Gold Codes

Gold Codes are arranged in a column and printed on a plastic card nicknamed "the biscuit".{{cite news|last=Donvan|first=John|title=President Bill Clinton Lost Nuclear Codes While in Office, New Book Claims|url=https://abcnews.go.com/WN/president-bill-clinton-lost-nuclear-codes-office-book/story?id=11930878|work=ABC News|date=October 20, 2010|access-date=April 23, 2019}} The card's size is similar to that of a credit card, and the president is supposed to carry it on their person. Before it can be read, an opaque plastic covering must be snapped in two and removed.{{cite news|last=Ambinder|first=Marc|title=2 White House movie tropes that don't make sense|url=https://theweek.com/articles/462339/2-white-house-movie-tropes-that-dont-make-sense|magazine=The Week|date=July 10, 2013|access-date=September 7, 2024}}

Gold Codes are generated daily and provided by the National Security Agency (NSA) to the White House, The Pentagon, United States Strategic Command and TACAMO. For an extra level of security, the list of codes on the card includes codes that have no meaning, and therefore the president must memorize where on the list the correct code is located. The concept behind the codes is that they permit the president to present positive identification of being the commander-in-chief and thereby authenticate a launch order to the National Military Command Center (NMCC).{{cite web|title=US nuclear codes: key terms explained|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/8077870/US-nuclear-codes-key-terms-explained.html|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|date=October 21, 2010|access-date=April 23, 2019}}{{cite news|last=Ambinder|first=Marc|title=Why Clinton's Losing the Nuclear Biscuit Was Really, Really Bad|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2010/10/why-clintons-losing-the-nuclear-biscuit-was-really-really-bad/65009/|magazine=The Atlantic|date=October 22, 2010|access-date=April 23, 2019}}

{{Further|Nuclear weapons and the United States}}

If the president decides to launch nuclear weapons, they would be taken aside by the carrier of the nuclear football and the briefcase would be opened. The president would select from among sets of specific orders for attacks on specific targets. The attack options are preset war plans developed under OPLAN 8010, and include major attack options, selected attack options, and limited attack options. The chosen attack option and the Gold Codes would be transmitted to the NMCC via a special secure channel. Before the order can be followed by the military, the president must be identified using a special code issued on a plastic card, nicknamed "the biscuit".[http://icnnd.org/Documents/Jason_Fritz_Hacking_NC2.pdf Hacking Nuclear Command and Control, International Commission on Nuclear Non proliferation and Disarmament] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904232811/http://www.icnnd.org/Documents/Jason_Fritz_Hacking_NC2.pdf |date=September 4, 2011 }}, p. 10. The authentication is conducted between the president and the NMCC's deputy director of operations, using a challenge code of two phonetic letters. The president will read from the biscuit the daily phonetic letters and the deputy director will confirm or deny if they are correct, confirming that the person is the president and the attack orders can be given.{{cite web |url=https://www.nonproliferation.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Finger-on-the-Nuclear-Button.pdf |title=The Finger on the Button: The Authority to Use Nuclear Weapons in Nuclear-Armed States |last1=Lewis |first1=Jeffrey G. |last2= Tertrais |first2= Bruno |last3= |first3= |publisher=Middlebury Institute for International Studies |date=February 18, 2019 |website=nonproliferation.org |access-date=13 October 2023}} As commander-in-chief, the president is the only person with the authority to order the use of nuclear weapons.{{Cite web |last=Zacher |first=Jules |date=2013-04-19 |title=Presidential Authority and Nuclear Weapons: Taking Back Our Rights |url=https://archive.law.upenn.edu/live/files/1942-zacherpresidential-authority-and-nuclear-weapons |website=University of Pennsylvania Law School}}{{cite web |url=https://www.nonproliferation.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Finger-on-the-Nuclear-Button.pdf |title=The Finger on the Button: The Authority to Use Nuclear Weapons in Nuclear-Armed States |last1=Lewis |first1=Jeffrey G. |last2= Tertrais |first2= Bruno |last3= |first3= |publisher=Middlebury Institute for International Studies |date=February 18, 2019 |website=nonproliferation.org |access-date=13 October 2023}}{{cite web |url=https://www.ucsusa.org/sites/default/files/attach/2017/11/Launch-Authority.pdf |title=Whose Finger Is On the Button? |author= |date=September 22, 2017 |website=www.ucsusa.org |publisher=Union of Concerned Scientists |access-date=13 October 2023 |quote=In the United States, the president has the sole authority to order the use of nuclear weapons, for any reason and at any time.}}{{cite journal |last1=Blair |first1=Bruce G. |last2= |first2= |date=3 January 2020 |title=Loose cannons: The president and US nuclear posture |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00963402.2019.1701279 |journal=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists |volume=76 |issue=1 |pages=14=-26 |doi=10.1080/00963402.2019.1701279 |access-date=13 October 2023|url-access=subscription }} Nuclear-defense policy expert Franklin Miller argues that the president has almost singular authority to initiate a nuclear attack; while the secretary of defense is required to verify the order, they cannot veto it.{{cite news|last1=Broad|first1=William J.|last2=Sanger|first2=David E.|title=Debate Over Trump's Fitness Raises Issue of Checks on Nuclear Power |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/05/science/donald-trump-nuclear-codes.html?_r=1|newspaper=The New York Times|date=August 5, 2016|access-date=April 23, 2019}} Daniel Ellsberg argued that in practice, this authority has been delegated by the president to a number of military officers.{{Cite book |last=Ellsberg |first=Daniel |title=The doomsday machine: confessions of a nuclear war planner |date=2017 |publisher=Bloomsbury |isbn=978-1-60819-670-8 |location=London Oxford New York New Delhi Sydney}}

• List of government and military acronyms
• List of established military terms
• Emergency Action Message
• Multi-factor authentication
• National Command Authority (United States)
• Nuclear weapon control in the United Kingdom
• Operation Looking Glass
• Roger Fisher (academic), who proposed putting the nuclear codes inside a person so that the president has no choice but to take a life to activate the nuclear weapons

{{Reflist|30em}}

• Finnis, John, Joseph Boyle, and Germain Grisez. "Nuclear Deterrence, Morality and Realism" (1988).
• Hansen, Chuck. "U.S. Nuclear Weapons: The Secret History" (1988).
• Jeutner, Valentin. "Irresolvable Norm Conflicts in International Law: The Concept of a Legal Dilemma" (2017).
• Williams, Stephen P. "How to be President: What to Do and where to Go Once You're in Office" (2004).

• {{citation |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oTKOqH0mF9c&t=9m34s |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/oTKOqH0mF9c |archive-date=2021-12-15 |url-status=live |date=2012-03-30 |access-date=2016-11-05 |work=Council on Foreign Relations |title=A Conversation with Zbigniew Brzezinski |author=Zbigniew Brzezinski |author-link=Zbigniew Brzezinski |publisher=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}

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Category:United States nuclear command and control

Category:Continuity of government in the United States