred-0610 |title = Gloria Allred's Fighting Spirit |first = Leslie |last = Bennetts |magazine = Harper's Bazaar |date = June 1, 2010 | access-date = June 2, 2017|quote=Peyton Bray, her blue-blooded husband, became abusive and had a mental breakdown, and by the time Allred was a senior, she was a divorced single mother.}}
  • {{marriage|William Allred|1968|1987|reason=div}}{{cite web |title=Sparks Fly in Allred vs. Allred |url = https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-02-26-me-2875-story.html |first = Scott |last = Harris |work = Los Angeles Times |date = February 26, 1992 |access-date = June 2, 2017 }}

}}

| children = Lisa Bloom

| party = Democratic

| website = [http://www.gloriaallred.com/ gloriaallred.com]

}}

Gloria Rachel Allred ({{née}} Bloom; born July 3, 1941) is an American attorney known for taking high-profile and often controversial cases, particularly those involving feminist causes. She has been inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame.{{Cite web|url=https://www.womenofthehall.org/inductee/gloria-allred-2/|title=Allred, Gloria | Women of the Hall|accessdate=November 19, 2023}}

Early life and education

Gloria Rachel Bloom was born in Philadelphia into a Jewish working-class family on July 3, 1941.{{cite magazine|first= Jia |last=Tolentino |author-link=Jia Tolentino |title= Gloria Allred's Crusade |magazine=The New Yorker|date=September 25, 2017|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/10/02/gloria-allreds-crusade }} Her father, Morris,{{cite news|url=http://www.lamag.com/citythinkblog/hello-im-attorney-gloria-allred1/|title=Hello, I'm Attorney Gloria Allred|newspaper=Lamag - Culture, Food, Fashion, News & Los Angeles |date=1 January 2012}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:24WQ-357|title=FamilySearch.org|website=FamilySearch |accessdate=November 19, 2023}} worked as a salesman; her British-born mother, Stella,{{cite web|url=https://www.familysearch.org/search/search/record/results?count=20&query=+givenname:Morris~++surname:Bloom~++birth_place:Pennsylvania~++birth_year:1900-1902~|title=FamilySearch|website=www.familysearch.org}} was a householder.{{cite news|last1=O'Neil|first1=Ann|title=Lawyer grilling Cosby 'goes after guys who hurt women'|url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/10/09/us/bill-cosby-gloria-allred-deposition/index.html|access-date=October 9, 2015|work=CNN|date=October 9, 2015}} After graduating from the Philadelphia High School for Girls, she attended the University of Pennsylvania, where she met her first husband, Peyton Huddleston Bray Jr. The couple had their only child, Lisa Bloom, on September 20, 1961, and divorced shortly after. Bloom is also an attorney and is best known as a former Court TV anchor.{{cite news | title = The Avenger |last=Winer | first=Laurie | date = June 20, 2010 | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/20/fashion/20ALLRED.html?hp=&pagewanted=all |newspaper=The New York Times | access-date = 2010-06-19}}{{cite magazine|first= Leslie|last=Bennetts |title= Gloria Allred's Fighting Spirit |magazine=Harper's Bazaar|date= June 1, 2010|url=https://www.harpersbazaar.com/culture/features/a539/gloria-allred-0610/ |quote=Peyton Bray, her blue-blooded husband, became abusive and had a mental breakdown, and by the time Allred was a senior, she was a divorced single mother. }}

Gloria Bloom moved back in with her parents and continued her education. In 1963, she earned a bachelor's degree in English, graduating with honors. Over strong objections from her professor, she wrote her honors thesis on black writers.{{cite journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mF0EAAAAMBAJ&q=gloria%20allred&pg=PA60|first=Khoi|last=Nguyen|title=Feminist Fatale|journal=Los Angeles Magazine |date= November 1997}} She was employed in a number of occupations before she decided to become a teacher, taking a position at Benjamin Franklin High School. She began work on a graduate degree at New York University, where she became interested in the civil rights movement. After earning a master's degree, she became a teacher and, in 1966, moved to Los Angeles, where she resided in Watts.{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/fashion/stellamagazine/3361761/Gloria-Allred-the-equaliser.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100505221702/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/fashion/stellamagazine/3361761/Gloria-Allred-the-equaliser.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 5, 2010 |title=returned to Philadelphia to teach at a high school |publisher=Telegraph.co.uk |date= 2007-10-14|access-date=2010-09-17 | location=London |first=Catherine |last=Elsworth}} She worked for the Los Angeles Teachers Association and taught at Jordan High School and Fremont High School.Allred 2006, p. 16

In her autobiography she describes how, during a vacation in Acapulco in 1966, she was raped at gunpoint.Allred 2006, p. 17 She discovered she was pregnant and sought an abortion. Abortion was illegal at the time, so Allred had a back-alley abortion. After undergoing the procedure, she began hemorrhaging and became infected, only recovering after being hospitalized.Allred 2006, p. 18 She did not report the rape, she said, because she did not think anyone would believe her.{{cite news|last1=O'Neill|first1=Ann|title=The lawyer behind the accusers: Gloria Allred is a girl's best friend|url=http://www.cnn.com/2010/CRIME/10/05/celebrity.lawyer.allred/|work=CNN|date=October 1, 2010}}

In 1968, she married William Allred.{{cite web |title=United States of America, Plaintiff-appellee, v. William Allred, Antoine Haddad, Lou Milhous, Soren Hansen, and Donallco, Inc., Defendants-appellants, 867 F.2d 856 (5th Cir. 1989) |url=https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F2/867/856/356724/ |website=Justia Law |access-date=22 July 2022 |language=en}} She enrolled in Southwestern University School of Law and later transferred to Loyola University School of Law at the Loyola Marymount University in Los Angeles. Allred graduated and was admitted to the State Bar of California in 1975.{{cite web|url=http://members.calbar.ca.gov/search/member_detail.aspx?x=65033|title=The State Bar of California: Gloria Rachel Allred|year=2009|access-date=5 December 2009}} Allred divorced her husband in 1987, retaining her married name.{{cite news | first = Scott | last = Harris | title = Sparks Fly in Allred vs. Allred | date = 1992-02-26 | url = https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-02-26-me-2875-story.html | work = Los Angeles Times | access-date = 2010-09-17}}

Career

=Legal=

In a legal career that has spanned five decades, Allred has represented a wide variety of clients in civil rights suits that have involved sexual harassment, women's rights, wrongful termination, and employment discrimination. The New Republic has called her "a longtime master of the press conference".{{cite news|last=Rosen|first=Jeffrey|title=The Very Private Jill Kelley|url=https://newrepublic.com/article/112206/jill-kelley-interview-david-petraeus-pen-pal-crusader|newspaper=New Republic|date=January 27, 2013}} She often takes high-profile cases, using press conferences and appearances on television to much effect. Allred has represented many clients in suits against celebrities, including those against Mötley Crüe drummer Tommy Lee, Arnold Schwarzenegger,{{cite web |url=http://www.yuricareport.com/California/RhondaMillerComplaint.pdf |title=Miller v. Schwarzenegger complaint |access-date=2012-04-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120417094430/http://www.yuricareport.com/California/RhondaMillerComplaint.pdf |archive-date=2012-04-17 }} Herman Cain,{{cite news |url=https://nymag.com/daily/intel/2011/11/gloria-allred-a-career-in-press-conferences.html |title=Gloria Allred: A Career in Press Conferences |work=New York |date= Nov 8, 2011}} David Boreanaz,{{cite web|url=https://www.tmz.com/2010/07/22/david-boreanaz-gloria-allred-sexual-harassment-lawsuit-actress-kristina-hagan/|title= David Boreanaz Sued for Sexual Harassment |date=July 22, 2010 |access-date= 2011-06-08}}{{cite web|url=https://www.tmz.com/2011/03/30/david-boreanaz-settles-sexual-harassment-lawsuit-kristina-hagan-actresss-gloria-allred-fox-settlement-marty-singer/|title= David Boreanaz Settles Sexual Harassment Lawsuit |date=March 30, 2011 |access-date= 2011-06-08}} Scott Lee Cohen,{{cite news |first=Lynn |last=Sweet |author2=Maudlyne Ihejirika |author3=Monifa Thomas |author4=Mary Wisniewski |title=Scott Lee Cohen not fit to serve as Illinois lt. governor, ex-girlfriend says through Gloria Allred |date=2010-02-07 |url=http://blogs.suntimes.com/sweet/2010/02/scott_lee_cohen_not_fit_to_ser.html |work=Chicago Sun-Times |access-date=2010-09-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100419105634/http://blogs.suntimes.com/sweet/2010/02/scott_lee_cohen_not_fit_to_ser.html |archive-date=2010-04-19 }} Anthony Weiner,{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-politics-weiner-pornstar-idUSTRE75E3N820110615|title=Porn star says Representative Weiner asked her to lie|publisher=reuters.com|access-date=2011-06-15|date=2011-06-15}} Sacha Baron Cohen,{{cite news |last=Sweetingham |first=Lisa |title=Etiquette expert is latest to lash out at 'Borat' creator, claiming humiliation |publisher=Court TV |url=http://www.courttv.com/people/2006/1116/borat_ctv.html |access-date=2006-11-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061120083559/http://www.courttv.com/people/2006/1116/borat_ctv.html |archive-date=November 20, 2006 }} Esai Morales,{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/07/24/AR2007072400512.html |title=Morales Denies Ex-Girlfriend's Claims |newspaper=Washington Post |access-date=2018-11-26 |date=2007-07-24 }} and R. Kelly.{{cite news | author=Cydney Henderson |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/people/2019/03/10/gloria-allred-reveals-third-rkelly-underage-sex-tape/3123618002/ |title=Gloria Allred reveals she's given investigators what looks like a third R. Kelly sex tape |work=USA Today |access-date=2019-03-19 |date=2019-03-10 }}

==1970s and 1980s==

File:President Ronald Reagan greeting Gloria Allred.jpg in 1986]]

File:Norma McCorvey (Jane Roe) and her lawyer Gloria Allred on the steps of the Supreme Court, 1989 (32936173946).jpg ("Jane Roe" in Roe v. Wade), 1989]]

Allred founded the firm Allred, Maroko, & Goldberg with fellow Loyola graduates Michael Maroko and Nathan Goldberg in January 1976.Allred 2006, p. 19 In 1979, Allred represented seven children and their parents in a lawsuit against the Sav-On Drugstore chain to stop the store from designating separate sections for boys' and girls' toys.{{cite web|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/684960412.html?dids=684960412:684960412&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+22%2C+1980&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=Sav-On+to+Stop+Designating+Its+Toys+for+Boys+or+Girls&pqatl=google |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130216161656/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/684960412.html?dids=684960412:684960412&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&type=historic&date=Nov+22,+1980&author=&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=Sav-On+to+Stop+Designating+Its+Toys+for+Boys+or+Girls&pqatl=google |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 16, 2013 |title=Sav-On to Stop Designating Its Toys for Boys or Girls |work=Los Angeles Times |date=November 22, 1980 |access-date=2013-01-30}} In 1981, while California State Senator John G. Schmitz was presiding over hearings on outlawing abortion, Allred presented him with a chastity belt. Schmitz retaliated in a press release, calling her a "slick butch lawyeress". She sued him for libel, and eventually secured a settlement of $20,000 and an apology.{{Cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1986-08-22-mn-16808-story.html|title=Sorry! : Gloria Allred Wins $20,000, Public Apology From Ex-Sen. Schmitz for '81 Press Release|year=1986|access-date=2012-03-09|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|last1=Murphy|first1=KIM}}

In 1985, Allred, along with Catharine MacKinnon, drafted a version of the Antipornography Civil Rights Ordinance for Los Angeles County. The legislation failed to pass the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors.{{Cite news |last= Connell |first= Rich. |title= County to explore adoption of tough pornography law |work= Los Angeles Times |date= February 27, 1985}}{{Cite book |publisher= Routledge |isbn= 978-0-415-91037-8 |last1= Duggan |first1= Lisa |last2= Hunter |first2= Nan D. |title= Sex Wars: Sexual Dissent And Political Culture |year= 1995 |url-access= registration |url= https://archive.org/details/sexwarssexualdis0000dugg }} [https://books.google.com/books?id=1D3XL7n5MW4C&pg=PA250 p 250]. In 1987, Allred took on the then all-male Friars Club of Beverly Hills, an exclusive private club, over its membership discrimination policies.{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/11/28/nyregion/woman-denied-admittance-at-friars-club-files-complaint.html |title=Woman, Denied Admittance at Friars Club, Files Complaint |work=The New York Times |date=Nov 28, 1987 |first=Sarah |last=Lyall}} The Friars Club eventually allowed Allred and five other women to use the club's health facilities,{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-05-21-me-3187-story.html |title=Friars Agree to Let Women Use Health Facilities |work=Los Angeles Times |date=May 21, 1988 |first=Kenneth |last=Reich}} after Allred displayed early skills in effective use of the media.{{cite news |url=http://bigthink.com/ideas/20858 |title=Integrating the Friars Club: Interview with Gloria Allred |work=Big Think |date=July 13, 2010}}

==1990s==

Allred wrote a letter to the Senate Ethics Committee in 1992 asking them to investigate the actions of Oregon Senator Bob Packwood, who had been the subject of a newspaper article that detailed his history of sexual harassment. She kept pressure on the Committee and urged Packwood to release his diaries. The Committee eventually voted for his expulsion, and he resigned.Allred 2006, pp. 56–60

In 1983, Allred represented lesbian activists Deborah Johnson and Zandra Rolón in their lawsuit against the owner of a Los Angeles restaurant, Papa Choux, after he denied them service in a booth reserved for "romantic couples".Jet (magazine), Apr 16, 1984, Vol. 66, No. 6, p. 38{{Cite web|url=https://makinggayhistory.com/podcast/deborah-johnson-zandra-rolon-amato/|title=Deborah Johnson & Zandra Rolón Amato|website=Making Gay History|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-15}} While the lower court denied the two an injunction based on unlawful discrimination, the appellate court reversed the decision in Rolon v. Kulwitzky (1984), finding that the restaurant's behavior was discrimination prohibited under the Los Angeles Municipal Code.{{Cite web|url=https://law.justia.com/cases/california/court-of-appeal/3d/153/289.html|title=Rolon v. Kulwitzky (1984)|website=Justia Law|language=en|access-date=2020-01-15}} Rather than serve LGBT couples, the restaurant decided to eliminate the booths altogether, and took out newspaper ads inviting the public to a "Wake for Romance" event.{{Cite news|title=Papa Choux Serves Black Crepe at 'Wake for Romance'|last=Harvey|first=Steve|date=May 25, 1984|newspaper=Los Angeles Times}}

In 1995, Allred represented 11-year-old Katrina Yeaw in Yeaw v. Boy Scouts of America, a suit against the Boy Scouts of America to determine whether the organization had the right to exclude girls from membership.Allred 2006, pp. 117–121 That same year, she represented Nicole Brown Simpson's family during the O. J. Simpson murder trial. In August 1997, she represented model Kelly Fisher{{Cite news | title=Model Sues Princess Di's Rumored Beau for Jilting Her | newspaper=Los Angeles Times| date=1997-08-15 | url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1997-aug-15-me-22612-story.html | access-date=2018-03-06| last1=O'Neill| first1=ANN W.}} when she sued Dodi Fayed for allegedly breaking off their engagement to begin his highly publicized relationship with Diana, Princess of Wales. The suit was dropped not long after Diana and Fayed died in Paris that August.{{citation needed|date=May 2020}}

Allred represented Melrose Place actress Hunter Tylo in 1997 when producer Aaron Spelling fired her because she was pregnant.{{cite web|url=http://www.amglaw.com/CM/Custom/TOCSignificantCases.asp|title=Significant Cases|year=2009|publisher=Allred, Maroko & Goldberg|access-date=2009-12-05}}{{caselaw source

| case=Tylo v. Superior Court (Spelling Entertainment Group, Inc.) (1997) 55 CA4th 1379

| other_source1=ceb.com

| other_url1=http://online.ceb.com/calcases/CA4/55CA4t1379.htm}} A jury awarded Tylo $4.8 million. The case was important in establishing the rights of actors to continue work if they become pregnant.{{cite news|last=Pous|first=Terri|title=A History of Gloria Allred's High-Profile Clients: Hunter Tylo|url=https://newsfeed.time.com/2011/11/09/a-history-of-gloria-allreds-high-profile-clients/slide/hunter-tylo/|newspaper=Time|date=November 9, 2011}}

==2000s==

After pop singer Michael Jackson held his son over a hotel balcony in Berlin in 2002, Allred wrote a letter to California's Child Protective Services, asking for an investigation into the safety of Jackson's children, and spoke on CNN about the subject.{{cite news |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/victims-rights-lawyer-tv-fixture/ |title=Victims' Rights Lawyer: TV Fixture |access-date=2006-11-11 |work=CBS News |date= May 25, 2002}} She also briefly represented Jordan Chandler in 1993 whose father had accused Jackson of sexual abuse. Allred also represented 18-year-old Daniel Kapon, who claimed that Jackson had molested him when he was a child. The Kapon case was dismissed because Kapon's father confirmed that Kapon had never met Jackson.Allred 2006, p. 256 Jackson, who an advisor said could be a bit paranoid, reportedly kept an "enemy list" on which Allred appeared, along with Rabbi Shmuley Boteach, illusionist Uri Geller, music executive Tommy Mottola, DA Tom Sneddon, and Janet Arvizo, mother of a Jackson accuser.{{Cite web|url=https://www.haaretz.com/1.5476786|title=Uri Geller, Shmuley Boteach are on Michael Jackson's 'list of enemies'|website=Haaretz|date=September 18, 2009}} The source of this allegation was Dieter Wiesner whom Jackson fired and who at that time was suing him for $64 million.{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4462616.stm | title=Jackson sued by advisor for $64m | date=November 23, 2005 }}

Later in 2002, Allred represented the family of Gwen Araujo, a transgender teen who was brutally beaten to death when it was learned that she had been assigned male at birth.{{cite news|title=Man Given 11 Years in Gwen Araujo's Death|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-aug-26-me-sentence26-story.html|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|agency=Associated Press|date=August 26, 2006}}

In 2004, Allred represented Amber Frey when Frey was a witness in the criminal case against Scott Peterson for the murder of his wife Laci Peterson.{{cite news|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2004/08/12/DDGMM85P791.DTL|title=Holding news conferences to announce nothing, Gloria Allred champions her clients' right to privacy|last=Hartlaub|first=Peter|date=2004-08-12|newspaper=San Francisco Chronicle|access-date=2009-12-05}} On February 24, 2004, Allred and her law firm, Allred, Maroko, and Goldberg, filed the first lawsuit in California challenging the denial of marriage licenses for same-sex couples as being unconstitutional. She took the case pro bono for Robin Tyler and Diane Olson and Rev. Troy Perry and his spouse Phillip Ray De Blieck. The case went to the California Supreme Court, where on May 15, 2008 she won a decision affirming the right of same-sex couples to marry in California.{{cite web|title=We Won! California Supreme Court Rules for Same Sex Marriage|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/we-won-california-supreme-court-rules-for-same-sex-marriage-57254917.html|website=PR News Wire|access-date=15 October 2016}} She represented three former Circuit City employees on behalf of a large plaintiff class in an age discrimination lawsuit against that company after it fired 3,400 workers nationwide in April 2007.{{cite web |url=http://video.msn.com/v/us/Money.htm?g=911ce441-4f24-423a-9443-a085e32f8485&f=15/64TodaysPick&p=hotvideo_money%20top%20ten&fg= |title=Stock market news video and financial news video – MSN Money |publisher=Video.msn.com |date=2010-01-29 |access-date=2010-09-17 }} {{Dead link|date=November 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

In a March 2008 complaint against the TSA, Allred represented a client who was given pliers and told to remove her nipple rings at a Lubbock, Texas, airport.{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/US/03/28/nipple.ring/index.html |work=CNN |title=Nipple ring search procedures faulty, TSA admits |date=2008-03-28 |access-date=2010-05-03}} In April 2008, it was reported that she had been hired by the family of the teenager who had been beaten and filmed by eight Florida teenagers.Lindsay Family Hire Allred, http://www.tampabays10.com/news/local/article.aspx?storyid=78204 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080415175626/http://www.tampabays10.com/news/local/article.aspx?storyid=78204 |date=2008-04-15 }} She also appeared on Today with Jessica Gibson, who was counter-suing Rob Lowe for sexual harassment.{{cite magazine|last=Lee |first=Ken |url=https://people.com/crime/former-nanny-rob-lowe-exposed-himself-to-me/ |title=Former Nanny: Rob Lowe Exposed Himself to Me – Crime & Courts, Rob Lowe |magazine=People |date=2008-04-15 |access-date=2010-09-17}}

On July 30, 2008, Allred filed a complaint with federal regulators against Downey Savings and Loan Association regarding check-cashing procedures. Marc Retmier, a 19-year-old US Navy Hospitalman, was killed in action in Afghanistan in June 2008. Downey Savings refused to immediately cash his family's military bereavement checks, and family members were compelled to seek funding elsewhere to pay for his funeral services.{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-retmier1-2008aug01,0,1879814.story |work=Los Angeles Times |title=Bank's inaction compounds grief for family of Navy hospitalman killed in Afghanistan |date=2008-08-01 |access-date=2010-05-03 |first=David |last=Kelly}}

In May 2009, Allred filed a suit arguing that Nadya Suleman was exploiting her octuplets. Allred asked for a court-appointed guardian, claiming that Suleman was not properly taking their interests into consideration.{{cite news |title= Octomom Nadya Suleman sued by celeb lawyer Gloria Allred for exploiting her babies |work= N.Y. Daily News |url= https://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/gossip/octomom-nadya-suleman-sued-celeb-lawyer-gloria-allred-exploiting-babies-article-1.372624}} In December of the same year Allred was retained by Rachel Uchitel after media sources alleged that Uchitel had been having an affair with married golfer Tiger Woods.{{cite news |first=Jacqui |last=Goddard |title=Tiger Woods remaining tight-lipped over early-hours crash |date=2009-11-30 |url= http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/golf/article6937050.ece |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100531091034/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/golf/article6937050.ece |url-status= dead |archive-date= May 31, 2010 |work= The Times |access-date= 2009-12-04 |location=London}} Five years later Uchitel won a $6 million legal malpractice settlement from Allred's firm in arbitration.{{cite news|last=Safdar|first=Khadeeja|title=The High-Pressure Tactics Gloria Allred Uses—On Her Own Clients|url=https://www.wsj.com/us-news/law/gloria-allred-sex-abuse-celebrities-clients-db4be5d5|url-access=subscription|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|date=March 9, 2025|access-date=March 9, 2025}} Allred also represented Joslyn James, a pornographic actress and Woods's alleged mistress.{{cite news |first=Sheila |last=Marikar |title=Gloria Allred: Tiger Woods's True Opponent? |date=2010-04-06 |url= https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/gloria-allred-tiger-woods-true-opponent/story?id=10291845 |work=ABC News|access-date= 2010-04-08 }}

==2010s==

On May 14, 2010, in a news conference held at Allred's office, English actress Charlotte Lewis alleged that director Roman Polanski had sexually abused her in his Paris apartment when she was 16."[https://news.yahoo.com/s/afp/20100514/ts_alt_afp/entertainmentusfilmpolanskipeople;_ylt=AniBbx_MfnA7jcjX73ntUdSs0NUE;_ylu=X3oDMTQ2b2ZmZDUxBGFzc2V0A2FmcC8yMDEwMDUxNC9lbnRlcnRhaW5tZW50dXNmaWxtcG9sYW5za2lwZW9wbGUEY2NvZGUDbW9zdHBvcHVsYXIEY3BvcwM4BHBvcwM1BHB0A2hvbWVfY29rZQRzZWMDeW5faGVhZGxpbmVfbGlzdARzbGsDcm9tYW5wb2xhbnNr Roman Polanski hit by fresh sex allegations]", AFP, May 14, 2010. In June 2010, she was hired by Debrahlee Lorenzana, a former bank employee who had drawn wide public attention after alleging that she had been fired for being too attractive. In August 2010, Allred represented Jodie Fisher, whose sexual harassment claim revealed expense-account irregularities that led to the resignation of HP CEO Mark Hurd.{{cite news|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2010/08/09/MNLM1ER43U.DTL |title=Jodie Fisher says her claim toppled CEO of HP |publisher=Sfgate.com |date=2010-08-09 |access-date=2010-09-17 |first=Benny |last=Evangelista}}

Allred was visible in the 2010 California gubernatorial race, going public as the lawyer for Nicky Diaz, a former domestic worker for Republican nominee Meg Whitman. Allred contended that Whitman employed Diaz for years while knowing that Diaz was an undocumented immigrant.{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/attorney-gloria-allred-promises-prove-whitman-knew-housekeeper/story?id=11765470|title=Gloria Allred Releases Social Security Letter With Husband's Writing On It - ABC News|work=ABC News|access-date=2015-04-13|date=October 2010}}

On April 27, 2011, Allred appeared at a press conference with the family of Justin Quinn, who was allegedly threatened at a San Francisco Giants baseball game by Braves coach Roger McDowell. Quinn had objected to McDowell's uttering of homophobic slurs and use of a baseball bat to simulate a sex act in the presence of his daughters.{{cite news |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2011/04/28/BALF1J8UPH.DTL |date=28 April 2011 |last=Bulwa |first=Demian |title=Atlanta Braves coach apologizes for profane slurs |newspaper=San Francisco Chronicle}}{{cite news |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2011/05/01/BA411J9S1D.DTL |date=1 May 2011 |first1=Phillip |last1=Matier |first2=Andrew |last2=Ross |title=Roger McDowell rant: Allred hits one out of park |newspaper=San Francisco Chronicle}}

On October 18, 2011, Allred won court approval to represent nine former cocktail waitresses who were fired from their jobs at Resorts Casino Hotel in Atlantic City, New Jersey after they "did not look good enough" in new uniforms modeled after 1920s-era Flapper outfits. Resorts had sought to bar Allred from the discrimination lawsuit, arguing in court papers that her "flamboyant and headline-grabbing antics" would add nothing to the case.{{cite web |url=http://www.pressofatlanticcity.com/news/press/atlantic_city/celebrity-attorney-gloria-allred-wins-fight-to-represent-former-resorts/article_12d4b58e-ff70-11e0-a64a-001cc4c03286.html |title=Celebrity attorney Gloria Allred wins fight to represent former Resorts cocktail servers |work=Press of Atlantic City |last=Wittkowski |first=Donald |date=26 Oct 2011 |access-date=2011-11-07}}

On March 9, 2012, Allred called for an investigation into whether radio host Rush Limbaugh should be prosecuted in Florida under a 19th-century law against "maliciously imputing to [any woman] a want of chastity" for derogatory remarks he made regarding Sandra Fluke, who testified before House Democrats to advocate for free birth control. Allred commented: "Mr. Limbaugh targeted his attack on a young law student who was simply exercising her free speech and her right to testify before congress on a very important issue to millions of American women and he vilified her. ... He needs to face the consequences of his conduct in every way that is meaningful." Allred did not represent Fluke or have contact with her at the time of her remarks nor did the prosecutor's office respond to request for comment.Lee, MJ. [http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0312/73829.html "Gloria Allred seeks Rush Limbaugh prosecution"] Politico. March 9, 2012.

Also in 2012, Allred took on the case of Jenna Talackova, a Canadian transgender woman who was challenging her disqualification from the Miss Universe Canada pageant for not being a "naturally born" female.[http://news.nationalpost.com/2012/04/03/jenna-talackova-donald-trump-miss-universe-canada/ "Jenna Talackova—armed with a high-profile lawyer—fires back at Miss Universe Canada"]. National Post, April 3, 2012. The Miss Universe organization ultimately reversed its decision before the case proceeded to the courts. In June 2012 Allred confirmed that she was representing a former girlfriend of Rudy Eugene, the now-deceased cannibal of the 2012 Miami cannibalism incident.{{cite news|title=Attorney Gloria Allred Now Connected To Causeway Cannibal Case|url=http://miami.cbslocal.com/2012/06/02/attorney-gloria-allred-now-connected-to-causeway-cannibal-case/|newspaper=CBS Miami|date=June 2, 2012}}

On October 4, 2013, Allred was hired by the wife of critically injured motorcyclist Edwin Mieses, who was run over by Alexian Lien during the Hollywood Stuntz gang assault. Lien ran over Mieses with his SUV while Lien was being surrounded and threatened by Mieses and his motorcycle gang on Manhattan's West Side Highway. Fellow bikers later caught up with Lien and assaulted him. Allred told the press that Mieses, who suffered spinal injuries and two broken legs, was an "innocent victim" who was trying to "defuse the situation".{{cite news|title=Injured Biker's Wife and Gloria Allred Say He Is 'Innocent Victim'|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/injured-bikers-wife-gloria-allred-innocent-victim/story?id=20467895|newspaper=ABC news|date=October 4, 2013}}

{{as of|2015}}, Allred was representing at least 28 women who accuse Bill Cosby of sexual assault, sexual harassment, and/or other sexual misconduct.{{cite news|last1=Puente|first1=Maria|title=Cosby accuser aims for criminal charges|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/people/2015/05/01/new-cosby-accuser-aims-for-criminal-charges/26720395/|website=USA Today|access-date=May 2, 2015|date=May 1, 2015}} She also represented three women who accused Donald Trump of sexual misconduct—claims which Trump has denied, and which first arose during Trump's 2016 presidential campaign.{{cite web | url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/woman-accuses-donald-trump-sexual-misconduct-allred-responds/story?id=42989599 | title=Another Woman Accuses Donald Trump of Sexual Misconduct; Allred Responds to Lawsuit Threat | date=22 October 2016 | access-date=23 October 2016 | last=Schabner | first=Dean| website=ABC News }}

In 2017, former Allred client Kyle Hunter filed official complaints with both the State Bar of California and the District of Columbia Bar, alleging conflict of interest because Allred was in negotiations with CBS at the same time she was representing him in a lawsuit against CBS for employment discrimination.{{Cite web

| url=https://www.sfgate.com/entertainment/the-wrap/article/Gloria-Allred-Under-Investigation-by-California-11740820.php

| title=Gloria Allred Under Investigation by California, D.C. Bars

| last=Seager

| first=Susan

| work=SFGate

| quote=Allred confirmed in a statement that she is being investigated by both the District of Columbia Bar and the California State Bar based on the same complaint by her former client, Los Angeles weather reporter Kyle Hunter.

| date=August 7, 2017

| access-date=July 7, 2018

| archive-date=July 7, 2018

| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180707230828/https://www.sfgate.com/entertainment/the-wrap/article/Gloria-Allred-Under-Investigation-by-California-11740820.php

| url-status=dead

}} Allred issued a statement denying any wrongdoing and claiming the investigation was sparked by a failed extortion attempt.{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/thr-esq/gloria-allred-says-reports-misconduct-were-sparked-by-extortion-attempt-990502 |title=Gloria Allred Says Reports of Misconduct Were Sparked by Extortion Attempt|quote=Allred's record on the bar's website shows no history of discipline—something she also noted in her statement. "I have a spotless record with the State Bar in the more than 40 years that I have been an attorney," says Allred. "I have no intention of allowing anyone to harm my reputation by making allegations against me which have no merit."|work=The Hollywood Reporter |date=2017-03-31 |access-date=2017-10-11}}

On November 11, 2017, Allred held a press conference representing her client, Beverly Young Nelson, as Nelson made a statement alleging sexual assault by Roy Moore when she was 16.{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/11/13/politics/gloria-allred-roy-moore-alabama/index.html |title=Woman accuses Moore of sexually assaulting her at 16 |work=CNN|date=November 13, 2017 |access-date=2017-11-13}}

In 2019, New York Times reporters Jodi Kantor and Megan Twohey discussed the ways in which Allred and her firm profited from non-disclosure agreements that they negotiated, which silenced victims of sexual misconduct through "secret settlements" and "bur[ied] allegations of sexual harassment and assault". Allred's practice negotiated non-disclosures for a victim of Harvey Weinstein, and victims of Fox News host Bill O'Reilly and Olympics gymnastics physician Larry Nassar. Allred was vocal in her dislike of a proposed 2017 California bill that would ban non-disclosure clauses in agreements that silence victims of sexual harassment or assault.{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/08/books/review/she-said-jodi-kantor-megan-twohey.html|title='She Said' Recounts How Two Times Reporters Broke the Harvey Weinstein Story|last=Faludi|first=Susan|date=2019-09-08|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-10-18|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}{{Cite book|title=She Said: Breaking the Sexual Harassment Story That Helped Ignite a Movement|date=September 10, 2019|isbn=978-0525560340|last1=Kantor|first1=Jodi|last2=Twohey|first2=Megan|publisher=Penguin }}

== 2020s ==

In February 2020, Allred hired an American-style school bus to encourage Prince Andrew to respond to the FBI about the sexual misconduct allegations surrounding him. The school bus was covered with an advertisement and placed outside of Buckingham Palace, and included photographs of the Duke of York and a message urging him to answer questions surrounding the controversy.{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.harpersbazaar.com/celebrity/latest/a31076389/gloria-allred-prince-andrew-school-bus-advertisement/|title=Gloria Allred Calls Out Prince Andrew with a School Bus Ad|last=Sanchez|first=Chelsey|date=2020-02-24|magazine=Harper's BAZAAR|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-13}}

In 2021, Allred represented several victims who accused R&B singer R. Kelly of sexually abusing them. After Kelly was convicted of sexual crimes in September 2021, Allred stated that Kelly was the worst sexual predator she had pursued in her 47-year law career.{{Cite news |title=Attorney Gloria Allred says R Kelly is 'the worst' predator she has ever pursued – video |newspaper=The Guardian |date=September 28, 2021 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/video/2021/sep/28/attorney-gloria-allred-says-r-kelly-is-the-worst-predator-she-has-ever-pursued-video}}

In 2021, Allred represented Hannah Archuleta. In 2019, Dr. Phil allegedly pressured Archuleta's father to send her to the Turn-About Ranch in Utah, and at the ranch, Archuleta was allegedly groped and sexually assaulted repeatedly by a male staff member.{{Cite web|url=https://oliverwillis.com/who-is-hannah-archuleta-dr-phil-guest-groping-lawsuit/|title=Who Is Hannah Archuleta? Dr. Phil Guest, Groping Lawsuit|website=Oliver Willis|date=October 21, 2021|access-date=December 26, 2021}} A judge dismissed the lawsuit, and the show countersued for legal costs.{{cite web | url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/business/story/2022-10-18/dr-phil-cbs-hannah-archuleta-alleged-assault-turnabout-ranch | title=Dr. Phil, CBS seek attorney fees from 20-year-old who alleged assault at Utah ranch | website=Los Angeles Times | date=October 18, 2022 }}

In 2022, it was revealed that Allred refused to represent Efrosina "Effie" Angelova, who had accused actor Armie Hammer of raping her and sending her disturbing text messages in January 2021, after she "wouldn't sign a declaration under perjury [regarding] her accusations.".{{Cite web|url= https://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/news/gloria-allred-refused-to-represent-armie-hammer-rape-accuser/|title=Why Gloria Allred Refused to Represent Armie Hammer Accuser Effie Angelova Amid Sexual Assault Allegations|website=Us Weekly|date= September 23, 2022}} Angelova, said in 2025 that Allred discussed her case publicly with the makers of a documentary film on Hammer even after she had denied Allred permission to do so; Allred, Angelova says, threatened to withdraw as her attorney unless she claimed retroactively to have given her permission.

In 2024, Allred represented various individuals claiming to have been sexual assault victims of rapper and music producer Sean "Diddy" Combs.Hessekiel, Sophie [https://www.newsweek.com/entertainment/celebrity-news/lawyer-gloria-allred-repping-diddy-victims-has-history-celeb-cases-1960552 "Who Is Gloria Allred? Iconic Lawyer Repping Diddy Victims Has History with Celeb Assault Cases"] Newsweek, September 24, 2024. Retrieved October 15, 2024.

=Entertainment=

Allred co-hosted a radio talk show with Mark Taylor on KABC in Los Angeles for 14 years. She also served as a panelist on the 1990 revival of television game show To Tell the Truth.{{Cite news |url= http://tvseriesfinale.com/tv-show/to-tell-the-truth/ |title= To Tell the Truth|publisher=TV Series Finale|access-date= 2015-02-20}} On March 28, 2000, Allred was parodied on the animated TV show Family Guy, by a character named "Gloria Ironbox", voiced by Candice Bergen, in an episode titled "I Am Peter, Hear Me Roar". Allred appears as herself in the 2001 film Rat Race. On May 21, 2001, she was parodied on The Simpsons episode "Behind the Laughter", portraying a lawyer at the family table for Lisa Simpson. On June 27, 2001, she was parodied on South Park's episode "Cripple Fight".

On September 12, 2011, Allred debuted into the courtroom television genre with We the People with Gloria Allred, a show using improv actors to reenact fictitious case scenarios.{{cite web |url=http://hollywoodjunket.com/2011/03/02/we-the-people-gloria-allreds-reality/ |author=John Perry |title=WE THE PEOPLE: Gloria Allred's Reality! |publisher=Hollywood Junket |date=March 2, 2011 |access-date=2011-09-21}} In April 2013, Allred appeared on the reality show RuPaul's Drag Race (episode "The Final Three, Hunty"), interviewing and advising the final three contestants on selling themselves as "America's Next Drag Superstar". On November 27, 2016, Allred appeared as herself on the Epix TV show Graves.

Political life

Allred founded (incorporated in 1978){{cite web |title=Amicus Curiae Brief of The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights |url=http://sblog.s3.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/14-556-lc.pdf |publisher=Supreme Court of the United States |access-date=23 July 2022 |page=8b}} and is currently {{when|date=May 2024}} president of the Women’s Equal Rights Legal Defense and Education Fund WERDLEF (Legal Momentum).{{cite news |last1=Adlen |first1=Joan |title=Extension of Amendment of Women's Rights dinner on March 23, 1979 in Los Angeles, California |url=https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/to-r-singer-musician-actor-trini-lopez-actress-michele-news-photo/147234502 |access-date=23 July 2022 |work=Getty Images |date=March 23, 1979 |language=en-us |quote=Singer, Musician, Actor: Trini Lopez, Actress, Michele Triola Marvin, Atty. Marvin Mitchelson, Atty. Gloria Allred, Chairman for ERA and Entertainer, Bill Dana at the Extension of Amendment of Women's Rights dinner on March 23, 1979 in Los Angeles, California.}}{{cite web |title=Lesbian Legacy Collection subject files |url=https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt1g503505/dsc/ |website=Online Archive of California |access-date=23 July 2022 |quote=Women's Equal Rights Legal Defense and Education Fund (WERLDEF) circa 1960 - 2008}}{{cite web |title=About Gloria Allred |url=https://www.gloriaallred.com/about-ms-allred/ |website=GloriaAllred.com |access-date=23 July 2022}}{{cite news |last1=Weiss |first1=Debra Cassens |title=Weight Loss Isn't the Aim of Gloria Allred's 30-Day Fast |url=https://www.abajournal.com/news/article/weight_loss_isnt_the_aim_of_gloria_allreds_30-day_fast |date=July 29, 2010 |access-date=23 July 2022 |work=ABA Journal |language=en}} In 1980, Allred held a fundraiser at Chippendales for WERLDEF.{{cite web |title=9. Where The Butt Ends |url=https://gimletmedia.com/shows/welcome-to-your-fantasy/xjh554j |website=Welcome to Your Fantasy |publisher=Gimlet Media |access-date=23 July 2022 |language=en}}

Gloria Allred has been a member of the advisory board of Women's Day-USA, a California charity dedicated to promoting observation and recognition of March 8 as International Women's Day in the United States.{{Cite web|url=http://www.womensday.org/board.html|title=Who's behind WDUSA|language=en|website=Women's Day-USA|access-date=28 August 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020222084739/http://www.womensday.org/board.html|archive-date=22 February 2002|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gptZ-fLdbDQ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/gptZ-fLdbDQ |archive-date=21 December 2021|url-status=live|title=Gloria Allred about International Women's Day| publisher=YouTube|date=1 January 2012|accessdate=28 August 2024}}{{cbignore}}

Personal life

Allred and her first husband, Peyton Huddleston Bray, Jr., were married in 1960, and divorced in 1962. She and her second husband, William Allred, married in 1968 and divorced in 1987. Her only child, Lisa Bloom, was born in 1961.

She is Jewish, but does not consider herself particularly religious.{{cite news|last=Tolentino|first=Jia|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/10/02/gloria-allreds-crusade|title=Gloria Allred's Crusade|magazine=The New Yorker|date=October 2, 2017|access-date=October 7, 2017}}

Criticism

Allred's public statements and behavior have resulted in criticism. In 2012, The Atlantic described her as "the ambulance chaser of feminism" after she defended two men involved in a sexual battery lawsuit against actor John Travolta.{{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2012/05/gloria-allred-just-ambulance-chaser-feminism/327806/|title=Gloria Allred: Ambulance Chaser of 'Feminism'|first=Jen|last=Doll|website=The Atlantic|date=22 May 2012}} The Daily Beast journalist Tricia Romano also labeled her as a "publicity hound".{{Cite news|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2012/06/13/my-gloria-allred-nightmare|title=My Gloria Allred Nightmare|first=Tricia|last=Romano|date=13 June 2012|via=www.thedailybeast.com|newspaper=The Daily Beast}} The New Republic contributor Jeffrey Rosen also described Allred as "a longtime master of the press conference".

Allred's role, along with that of her daughter (attorney Lisa Bloom), in allegedly suppressing the voices of alleged victims of Harvey Weinstein{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/18/podcasts/the-daily/harvey-weinstein-lisa-bloom.html|title=Keeping Harvey Weinstein's Secrets, Part 1: Lisa Bloom|date=2019-09-18|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-12-12|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}} was chronicled in Jodi Kantor and Megan Twohey's 2019 book She Said: Breaking the Sexual Harassment Story That Helped Ignite a Movement.

In 2025 The Wall Street Journal reported that several former clients alleged that Allred had used high-pressure tactics to coerce them into accepting settlements with broad nondisclosure agreements (NDAs) attached. Some of those NDAs barred the clients from discussing what had happened to them even with their therapists or spouses. They claim they were pressured into settling even when they were willing to go public with their stories and pursue the claim in court, and told that it was better for them not to discuss the claim as that would jeopardize any money they were likely to receive, money they were told they were lucky to be getting in the first place. They also signed retainer agreements that required any disputes between them and Allred's firm to be settled in confidential arbitration, a procedure Allred has been sharply critical of when used to settle sexual-assault claims.

Popular culture

In several episodes of musical comedy Glee, she was mentioned by character Sue Sylvester (Jane Lynch) to be her lawyer.

In the 2001 film Rat Race, she first appeared after the character Blaine Cody (Vince Vieluf) was about to step on a shot glass for a purported insurance scam. Instead, a hotel guest slips on the glass and Gloria Allred announces "I saw the whole thing." Later in the film, character Enrico is run over by an ambulance driven by Zack, a medical supply driver; to the fear of the latter, Allred witnesses the accident and yells "I saw the whole thing". And tells Zack and Enrico to stay put, she'll be right there.

She also appeared in a brief fictional cameo as Lisa's lawyer in The Simpsons season 11 mockumentary episode, "Behind the Laughter".

In 2010, she was mentioned by Justin Bieber in the skit "Lonely Teacher" during Season 35 of Saturday Night Live.{{Cite video|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fdY_7bSFsS0 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211222/fdY_7bSFsS0 |archive-date=2021-12-22 |url-status=live|title=Lonely Teacher - SNL|work=Saturday Night Live|access-date=2021-09-20|language=en}}{{cbignore}}

In early 2018, Netflix debuted a documentary about the life and work of Allred, Seeing Allred, from directors Roberta Grossman and Sophie Sartain.{{Cite news|url=https://www.vogue.com/article/seeing-allred-gloria-allred-documentary-netflix-review-me-too|title=Seeing Allred Reminds Us That Feminism Used to Be a Very Unpopular Brand|work=Vogue|access-date=2018-02-10|language=en}}

In Gilmore Girls (season 2 episode 22 at 18:08), Lorelai Gilmore refers to her when talking to Christopher on the porch.

Works

  • {{cite book |last1= Allred|first1= Gloria|last2= Rybak|first2= Deborah Caulfield|title=Fight Back and Win: My Thirty-Year Fight Against Injustice and How You Can Win Your Own Battles|url= https://archive.org/details/fightbackwinmyth00allr|url-access= registration|year= 2006|publisher=ReganBooks|location= New York|isbn= 978-0-06-073928-7|oclc=62755633}}

Notes

{{Reflist|30em}}

References

  • {{cite book |ref=Allred|last1= Allred|first1= Gloria|last2= Rybak|first2= Deborah Caulfield|title=Fight Back and Win: My Thirty-Year Fight against Injustice and How You Can Win Your Own Battles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VoMa6EhCw4gC|year= 2006|publisher=ReganBooks|location= New York|isbn= 978-0-06-073928-7|oclc=62755633}}