Golden ages of China

{{For|periods of regional peace maintained by Chinese hegemony|Pax Sinica}}

Throughout Chinese history, China had multiple periods of golden age. In Chinese historiography, golden ages on a large scale are known as {{Transliteration|zh|shèngshì}} ({{lang|zh-Hant|盛世}}, lit. Prosperous Era), while golden ages on a smaller scale are termed as {{Transliteration|zh|zhìshì}} ({{lang|zh-Hant|治世}}, lit. Well-Governed Era).

List of Chinese golden ages

This is a list of the golden ages in the history of China, sorted by dynasty.

class="wikitable"
Golden age !Presided by !Period !Description
colspan="4"\|Shang dynasty
Restoration of Pan Geng{{cite book\|last1=Knechtges\|first1=David\|last2=Xiao\|first2=Tong\|title=Wen Xuan or Selections of Refined Literature, Volume I: Rhapsodies on Metropolises and Capitals\|year=2014\|publisher=Princeton University Press \|isbn=9781400857241\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=quP_AwAAQBAJ&q=pangeng+restoration&pg=PA152}} {{lang\|zh-Hant\|盤庚中興}} \|Pan Geng \|1300–1292 BCE \|Social stability following the relocation of the Shang capital to Yin.
Rule of Wu Ding{{cite book\|last1=Chen\|first1=Pei Fen\|title=Ancient Chinese Bronzes: In the Shanghai Museum\|year=1995\|publisher=Scala Books \|isbn=9781857591149\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NzfrAAAAMAAJ&q=reign+of+wu+ding+golden+age}} {{lang\|zh-Hant\|武丁之治}} \|Wu Ding \|1250–1190 BCE \|Peak of the Shang dynasty.
colspan="4"\|Zhou dynasty
Rule of Cheng and Kang{{cite book\|last1=Deng\|first1=Gang\|title=The Premodern Chinese Economy: Structural Equilibrium and Capitalist Sterility\|year=2002\|publisher=Routledge \|isbn=9781134716562\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YtWEAgAAQBAJ&q=reign+of+cheng+and+kang+golden+age&pg=PA152}} {{lang\|zh-Hant\|成康之治}} \|King Cheng of Zhou King Kang of Zhou \|1043–1005 BCE \|Suppressed the Rebellion of the Three Guards and instituted the Fengjian system.
Restoration of King Xuan{{cite book\|last1=Li\|first1=Feng\|title=Landscape and Power in Early China: The Crisis and Fall of the Western Zhou 1045–771 BC\|year=2006\|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|isbn=9781139456883\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d_qOvs0WjPcC&q=reign+of+Xuan+of+zhou&pg=PA135}} {{lang\|zh-Hant\|宣王中興}} \|King Xuan of Zhou \|828–797 BCE \|Recovery of the society following the tyrannical rule of the King Li of Zhou.
colspan="4"\|Han dynasty
Rule of Wen and Jing{{cite book\|last1=Zhao\|first1=Dingxin\|title=The Confucian-Legalist State: A New Theory of Chinese History\|year=2015\|publisher=Oxford University Press \|isbn=9780190463618\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PIGhCgAAQBAJ&q=rule+of+wen+and+jing&pg=PA274}} {{lang\|zh-Hant\|文景之治}} \|Emperor Wen of Han Emperor Jing of Han \|180–141 BCE \|Laid the economic foundation for the subsequent conquest of the Xiongnu by the Emperor Wu of Han.
Golden Age of the Emperor Wu of Han{{cite book\|last1=Zhang\|first1=Qizhi\|title=An Introduction to Chinese History and Culture\|year=2015\|publisher=Springer \|isbn=9783662464823\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1QhJCAAAQBAJ&q=rule+of+emperor+wu+of+han+golden+age&pg=PA49}} {{lang\|zh-Hant\|漢武盛世}} \|Emperor Wu of Han \|141–87 BCE \|Pacification of the Xiongnu, establishment of contact with the Western Regions, and centralization of power. Peak of the Western Han.
Rule of Zhao and Xuan{{cite book\|last1=Feng\|first1=Minfei\|title=危世圖存：中國歷史上的15次中興\|year=2016\|publisher=新華出版社 \|isbn=9787516627617\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q1RqDwAAQBAJ&q=昭宣中兴&pg=PA39}} {{lang\|zh-Hant\|昭宣之治}} \|Emperor Zhao of Han Emperor Xuan of Han \|87–49 BCE \|Stabilization of the society following the Han–Xiongnu War, and establishment of the Protectorate of the Western Regions.
Guangwu Restoration{{cite book\|last1=Tse\|first1=Wicky\|title=The Collapse of China's Later Han Dynasty, 25-220 CE: The Northwest Borderlands and the Edge of Empire\|year=2018\|publisher=Routledge \|isbn=9781315532318\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-y9iDwAAQBAJ&q=restoration+of+guangwu&pg=PT19}} {{lang\|zh-Hant\|光武中興}} \|Emperor Guangwu of Han \|25–57 CE \|Restoration of the Han dynasty following a 16-year interregnum.
Rule of Ming and Zhang{{cite book\|title=伟大帝王与他的帝国\|year=2013\|publisher=Beijing Book Co. \|isbn=9787514606553\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8beaDwAAQBAJ&q=明章之治+汉明帝和汉章帝&pg=PT47}} {{lang\|zh-Hant\|明章之治}} \|Emperor Ming of Han Emperor Zhang of Han \|57–88 CE \|Submission of the Southern Xiongnu.
Prosperity of Yongyuan{{cite web\|url=https://kknews.cc/history/xlbzlao.html\|title=永元之隆是一個什麼樣的盛世為什麼很少人提起呢\|access-date=1 December 2019}} {{lang\|zh-Hant\|永元之隆}} \|Emperor He of Han \|92–105 CE \|Destruction of the Northern Xiongnu. Peak of the Eastern Han.
colspan="4"\|Jin dynasty
Reign of Taikang{{cite book\|last1=Du\|first1=Youlong\|title=太平盛世：歷代盛世與開明之治\|year=2017\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XAf1DQAAQBAJ&q=太康之治&pg=PT31}} {{lang\|zh-Hant\|太康之治}} \|Emperor Wu of Jin \|280–289 CE \|Reunification of China following the conquest of the Eastern Wu, and economic recovery.
colspan="4"\|Liu Song
Reign of Yuanjia{{cite book\|last1=Knechtges\|first1=David\|last2=Chang\|first2=Taiping\|title=Ancient and Early Medieval Chinese Literature (Vol. I): A Reference Guide, Part One\|year=2010\|publisher=BRILL \|isbn=9789047444664\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lfB5DwAAQBAJ&q=reign+of+yuanjia+golden+age&pg=PA587}} {{lang\|zh-Hant\|元嘉之治}} \|Emperor Wen of Liu Song \|424–450 CE \|Peace and stability as a result of good governance and reforms.
colspan="4"\|Northern Wei
Reforms of Xiaowen{{cite book\|last1=Yu\|first1=Weichao\|title=A Journey Into China's Antiquity: Warring States Period, Qin Dynasty, The Western and Eastern Han Dynasties, Three Kingdoms through Western and Eastern Jin to Northern and Southern Dynasties\|year=1997\|publisher=Morning Glory Publishers \|isbn=9787505404830\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tAjqAAAAMAAJ&q=reforms+of+emperor+Xiaowen+of+northern+Wei}} {{lang\|zh-Hant\|孝文改革}} \|Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei \|471–499 CE \|Political and cultural development following the policy of Sinicization.
colspan="4"\|Southern Qi
Reign of Yongming{{cite book\|last1=Wang\|first1=Shounan\|title=中國通史\|year=2002\|publisher=五南圖書出版股份有限公司 \|isbn=9789571130354\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b68aMtT4_2AC&q=永明之治&pg=PA223}} {{lang\|zh-Hant\|永明之治}} \|Emperor Wu of Southern Qi \|482–493 CE \|Establishment of peaceful relations with the Northern Wei, promotion of domestic education, and good management of the bureaucracy.
colspan="4"\|Liang dynasty
Reign of Tianjian{{cite book\|last1=Fu\|first1=Lecheng\|title=漢唐史論集\|year=1977\|publisher=聯經出版事業公司 \|isbn=9789570813821\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tNLcCgAAQBAJ&q=梁武之治&pg=PT122}} {{lang\|zh-Hant\|天監之治}} \|Emperor Wu of Liang \|464–549 CE \|Peace and stability.
colspan="4"\|Chen dynasty
Reign of Tianjia{{cite web\|url=https://new.qq.com/rain/a/20190914A04JZU\|title=陈文帝托孤给弟弟，弟弟杀侄夺位成一代明君\|access-date=1 December 2019}} {{lang\|zh-Hant\|天嘉之治}} \|Emperor Wen of Chen \|559–566 CE \|Economic recovery and prosperity following the rebellion of Hou Jing.
colspan="4"\|Sui dynasty
Reign of Kaihuang{{cite book\|title=中國社会经济史研究\|year=1986\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LtQ3AQAAIAAJ&q=开皇之治}} {{lang\|zh-Hant\|開皇之治}} \|Emperor Wen of Sui \|581–604 CE \|Establishment of the Sui dynasty. Political stability and economic prosperity.
colspan="4"\|Tang dynasty
Reign of Wude{{cite web\|url=http://m.qulishi.com/huati/wudezhizhi/\|title=武德之治\|access-date=1 December 2019}} {{lang\|zh-Hant\|武德之治}} \|Emperor Gaozu of Tang \|618–626 CE \|Establishment of the Tang dynasty. Political stability and economic prosperity.
Reign of Zhenguan{{cite book\|last1=Li\|first1=Xiaobing\|title=China at War: An Encyclopedia: An Encyclopedia\|year=2012\|publisher=Abc-Clio \|isbn=9781598844160\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R7qNuIJJsNEC&q=reign+of+zhenguan&pg=PA225}} {{lang\|zh-Hant\|貞觀之治}} \|Emperor Taizong of Tang \|626–649 CE \|Good governance, development of culture and production, and strengthening of territorial boundaries.
Reign of Yonghui{{cite book\|last1=Hua\|first1=Ye\|title=中国历史读这本就够了\|year=2012\|publisher=Beijing Book Co. \|isbn=9787999021261\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eC18DwAAQBAJ&q=永徽之治&pg=PT306}} {{lang\|zh-Hant\|永徽之治}} \|Emperor Gaozong of Tang \|649–683 CE \|Continuation of policies introduced by the Emperor Taizong of Tang. Territorial height of the Tang dynasty.
Reign of Kaiyuan{{cite book\|title=Chinese Education and Society: A Journal of Translations\|year=1999\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_9aXAAAAMAAJ&q=reign+of+kaiyuan+golden+age}} {{lang\|zh-Hant\|開元盛世}} \|Emperor Xuanzong of Tang \|712–741 CE \|Peak of the Tang dynasty.
Yuanhe Restoration{{cite book\|last1=Chen\|first1=Jack\|last2=Schaberg\|first2=David\|title=Idle Talk\|year=2013\|publisher=Univ of California Press \|isbn=9780520289772\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k7QwDwAAQBAJ&q=restoration+of+yuanhe&pg=PA109}} {{lang\|zh-Hant\|元和中興}} \|Emperor Xianzong of Tang \|805–820 CE \|Stability following the An Lushan Rebellion.
Huichang Restoration{{cite book\|last1=Liu\|first1=Guanqi\|title=一口氣讀完大唐史\|year=2018\|isbn=9789865951771\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PvtFDwAAQBAJ&q=會昌中興&pg=PT490}} {{lang\|zh-Hant\|會昌中興}} \|Emperor Wuzong of Tang \|840–846 CE \|Increase in government revenue, and consolidation of imperial influence.
Reign of Dazhong{{cite book\|last1=Bai\|first1=Yang\|title=通鑑(60)：大中之治：柏楊版資治通鑑\|year=1988\|isbn=9789573210184\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vbO3AAAAQBAJ&q=大中之治&pg=PT6}} {{lang\|zh-Hant\|大中之治}} \|Emperor Xuanzong of Tang \|846–859 CE \|Domestic stability, and restoration of control over the Guiyi Circuit.
colspan="4"\|Wu Zhou
Continuation of the Order of Zhenguan{{cite book\|last1=Wen\|first1=Yuan\|title=一本书读通历史典故\|year=2012\|isbn=9787212056032\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fEq8DwAAQBAJ&q=貞觀遺風&pg=PT22}} {{lang\|zh-Hant\|貞觀遺風}} \|Wu Zhao \|690–705 CE \|Continuation of the policies introduced during the Reign of Zhenguan.
colspan="4"\|Song dynasty
Reign of Jianlong{{cite book\|last1=Feng\|first1=Minfei\|title=家天下是如何倒掉的\|year=2015\|isbn=9787516613009\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jhK1DwAAQBAJ&q=建隆之治&pg=PT178}} {{lang\|zh-Hant\|建隆之治}} \|Emperor Taizu of Song \|960–976 CE \|Establishment of the Song dynasty, and conquest of the remaining Ten Kingdoms with the exception of the Northern Han.
Reign of Xianping{{cite web\|url=http://www.zgls5000.net/songchao/256528.html\|title=宋真宗咸平之治简介：北宋中期的辉煌盛世\|access-date=1 December 2019}} {{lang\|zh-Hant\|咸平之治}} \|Emperor Zhenzong of Song \|997–1022 CE \|Conclusion of the Chanyuan Treaty which heralded the start of a century-long peace with the Liao dynasty.
Prosperous Rule of the Emperor Renzong of Song{{cite book\|last1=Xu\|first1=Bingbo\|title=读史要略\|year=2017\|isbn=9787516630822\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AOd0DwAAQBAJ&q=仁宗盛治&pg=PT370}} {{lang\|zh-Hant\|仁宗盛治}} \|Emperor Renzong of Song \|1022–1063 CE \|Peak of the Song dynasty.
Reign of Qianchun{{cite book\|last1=Han\|first1=Han\|title=讀錢記：誰把歷史藏在錢幣裡\|year=2016\|isbn=9789869270458\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kiadCwAAQBAJ&q=乾淳之治&pg=PT105}} {{lang\|zh-Hant\|乾淳之治}} \|Emperor Xiaozong of Song \|1162–1189 CE \|Conclusion of the Longxing Peace Accord which heralded the start of a 40-year-long peace with the Jin dynasty.
colspan="4"\|Liao dynasty
Restoration of the Emperor Jingzong of Liao{{cite book\|last1=Bai\|first1=Shouyi\|title=中国通史\|year=2004\|isbn=9787208001091\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PzDTAAAAMAAJ&q=景宗中兴}} {{lang\|zh-Hant\|景宗中興}} \|Emperor Jingzong of Liao \|969–982 CE \|Stability and prosperity following the policy of Sinicization.
Reign of Taiping{{cite web\|url=http://m.gugong.net/view.php?aid=24249\|title=如何评价辽圣宗耶律隆绪？他是个什么样的人？\|access-date=1 December 2019}} {{lang\|zh-Hant\|太平之治}} \|Emperor Shengzong of Liao \|1021–1031 CE \|Peak of the Liao dynasty.
colspan="4"\|Western Xia
Rule of Chong and Ren{{cite web\|url=https://m.sohu.com/n/556425688/?wscrid=32576_5\|title=中国古代史上所有治世一览，远比你想象的多！\|website=Sohu\|access-date=1 December 2019}} {{lang\|zh-Hant\|崇仁之治}} \|Emperor Chongzong of Western Xia Emperor Renzong of Western Xia \|1086–1193 CE \|Peak of the Western Xia.
colspan="4"\|Jin dynasty
Prosperous Age of Dading{{cite book\|last1=Jiang\|first1=Ailin\|title=治國之鏡：詩詞鏡鑒歷代改革家\|year=2015\|publisher=新華出版社 \|isbn=9787516615256\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AYOXDwAAQBAJ&q=大定盛世&pg=PT287}} {{lang\|zh-Hant\|大定盛世}} \|Emperor Shizong of Jin \|1161–1189 CE \|Conclusion of the Longxing Peace Accord which heralded the start of a 40-year-long peace with the Song dynasty, increase in government revenue, and good governance.
Reign of Mingchang{{cite book\|title=金戈铁马的交汇：辽西夏金\|year=2006\|isbn=9787807204480\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HSC1DwAAQBAJ&q=明昌之治&pg=PT75\|author1=《图说中国历史》编委会\|publisher=Beijing Book Co. }} {{lang\|zh-Hant\|明昌之治}} \|Emperor Zhangzong of Jin \|1189–1208 CE \|Peak of the Jin dynasty; the Jin dynasty was the most powerful and prosperous state in East Asia during the time.
colspan="4"\|Yuan dynasty
Prosperous Age of Zhiyuan{{cite book\|last1=Huang\|first1=Dashou\|title=中國通史\|year=1989\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r6Pg3QSchpwC&q=至元盛世&pg=PA614\|page=614\|publisher=五南圖書出版股份有限公司 \|isbn=9789571100326}} {{lang\|zh-Hant\|至元盛世}} \|Emperor Shizu of Yuan \|1271–1294 CE \|Unification of China under the Yuan dynasty, and political and economic reforms.
Prosperous Age of Dade{{cite book\|last1=Zhang\|first1=Hong\|title=元代唐诗学研究\|year=2006\|publisher=岳麓书社 \|isbn=9787806658017\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A6-UDwAAQBAJ&q=大德盛世+元成宗&pg=PT25}} {{lang\|zh-Hant\|大德盛世}} \|Emperor Chengzong of Yuan \|1295–1307 CE \|Domestic stability, reduction of taxation, economic growth, and institutionalization of Confucianism in the government.
colspan="4"\|Ming dynasty
Reign of Hongwu{{cite book\|last1=Li\|first1=Haobai\|title=大明神断：洪武元年1368\|year=2018\|publisher=天津人民出版社 \|isbn=9787201139395\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qkq8DwAAQBAJ&q=洪武之治&pg=PT390}} {{lang\|zh-Hant\|洪武之治}} \|Hongwu Emperor \|1368–1398 CE \|Establishment of the Ming dynasty.
Prosperous Age of Yongle{{cite book\|title=Ming Tombs near Beijing: a travel guide and tour as with the best local guide\|year=2012\|isbn=9789949926107\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vq1wDwAAQBAJ&q=reign+of+yongle+golden+age&pg=PT86\|last1=Stories\|first1=Wander\|publisher=WanderStories }} {{lang\|zh-Hant\|永樂盛世}} \|Yongle Emperor \|1402–1424 CE \|Military campaigns against the Mongols, establishment of Chinese rule in Vietnam, and commissioning of six large-scale maritime expeditions.
Reign of Ren and Xuan{{cite book\|last1=Porter\|first1=Jonathan\|title=Imperial China, 1350–1900\|year=2016\|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield \|isbn=9781442222939\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MAFiCwAAQBAJ&q=reign+of+yongle+golden+age&pg=PA53}} {{lang\|zh-Hant\|仁宣之治}} \|Hongxi Emperor Xuande Emperor \|1424–1435 CE \|Peak of the Ming dynasty.
New Order of Chenghua{{cite book\|last1=Ruan\|first1=Jingdong\|title=帝國的啓蒙：明朝的历史裂变\|year=2018\|publisher=Beijing Book Co. \|isbn=9789575799045\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sZOjDwAAQBAJ&q=成化新風&pg=PT58}} {{lang\|zh-Hant\|成化新風}} \|Chenghua Emperor \|1464–1487 CE \|Good governance, liberal political policies, economic prosperity, and domestic stability.
Hongzhi Restoration{{cite book\|last1=Ruan\|first1=Jingdong\|title=血腥的皇权\|year=2013\|isbn=9787549318735\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BKBLDwAAQBAJ&q=弘治中兴&pg=PT147}} {{lang\|zh-Hant\|弘治中興}} \|Hongzhi Emperor \|1487–1505 CE \|Economic prosperity, and domestic stability.
New Governance of Longqing{{cite book\|last1=Li\|first1=Lianli\|title=白銀帝國：翻翻明朝的老帳\|year=2013\|publisher=遠流出版 \|isbn=9789573271857\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WZvnAQAAQBAJ&q=隆慶新政&pg=PA124}} {{lang\|zh-Hant\|隆慶新政}} \|Longqing Emperor \|1567–1572 CE \|Normalization of relations with foreign adversaries, and introduction of a series of new domestic policies.
Wanli Restoration{{cite book\|last1=Meyer-Fong\|first1=Tobie\|title=Building Culture in Early Qing Yangzhou\|year=2003\|publisher=Stanford University Press \|isbn=9780804744850\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u8oZSxa-kRgC&q=wanli+restoration&pg=PA130}} {{lang\|zh-Hant\|萬曆中興}} \|Wanli Emperor \|1573–1582 CE \|Implementation of reforms led by Zhang Juzheng, domestic stability, and increase in government revenue.
colspan="4"\|Qing dynasty
High Qing era{{cite book\|last1=Kleutghen\|first1=Kristina\|title=Imperial Illusions: Crossing Pictorial Boundaries in the Qing Palaces\|year=2015\|isbn=9780295805528\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_e7-CgAAQBAJ&q=high+Qing+era+golden+age&pg=PT18}} {{lang\|zh-Hant\|康雍乾盛世}} \|Kangxi Emperor Yongzheng Emperor Qianlong Emperor \|1662–1799 CE \|Peak of the Qing dynasty.

class="wikitable"

Golden age

!Presided by

!Period

!Description

colspan="4"|Shang dynasty

Restoration of Pan Geng{{cite book|last1=Knechtges|first1=David|last2=Xiao|first2=Tong|title=Wen Xuan or Selections of Refined Literature, Volume I: Rhapsodies on Metropolises and Capitals|year=2014|publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9781400857241|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=quP_AwAAQBAJ&q=pangeng+restoration&pg=PA152}}
{{lang|zh-Hant|盤庚中興}}

|Pan Geng

|1300–1292 BCE

|Social stability following the relocation of the Shang capital to Yin.

Rule of Wu Ding{{cite book|last1=Chen|first1=Pei Fen|title=Ancient Chinese Bronzes: In the Shanghai Museum|year=1995|publisher=Scala Books |isbn=9781857591149|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NzfrAAAAMAAJ&q=reign+of+wu+ding+golden+age}}
{{lang|zh-Hant|武丁之治}}

|Wu Ding

|1250–1190 BCE

|Peak of the Shang dynasty.

colspan="4"|Zhou dynasty

Rule of Cheng and Kang{{cite book|last1=Deng|first1=Gang|title=The Premodern Chinese Economy: Structural Equilibrium and Capitalist Sterility|year=2002|publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781134716562|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YtWEAgAAQBAJ&q=reign+of+cheng+and+kang+golden+age&pg=PA152}}
{{lang|zh-Hant|成康之治}}

|King Cheng of Zhou

King Kang of Zhou

|1043–1005 BCE

|Suppressed the Rebellion of the Three Guards and instituted the Fengjian system.

Restoration of King Xuan{{cite book|last1=Li|first1=Feng|title=Landscape and Power in Early China: The Crisis and Fall of the Western Zhou 1045–771 BC|year=2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781139456883|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d_qOvs0WjPcC&q=reign+of+Xuan+of+zhou&pg=PA135}}
{{lang|zh-Hant|宣王中興}}

|King Xuan of Zhou

|828–797 BCE

|Recovery of the society following the tyrannical rule of the King Li of Zhou.

colspan="4"|Han dynasty

Rule of Wen and Jing{{cite book|last1=Zhao|first1=Dingxin|title=The Confucian-Legalist State: A New Theory of Chinese History|year=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780190463618|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PIGhCgAAQBAJ&q=rule+of+wen+and+jing&pg=PA274}}
{{lang|zh-Hant|文景之治}}

|Emperor Wen of Han

Emperor Jing of Han

|180–141 BCE

|Laid the economic foundation for the subsequent conquest of the Xiongnu by the Emperor Wu of Han.

Golden Age of the Emperor Wu of Han{{cite book|last1=Zhang|first1=Qizhi|title=An Introduction to Chinese History and Culture|year=2015|publisher=Springer |isbn=9783662464823|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1QhJCAAAQBAJ&q=rule+of+emperor+wu+of+han+golden+age&pg=PA49}}
{{lang|zh-Hant|漢武盛世}}

|Emperor Wu of Han

|141–87 BCE

|Pacification of the Xiongnu, establishment of contact with the Western Regions, and centralization of power. Peak of the Western Han.

Rule of Zhao and Xuan{{cite book|last1=Feng|first1=Minfei|title=危世圖存：中國歷史上的15次中興|year=2016|publisher=新華出版社 |isbn=9787516627617|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q1RqDwAAQBAJ&q=昭宣中兴&pg=PA39}}
{{lang|zh-Hant|昭宣之治}}

|Emperor Zhao of Han

Emperor Xuan of Han

|87–49 BCE

|Stabilization of the society following the Han–Xiongnu War, and establishment of the Protectorate of the Western Regions.

Guangwu Restoration{{cite book|last1=Tse|first1=Wicky|title=The Collapse of China's Later Han Dynasty, 25-220 CE: The Northwest Borderlands and the Edge of Empire|year=2018|publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781315532318|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-y9iDwAAQBAJ&q=restoration+of+guangwu&pg=PT19}}
{{lang|zh-Hant|光武中興}}

|Emperor Guangwu of Han

|25–57 CE

|Restoration of the Han dynasty following a 16-year interregnum.

Rule of Ming and Zhang{{cite book|title=伟大帝王与他的帝国|year=2013|publisher=Beijing Book Co. |isbn=9787514606553|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8beaDwAAQBAJ&q=明章之治+汉明帝和汉章帝&pg=PT47}}
{{lang|zh-Hant|明章之治}}

|Emperor Ming of Han

Emperor Zhang of Han

|57–88 CE

|Submission of the Southern Xiongnu.

Prosperity of Yongyuan{{cite web|url=https://kknews.cc/history/xlbzlao.html|title=永元之隆是一個什麼樣的盛世為什麼很少人提起呢|access-date=1 December 2019}}
{{lang|zh-Hant|永元之隆}}

|Emperor He of Han

|92–105 CE

|Destruction of the Northern Xiongnu. Peak of the Eastern Han.

colspan="4"|Jin dynasty

Reign of Taikang{{cite book|last1=Du|first1=Youlong|title=太平盛世：歷代盛世與開明之治|year=2017|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XAf1DQAAQBAJ&q=太康之治&pg=PT31}}
{{lang|zh-Hant|太康之治}}

|Emperor Wu of Jin

|280–289 CE

|Reunification of China following the conquest of the Eastern Wu, and economic recovery.

colspan="4"|Liu Song

Reign of Yuanjia{{cite book|last1=Knechtges|first1=David|last2=Chang|first2=Taiping|title=Ancient and Early Medieval Chinese Literature (Vol. I): A Reference Guide, Part One|year=2010|publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789047444664|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lfB5DwAAQBAJ&q=reign+of+yuanjia+golden+age&pg=PA587}}
{{lang|zh-Hant|元嘉之治}}

|Emperor Wen of Liu Song

|424–450 CE

|Peace and stability as a result of good governance and reforms.

colspan="4"|Northern Wei

Reforms of Xiaowen{{cite book|last1=Yu|first1=Weichao|title=A Journey Into China's Antiquity: Warring States Period, Qin Dynasty, The Western and Eastern Han Dynasties, Three Kingdoms through Western and Eastern Jin to Northern and Southern Dynasties|year=1997|publisher=Morning Glory Publishers |isbn=9787505404830|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tAjqAAAAMAAJ&q=reforms+of+emperor+Xiaowen+of+northern+Wei}}
{{lang|zh-Hant|孝文改革}}

|Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei

|471–499 CE

|Political and cultural development following the policy of Sinicization.

colspan="4"|Southern Qi

Reign of Yongming{{cite book|last1=Wang|first1=Shounan|title=中國通史|year=2002|publisher=五南圖書出版股份有限公司 |isbn=9789571130354|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b68aMtT4_2AC&q=永明之治&pg=PA223}}
{{lang|zh-Hant|永明之治}}

|Emperor Wu of Southern Qi

|482–493 CE

|Establishment of peaceful relations with the Northern Wei, promotion of domestic education, and good management of the bureaucracy.

colspan="4"|Liang dynasty

Reign of Tianjian{{cite book|last1=Fu|first1=Lecheng|title=漢唐史論集|year=1977|publisher=聯經出版事業公司 |isbn=9789570813821|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tNLcCgAAQBAJ&q=梁武之治&pg=PT122}}
{{lang|zh-Hant|天監之治}}

|Emperor Wu of Liang

|464–549 CE

|Peace and stability.

colspan="4"|Chen dynasty

Reign of Tianjia{{cite web|url=https://new.qq.com/rain/a/20190914A04JZU|title=陈文帝托孤给弟弟，弟弟杀侄夺位成一代明君|access-date=1 December 2019}}
{{lang|zh-Hant|天嘉之治}}

|Emperor Wen of Chen

|559–566 CE

|Economic recovery and prosperity following the rebellion of Hou Jing.

colspan="4"|Sui dynasty

Reign of Kaihuang{{cite book|title=中國社会经济史研究|year=1986|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LtQ3AQAAIAAJ&q=开皇之治}}
{{lang|zh-Hant|開皇之治}}

|Emperor Wen of Sui

|581–604 CE

|Establishment of the Sui dynasty. Political stability and economic prosperity.

colspan="4"|Tang dynasty

Reign of Wude{{cite web|url=http://m.qulishi.com/huati/wudezhizhi/|title=武德之治|access-date=1 December 2019}}
{{lang|zh-Hant|武德之治}}

|Emperor Gaozu of Tang

|618–626 CE

|Establishment of the Tang dynasty. Political stability and economic prosperity.

Reign of Zhenguan{{cite book|last1=Li|first1=Xiaobing|title=China at War: An Encyclopedia: An Encyclopedia|year=2012|publisher=Abc-Clio |isbn=9781598844160|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R7qNuIJJsNEC&q=reign+of+zhenguan&pg=PA225}}
{{lang|zh-Hant|貞觀之治}}

|Emperor Taizong of Tang

|626–649 CE

|Good governance, development of culture and production, and strengthening of territorial boundaries.

Reign of Yonghui{{cite book|last1=Hua|first1=Ye|title=中国历史读这本就够了|year=2012|publisher=Beijing Book Co. |isbn=9787999021261|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eC18DwAAQBAJ&q=永徽之治&pg=PT306}}
{{lang|zh-Hant|永徽之治}}

|Emperor Gaozong of Tang

|649–683 CE

|Continuation of policies introduced by the Emperor Taizong of Tang. Territorial height of the Tang dynasty.

Reign of Kaiyuan{{cite book|title=Chinese Education and Society: A Journal of Translations|year=1999|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_9aXAAAAMAAJ&q=reign+of+kaiyuan+golden+age}}
{{lang|zh-Hant|開元盛世}}

|Emperor Xuanzong of Tang

|712–741 CE

|Peak of the Tang dynasty.

Yuanhe Restoration{{cite book|last1=Chen|first1=Jack|last2=Schaberg|first2=David|title=Idle Talk|year=2013|publisher=Univ of California Press |isbn=9780520289772|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k7QwDwAAQBAJ&q=restoration+of+yuanhe&pg=PA109}}
{{lang|zh-Hant|元和中興}}

|Emperor Xianzong of Tang

|805–820 CE

|Stability following the An Lushan Rebellion.

Huichang Restoration{{cite book|last1=Liu|first1=Guanqi|title=一口氣讀完大唐史|year=2018|isbn=9789865951771|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PvtFDwAAQBAJ&q=會昌中興&pg=PT490}}
{{lang|zh-Hant|會昌中興}}

|Emperor Wuzong of Tang

|840–846 CE

|Increase in government revenue, and consolidation of imperial influence.

Reign of Dazhong{{cite book|last1=Bai|first1=Yang|title=通鑑(60)：大中之治：柏楊版資治通鑑|year=1988|isbn=9789573210184|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vbO3AAAAQBAJ&q=大中之治&pg=PT6}}
{{lang|zh-Hant|大中之治}}

|Emperor Xuanzong of Tang

|846–859 CE

|Domestic stability, and restoration of control over the Guiyi Circuit.

colspan="4"|Wu Zhou

Continuation of the Order of Zhenguan{{cite book|last1=Wen|first1=Yuan|title=一本书读通历史典故|year=2012|isbn=9787212056032|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fEq8DwAAQBAJ&q=貞觀遺風&pg=PT22}}
{{lang|zh-Hant|貞觀遺風}}

|Wu Zhao

|690–705 CE

|Continuation of the policies introduced during the Reign of Zhenguan.

colspan="4"|Song dynasty

Reign of Jianlong{{cite book|last1=Feng|first1=Minfei|title=家天下是如何倒掉的|year=2015|isbn=9787516613009|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jhK1DwAAQBAJ&q=建隆之治&pg=PT178}}
{{lang|zh-Hant|建隆之治}}

|Emperor Taizu of Song

|960–976 CE

|Establishment of the Song dynasty, and conquest of the remaining Ten Kingdoms with the exception of the Northern Han.

Reign of Xianping{{cite web|url=http://www.zgls5000.net/songchao/256528.html|title=宋真宗咸平之治简介：北宋中期的辉煌盛世|access-date=1 December 2019}}
{{lang|zh-Hant|咸平之治}}

|Emperor Zhenzong of Song

|997–1022 CE

|Conclusion of the Chanyuan Treaty which heralded the start of a century-long peace with the Liao dynasty.

Prosperous Rule of the Emperor Renzong of Song{{cite book|last1=Xu|first1=Bingbo|title=读史要略|year=2017|isbn=9787516630822|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AOd0DwAAQBAJ&q=仁宗盛治&pg=PT370}}
{{lang|zh-Hant|仁宗盛治}}

|Emperor Renzong of Song

|1022–1063 CE

|Peak of the Song dynasty.

Reign of Qianchun{{cite book|last1=Han|first1=Han|title=讀錢記：誰把歷史藏在錢幣裡|year=2016|isbn=9789869270458|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kiadCwAAQBAJ&q=乾淳之治&pg=PT105}}
{{lang|zh-Hant|乾淳之治}}

|Emperor Xiaozong of Song

|1162–1189 CE

|Conclusion of the Longxing Peace Accord which heralded the start of a 40-year-long peace with the Jin dynasty.

colspan="4"|Liao dynasty

Restoration of the Emperor Jingzong of Liao{{cite book|last1=Bai|first1=Shouyi|title=中国通史|year=2004|isbn=9787208001091|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PzDTAAAAMAAJ&q=景宗中兴}}
{{lang|zh-Hant|景宗中興}}

|Emperor Jingzong of Liao

|969–982 CE

|Stability and prosperity following the policy of Sinicization.

Reign of Taiping{{cite web|url=http://m.gugong.net/view.php?aid=24249|title=如何评价辽圣宗耶律隆绪？他是个什么样的人？|access-date=1 December 2019}}
{{lang|zh-Hant|太平之治}}

|Emperor Shengzong of Liao

|1021–1031 CE

|Peak of the Liao dynasty.

colspan="4"|Western Xia

Rule of Chong and Ren{{cite web|url=https://m.sohu.com/n/556425688/?wscrid=32576_5|title=中国古代史上所有治世一览，远比你想象的多！|website=Sohu|access-date=1 December 2019}}
{{lang|zh-Hant|崇仁之治}}

|Emperor Chongzong of Western Xia

Emperor Renzong of Western Xia

|1086–1193 CE

|Peak of the Western Xia.

colspan="4"|Jin dynasty

Prosperous Age of Dading{{cite book|last1=Jiang|first1=Ailin|title=治國之鏡：詩詞鏡鑒歷代改革家|year=2015|publisher=新華出版社 |isbn=9787516615256|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AYOXDwAAQBAJ&q=大定盛世&pg=PT287}}
{{lang|zh-Hant|大定盛世}}

|Emperor Shizong of Jin

|1161–1189 CE

|Conclusion of the Longxing Peace Accord which heralded the start of a 40-year-long peace with the Song dynasty, increase in government revenue, and good governance.

Reign of Mingchang{{cite book|title=金戈铁马的交汇：辽西夏金|year=2006|isbn=9787807204480|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HSC1DwAAQBAJ&q=明昌之治&pg=PT75|author1=《图说中国历史》编委会|publisher=Beijing Book Co. }}
{{lang|zh-Hant|明昌之治}}

|Emperor Zhangzong of Jin

|1189–1208 CE

|Peak of the Jin dynasty; the Jin dynasty was the most powerful and prosperous state in East Asia during the time.

colspan="4"|Yuan dynasty

Prosperous Age of Zhiyuan{{cite book|last1=Huang|first1=Dashou|title=中國通史|year=1989|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r6Pg3QSchpwC&q=至元盛世&pg=PA614|page=614|publisher=五南圖書出版股份有限公司 |isbn=9789571100326}}
{{lang|zh-Hant|至元盛世}}

|Emperor Shizu of Yuan

|1271–1294 CE

|Unification of China under the Yuan dynasty, and political and economic reforms.

Prosperous Age of Dade{{cite book|last1=Zhang|first1=Hong|title=元代唐诗学研究|year=2006|publisher=岳麓书社 |isbn=9787806658017|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A6-UDwAAQBAJ&q=大德盛世+元成宗&pg=PT25}}
{{lang|zh-Hant|大德盛世}}

|Emperor Chengzong of Yuan

|1295–1307 CE

|Domestic stability, reduction of taxation, economic growth, and institutionalization of Confucianism in the government.

colspan="4"|Ming dynasty

Reign of Hongwu{{cite book|last1=Li|first1=Haobai|title=大明神断：洪武元年1368|year=2018|publisher=天津人民出版社 |isbn=9787201139395|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qkq8DwAAQBAJ&q=洪武之治&pg=PT390}}
{{lang|zh-Hant|洪武之治}}

|Hongwu Emperor

|1368–1398 CE

|Establishment of the Ming dynasty.

Prosperous Age of Yongle{{cite book|title=Ming Tombs near Beijing: a travel guide and tour as with the best local guide|year=2012|isbn=9789949926107|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vq1wDwAAQBAJ&q=reign+of+yongle+golden+age&pg=PT86|last1=Stories|first1=Wander|publisher=WanderStories }}
{{lang|zh-Hant|永樂盛世}}

|Yongle Emperor

|1402–1424 CE

|Military campaigns against the Mongols, establishment of Chinese rule in Vietnam, and commissioning of six large-scale maritime expeditions.

Reign of Ren and Xuan{{cite book|last1=Porter|first1=Jonathan|title=Imperial China, 1350–1900|year=2016|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9781442222939|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MAFiCwAAQBAJ&q=reign+of+yongle+golden+age&pg=PA53}}
{{lang|zh-Hant|仁宣之治}}

|Hongxi Emperor

Xuande Emperor

|1424–1435 CE

|Peak of the Ming dynasty.

New Order of Chenghua{{cite book|last1=Ruan|first1=Jingdong|title=帝國的啓蒙：明朝的历史裂变|year=2018|publisher=Beijing Book Co. |isbn=9789575799045|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sZOjDwAAQBAJ&q=成化新風&pg=PT58}}
{{lang|zh-Hant|成化新風}}

|Chenghua Emperor

|1464–1487 CE

|Good governance, liberal political policies, economic prosperity, and domestic stability.

Hongzhi Restoration{{cite book|last1=Ruan|first1=Jingdong|title=血腥的皇权|year=2013|isbn=9787549318735|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BKBLDwAAQBAJ&q=弘治中兴&pg=PT147}}
{{lang|zh-Hant|弘治中興}}

|Hongzhi Emperor

|1487–1505 CE

|Economic prosperity, and domestic stability.

New Governance of Longqing{{cite book|last1=Li|first1=Lianli|title=白銀帝國：翻翻明朝的老帳|year=2013|publisher=遠流出版 |isbn=9789573271857|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WZvnAQAAQBAJ&q=隆慶新政&pg=PA124}}
{{lang|zh-Hant|隆慶新政}}

|Longqing Emperor

|1567–1572 CE

|Normalization of relations with foreign adversaries, and introduction of a series of new domestic policies.

Wanli Restoration{{cite book|last1=Meyer-Fong|first1=Tobie|title=Building Culture in Early Qing Yangzhou|year=2003|publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=9780804744850|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u8oZSxa-kRgC&q=wanli+restoration&pg=PA130}}
{{lang|zh-Hant|萬曆中興}}

|Wanli Emperor

|1573–1582 CE

|Implementation of reforms led by Zhang Juzheng, domestic stability, and increase in government revenue.

colspan="4"|Qing dynasty

High Qing era{{cite book|last1=Kleutghen|first1=Kristina|title=Imperial Illusions: Crossing Pictorial Boundaries in the Qing Palaces|year=2015|isbn=9780295805528|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_e7-CgAAQBAJ&q=high+Qing+era+golden+age&pg=PT18}}
{{lang|zh-Hant|康雍乾盛世}}

|Kangxi Emperor

Yongzheng Emperor

Qianlong Emperor

|1662–1799 CE

|Peak of the Qing dynasty.

References

Category:Historical controversies in China

Golden ages of China

List of Chinese golden ages

See also

References