Goitrogen

Chemicals that have been shown to have goitrogenic effects include:

• Sulfadimethoxine (Albon),{{cite journal|title=Goitrogenic effects in offspring of swine fed sulfadimethoxine and ormetoprim in late gestation|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/20235459 |journal=Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association|vauthors=Blackwell T, Werdin R, Eisenmenger M, FitzSimmons M|volume=194 |issue=4|pages=519–523 |date=March 1989}} propylthiouracil,{{cite journal|title=Pregnancy outcome, thyroid dysfunction and fetal goitre after in utero exposure to propylthiouracil: a controlled cohort study| pmc=2780286 | pmid=19843064 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2125.2009.03495.x| volume=68| issue=4 | year=2009|vauthors=Rosenfeld H, Ornoy A, Shechtman S, Diav-Citrin O| journal=Br J Clin Pharmacol| pages=609–17}} potassium perchlorate,{{cite journal |title=Perchlorate Clinical Pharmacology and Human Health: A Review | pmc=3640367 | pmid=11477312 | volume=23 | issue=4 | year=2001 |vauthors=Soldin OP, Braverman LE, Lamm SH| journal=Ther Drug Monit | pages=316–31 | doi=10.1097/00007691-200108000-00002}} and iopanoic acid.{{cite journal|title=Side Effects of Radiographic Contrast Media: Pathogenesis, Risk Factors, and Prevention| pmc=4034507 | pmid=24895606 | doi=10.1155/2014/741018| volume=2014| year=2014|vauthors=Andreucci M, Solomon R, Tasanarong A| journal=Biomed Res Int| page=741018| doi-access=free }}
• Some oxazolidines such as goitrin.{{cite journal |vauthors=Verhoeven DT, Verhagen H, Goldbohm RA, van den Brandt PA, van Poppel G |title=A review of mechanisms underlying anticarcinogenicity by brassica vegetables |journal=Chem. Biol. Interact. |volume=103 |issue=2 |pages=79–129 |date=February 1997 |pmid=9055870 |doi= 10.1016/S0009-2797(96)03745-3}}
• Ions such as thiocyanate (from cigarette smoking for example{{cite journal |vauthors=Erdogan MF |title=Thiocyanate overload and thyroid disease |journal=BioFactors |volume=19 |issue=3–4 |pages=107–11 |year=2003 |pmid=14757960 |doi= 10.1002/biof.5520190302|type=Review}}) and perchlorate decrease iodide uptake by competitive inhibition and, as a consequence of reduced thyroxine and triiodothyronine secretion by the gland, cause, at low doses, an increased release of thyrotropin (by reduced negative feedback), which then stimulates the gland.{{citation needed|date=May 2017}}
• Amiodarone inhibits peripheral conversion of thyroxine to triiodothyronine; also interferes with thyroid hormone action.{{citation needed|date=May 2017}}
• Lithium inhibits thyroid hormone release.{{citation needed|date=May 2017}}
• Phenobarbitone, phenytoin, carbamazepine, rifampin induce metabolic degradation of triiodothyronine (T₃) and thyroxine (T₄).{{citation needed|date=May 2017}}

Foods which have been demonstrated to have goitrogenic effects include soy, cassava (when crushed and not detoxified by soaking,{{cite journal |author=Vanderpas J |title=Nutritional epidemiology and thyroid hormone metabolism |journal=Annu. Rev. Nutr. |volume=26 |pages=293–322 |year=2006 |pmid=16704348 |doi=10.1146/annurev.nutr.26.010506.103810}}) vegetables in the genus Brassica (such as broccoli and cabbage),{{cite book |author1=Mitchell, Richard Sheppard |author2=Kumar, Vinay |author3=Abbas, Abul K. |author4=Fausto, Nelson |title=Robbins Basic Pathology|publisher=Saunders |location=Philadelphia |year= 2007|isbn=978-1-4160-2973-1 |edition=8th}}{{page needed|date=September 2014}} and other cruciferous vegetables.{{cite journal|last1=Gaitan|first1=Eduardo|title=Goitrogens in Food and Water|journal=Annual Review of Nutrition|date=July 1990|volume=10|issue=1|pages=21–37|doi=10.1146/annurev.nu.10.070190.000321|pmid=1696490}} In places where iodine deficiency exists in tandem with millet being a major component of the diet, millet consumption can contribute to thyroid enlargement which is the start of endemic goiter.{{cite journal |author1=Eduardo Gaitan |author2=Raymond, H. Lindsay |author3=Robert D. Reichert |author4=Sidney H. Ingbar |author5=Robert C. Cooksey |author6=Jim Legan |author7=Edward F. Meydrech |author8=John Hill |author9=Ken Kubota |title=Antithyroid and Goitrogenic Effects of Millet: Role of C-Glycosylflavones |journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism |volume=68 |issue=4 |pages=707–714 |year=1989 |doi=10.1210/jcem-68-4-707|pmid=2921306 }}

• Hypothyroidism
• Hyperthyroidism
• Thyroid

{{reflist|2}}

• [http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/5/4/440.full.pdf Goitrogenic Substances in Food]

Category:Thyroid disease