Glossary of stock market terms

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Following is a glossary of stock market terms.

• All or none or AON: in investment banking or securities transactions, "an order to buy or sell a stock that must be executed in its entirely, or not executed at all".{{cite web|title=All-Or-None Order|url=https://www.sec.gov/answers/aonord.htm|work=Answers|publisher=U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission|accessdate=22 March 2013}}
• Ask price or Ask: the lowest price a seller of a stock is willing to accept for a share of that given stock.{{Cite web |url=http://www.investorwords.com/266/asking_price.html |title=Investorwords.com |access-date=2018-04-30 |archive-date=2018-06-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625161428/http://www.investorwords.com/266/asking_price.html |url-status=dead }}
• Bear market: a general decline in the stock market over a period of time. See Market trend.
• Bookrunner: in investment banking, usually the main underwriter or lead-manager/arranger/coordinator in equity, debt, or hybrid securities issuances."[http://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/bookrunner.asp Book Runner]", Investopedia.
• Bull market: a period of generally rising prices. See Market trend.
• Closing print: a report of the final prices for the day on a stock exchange.
• Fill or kill or FOK: "an order to buy or sell a stock that must be executed immediately"—a few seconds, customarily—in its entirety; otherwise, the entire order is cancelled; no partial fulfillments are allowed.{{cite web|title=Fill-Or-Kill Order|url=https://www.sec.gov/answers/fokord.htm|publisher=U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission|accessdate=22 March 2013|date=10 March 2011}}
• Green sheet: a document that accompanies a prospectus for most initial public offerings, and describes the basic terms of the offering that are of the most important to a registered representative.
• Greenshoe: A special arrangement in a share offering, for example an IPO, which enables the investment bank representing the underwriters to support the share price after the offering without putting their own capital at risk.Martin, Alexander, [https://www.wsj.com/articles/line-raises-ipo-price-range-to-meet-strong-demand-1467621614 "Line Raises IPO Price Range to Meet Strong Demand"], Wall Street Journal, July 4, 2016. Retrieved 2016-07-04.
• Reverse greenshoe: a special provision in an IPO prospectus, which allows underwriters to sell shares back to the issuer.
• Immediate or cancel, IOC, or accept order: "an order to buy or sell a stock that must be executed immediately"; if the entire order is not available at that moment for purchase a partial fulfillment is possible, but any portion of an IOC order that cannot be filled immediately is cancelled, eliminating the need for manual cancellation.{{cite web|last=Tatum|first=Malcolm|title=What Does "Immediate or Cancel" Mean?|url=http://www.wisegeek.com/what-does-immediate-or-cancel-mean.htm|publisher=wiseGEEK|accessdate=22 March 2013}}{{cite web|title=Immediate-Or-Cancel Order|url=https://www.sec.gov/answers/iocord.htm|publisher=U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission|accessdate=22 March 2013}}
• Initial public offering or IPO: a type of public offering in which shares of a company are sold to institutional investors.
• Institutional investor: an entity which pools money to purchase securities, real property, and other investment assets or originate loans.
• Market top: the highest point of trading before the market shifts from a bull market to a bear market.
• Market trend: the tendency of financial markets to move in a particular direction over time.[https://books.google.com/books?id=gtrLvlojNzIC&dq=stock+market+trends&pg=PA91 Start Market Course], George Fontanills, Tommy Gentile, John Wiley and Sons Inc. 2001, p. 91.
• Public float or Free float: the portion of shares of a corporation that are in the hands of public investors as opposed to locked-in stock held by promoters, company officers, controlling-interest investors, or government.
• Pump and dump or P&D: a form of securities fraud that involves artificially inflating the price of an owned stock through false and misleading positive statements, in order to sell the cheaply purchased stock at a higher price.{{cite web |url=https://www.sec.gov/answers/pumpdump.htm |title=Pump and Dump Schemes |publisher=U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission |date=March 12, 2001}}
• Runoff or run-off: the period at the end of a stock market trading session originally reserved for printing end-of-trading share prices and values onto ticker tape;See e.g. [http://www.investopedia.com/terms/r/runoff.asp Investopedia definition of runoff] now used to describe trades at the end of a session that may not be announced or reported until the start of the next session.
• Securities special settlement: special settlement procedures that include the mechanisms to extinguish obligations stemming from unfulfilled obligations on their settlement date.{{cite web |last1=Jiménez-Vázquez |first1=Lorenzo |title=VI. Securities settlement |url=https://www.banxico.org.mx/elib/mercado-valores-gub-en/OEBPS/Text/vien.html |website=banxico.org |publisher=Banco de México |access-date=7 September 2023}}
• Stub: the stock representing the remaining equity in a corporation left over after a major cash or security distribution from a buyout, a spin-out, a demerger or some other form of restructuring removes most of the company's operations from the parent corporation.[http://www.duke.edu/~charvey/Classes/wpg/bfgloss.htm S Definitions: Campbell R. Harvey's Hypertextual Finance Glossary].
• Theoretical ex-rights price: a situation where the stock and the right attached to the stock is separated.
• Trade: the buying and selling of financial instruments.
• Two-tier tender offer: an offer to purchase a sufficient number of stockholders' shares so as to gain effective control of a firm at a certain price per share, followed by a lower offer at a later date for the remaining shares.
• Variable prepaid forward contract: an investment strategy that allows a shareholder with a concentrated stock holding to generate liquidity for diversification or other purposes.
• Widow-and-orphan stock: a stock that reliably provides a regular dividend while also yielding a slow but steady rise in market value over the long term.{{cite web |url=http://www.investorglossary.com/widow-and-orphan-stock.htm |title=Widow-and-orphan Stock Definition - What is Widow-and-orphan Stock? |publisher=Investorglossary.com |date= |accessdate=2014-02-20 |archive-date=2014-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328110615/http://www.investorglossary.com/widow-and-orphan-stock.htm |url-status=dead }}
• Witching hour: the last hour of stock trading between 3 pm (when the bond market closes) and 4 pm EST (when the stock market closes), which can be characterized by higher-than-average volatility.{{cite web|url=http://www.investopedia.com/terms/w/witching-hour.asp |title=Witching Hour Definition |publisher=Investopedia |accessdate=2011-10-01}}
• Triple witching hour: the last hour of the stock market trading session (3:00-4:00 P.M., New York City local Time) on the third Friday of every March, June, September, and December, when three kinds of securities expire - stock market index futures, stock market index options, and stock options.{{cite web |url=https://hitandruncandlesticks.com/what-is-triple-witching/ |title=What is triple witching? |last1=Saddler |first1=Rick |date=June 25, 2014 |website=Hit & Run Candlesticks |publisher= |access-date=July 1, 2016 |quote=This daylong event, which is sometimes referred to as “Freaky Friday,” is an important day for short-term investors because the markets tend to be turbulent and unpredictable, shifting erratically as traders attempt to offset their orders before the closing bell rings.}}
• Yellow strip price or Touch price: in the UK stock market (LSE), the highest bid price or lowest offer price, shown on the SEAQ or SETS screen in a yellow strip.[https://web.archive.org/web/20060903083546/http://glossary.reuters.com/index.php/Yellow_Strip Reuters Glossary - Yellow strip].