Gola language

{{Short description|Unclassified language spoken in West Africa}}

{{Infobox language

|name=Gola

|nativename={{lang|gol|Gola}}, {{lang|gol-Vaii|ꖑꕞ}}

|states=Western Liberia & along the border with Sierra Leone

|ethnicity=Gola

|speakers={{sigfig|192,000|1}}

|date=2019–2020

|ref = e25

|familycolor=Niger-Congo

|fam2=Atlantic–Congo

|iso3=gol

|glotto=gola1255

|glottorefname=Gola

|script=Latin script, Vai script, Gola script

}}

Gola is a language of Liberia and Sierra Leone. It was traditionally classified as an Atlantic language, but this is no longer accepted in more recent studies.

Classification

Gola is not closely related to other languages and appears to form its own branch of the Niger–Congo language family.Guillaume Segerer & Florian Lionnet 2010. [http://25images.ish-lyon.cnrs.fr/player/player.php?id=72&id_sequence=431 "'Isolates' in 'Atlantic'"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331180907/http://25images.ish-lyon.cnrs.fr/player/player.php?id=72&id_sequence=431 |date=March 31, 2012 }}. Language Isolates in Africa workshop, Lyon, Dec. 4 Previously, Fields (2004) had classified Gola as a Mel language most closely related to Bullom and Kisi.Fields, Edda L. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4129008 Before "Baga": Settlement Chronologies of the Coastal Rio Nunez Region, Earliest Times to c.1000 CE]. In: The International Journal of African Historical Studies, Vol. 37, No. 2 (2004), pp. 229-253. Boston University African Studies Center.

Distribution

According to Ethnologue, Gola is spoken in widespread regions across Liberia. It is spoken in Gbarpolu County, Grand Cape Mount County, and Lofa County (between the Mano River and Saint Paul River), as well as in inland areas of Bomi County and Montserrado County.

Dialects are Deng (Todii), Kongba, and Senje.

Phonology

class="wikitable"

|+Consonants{{Cite journal |last=Koroma |first=Regine |date=1994 |title=Die Morphosyntax des Gola |journal=Afrikanistische Monografien |publisher=Institut für Afrikanistik, University of Cologne |volume=4 |pages=xiv+215}}

!

!Labial

!Alveolar

!Palatal

!Velar

!Labiovelar

!Glottal

Plosive

|{{IPA link|p}} {{IPA link|b}}

|{{IPA link|t}} {{IPA link|d}}

|{{IPA link|tʃ}} {{IPA link|dʒ}}

|{{IPA link|k}} {{IPA link|g}}

|{{IPA link|kp}} {{IPA link|gb}}

|

Implosive

|{{IPA link|ɓ}}

|

|

|

|

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Fricative

|{{IPA link|f}} {{IPA link|v}}

|{{IPA link|s}} {{IPA link|z}}

|

|

|

|{{IPA link|h}}

Nasal

|{{IPA link|m}} {{IPA link|m̥}}

|{{IPA link|n}} {{IPA link|n̥}}

|{{IPA link|ɲ}}

|{{IPA link|ŋ}}

|{{IPA link|ŋm}}

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Approximant

|{{IPA link|w}}

|{{IPA link|l}}

|{{IPA link|j}}

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|

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class="wikitable"

|+Vowels

!

!Front

!Central

!Back

High

|{{IPA link|i}} {{IPA link|iː}}

|

|{{IPA link|u}} {{IPA link|uː}}

Mid-high

|{{IPA link|e}}

|

|{{IPA link|o}}

Mid-low

|{{IPA link|ɛ}} {{IPA link|ɛː}}

|

|{{IPA link|ɔ}} {{IPA link|ɔː}}

Low

|

|{{IPA link|a}} {{IPA link|aː}}

|

There are at least two tones: high and low. Middle, falling, and rising tones can also be found, but may be allophones conditioned by the presence certain consonants that have a lowering or raising effect on the pronunciation of the tone.

Writing system

Multiple writing systems have been used to transcribe the Gola language. Until recently, the Vai script was used across Liberia and Sierra Leone.{{cite Q|Q86531772|page=29}}

References

{{Reflist}}

{{Languages of Liberia}}

{{Atlantic languages}}

{{Niger-Congo branches}}

Category:Atlantic languages

Category:Gola people

Category:Languages of Liberia

Category:Languages of Sierra Leone

{{Atlantic-lang-stub}}