Golden coin turtle

C. trifasciata is distributed in China, but only on the island of Hainan (it is extirpated from the mainland Guangdong, Guangxi, and Fujian provinces), as well as Hong Kong. The populations from Vietnam and Laos are now regarded as a separate species, the Vietnamese three-striped box turtle (C. cyclornata).Blanck et al. (2006)

Image:Trifasciata2.jpg]]

C. trifasciata has three distinct black stripes on its brown carapace, with a yellow, slightly hooked upper jaw and a yellow stripe extending from the back of the mouth. The plastron is mostly black with a yellow border.

Two subspecies are recognized as being valid, including the nominotypical subspecies.

• Cuora trifasciata luteocephala {{small|Blanck, Protiva, Zhou, Y. Li, Crow & Tiedemann, 2017}}
• Cuora trifasciata trifasciata {{small|(Bell, 1825)}}

Nota bene: A trinomial authority in parentheses indicates that the subspecies was originally described in a genus other than Cuora.

In Hong Kong, C. trifasciata feeds mainly on fishes, frogs, and carrion, but remains of crabs, snails, and insects have also been found in its feces. It can grow up to a straight-line carapace length of 25 cm (10 in).{{Cite web|title=Reptile of Hong Kong|url=https://www.biosch.hku.hk/ecology/hkreptiles/turtle/Cuora_trifasciata.html|access-date=2020-08-27|website=www.biosch.hku.hk}}

C. trifasciata hybridizes very easily with its relatives in captivity and in the wild, and hybrids may be fertile. Several of these have been described as new species, such as the Fujian pond turtle (Mauremys × iversoni), a hybrid between (usually) males of this species and females of the Asian yellow pond turtle (Mauremys mutica). In addition, the golden coin turtle is suspected to be a parent of two supposed species, the Chinese false-eyed turtle and Philippen's striped turtle.Parham et al. (2001), Buskirk et al. (2005)

The species C. trifasciata is considered critically endangered by the IUCN.ATTWG (2000) It is used in folk medicine,da Nóbrega Alves et al. (2008) e.g. as the key ingredient for the Chinese medicinal dessert guīlínggāo (龜苓膏); thus, it is under threat because of unsustainable hunting. It is one of the most endangered turtle species in the world, according to a 2003 assessment by the IUCN.{{Citation needed|date=September 2007}} C. trifasciata is listed among Turtle Conservation Coalition's 25 most endangered tortoises and freshwater turtles.

File:Golden coin turtle.JPG

C. trifasciata is raised on some of China's turtle farms. Based on the data from a large sample (almost one-half of all registered turtle farms in the country), researchers estimated that the turtle farmers participating in the survey had the total herd of 115,900 turtles of this species; they sold 20,600 turtles of this species per year, with the estimated value of almost US$37 million. This would make a farm-raised C. trifasciata worth almost $1,800, making them by far the most expensive species tabulated in the survey (by comparison, a common Pelodiscus sinensis raised for food would be worth under $7, and a Cuora mouhotii, sold for the pet trade, around $80). Taking into account the registered farms that did not respond to the survey, as well as the unregistered producers, the total numbers must be significantly higher.{{cite journal |title=Evidence for the massive scale of turtle farming in China |last1 =Shi |first1=Haitao |author-link=species:Hai-tao Shi |last2=Parham |first2=James F |last3=Fan |first3=Zhiyong |last4=Hong |first4=Meiling |last5=Yin |first5=Feng |date=2008-01-01 |periodical=Oryx |volume=42 |pages=147–150 |doi=10.1017/S0030605308000562 |doi-access=free}} Wild C. trifasciata turtles are far more valuable than farmed-raised turtles of this species to both traditional Chinese medicine practitioners and illegal wildlife traders.{{Cite web |url=http://cms.herbalgram.org/herbalgram/issue86/article3527.html |title=How TCM Purchases in Western Markets Can Impact Bear Farming Practices in Asia |date=2010 |access-date=2 February 2016 |website=HerbalGram |publisher=American Botanical Council |last=Cavaliere |first=Courtney}}{{Cite journal|url = http://nytts.org/asia/trade-ws.htm|title = Conclusions from the Workshop on Trade in Tortoises and Freshwater Turtles in Asia|date = 1 December 1999|journal = Asian Turtle Trade Working Group}}{{Cite web|title = 5 Turtles from Nearly Extinct Species Fly Home to Hong Kong|url = http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/extinction-countdown/turtles-extinct-species-hong-kong/|website = Scientific American Blog Network|access-date = 2016-02-01|first = John R.|last = Platt|date = 20 March 2013}} The gender of C. trifasciata is determined by gestation temperatures.{{Cite web|url = http://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/top_25__turtles_in_trouble_2011_1.pdf|title = Turtles in Trouble: The World's 25+ Most Endangered Tortoises and Freshwater Turtles|date = February 2011|publisher = International Union for Conservation of Nature|access-date = 2016-02-01|archive-date = 2015-09-05|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150905074658/http://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/top_25__turtles_in_trouble_2011_1.pdf|url-status = dead}} Due to incubation temperatures at farms in warm lowlands, farms have only been able to produce females. This increased the price of wild-caught males to $20,000. Most farmed C. trifasciata turtles are hybrids, which can escape and establish populations, causing genetic pollution.{{Cite news|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/03/070323-turtle-farms.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070428110637/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/03/070323-turtle-farms.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=April 28, 2007 |title=China's Turtle Farms Threaten Rare Species, Experts Say |last=Norris |first=Scott |date=27 March 2007 |publisher=National Geographic News}}{{Cite journal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/255483633 |title=The Discovery of Mauremys iversoni-like Turtles at a Turtle Farm in Hainan Province, China: The Counterfeit Golden Coin |last1=James |first1=Parham |date=2001 |journal=Asiatic Herpetological Research |last2=Shi |first2=Haitao}}

The largest C. trifasciata farming operation is said to be located in Boluo County, Guangdong. According to the farm's founder Li Yi (李艺), the farm was started in 1989 with eight wild turtles (two males and six females) bought at a local market, and now has "over 2000" turtles.[http://i3.ce.cn/finance/money/200709/24/t20070924_12629433.shtml 财富人物:金钱龟"中国第一人"] ("People and fortune: Country's No. 1 Golden-coin-turtle man") 2007-09-24 {{in lang|zh}} According to the farm's site, captive-born turtles start breeding at 8 years of age.[http://en.cnjqg.com/newEbiz1/EbizPortalFG/portal/html/ProgramShow.html?ProgramShow_ProgramID=c373e9096658d6b18fef358d99aa424f Liyi Gold-coin Turtle Breeding Farm: Breeding and reproduction]{{Dead link|date=September 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{Reflist}}

• Bell T (1825). "A Monograph of the Tortoises having a moveable Sternum, with Remarks on their Arrangement and Affinities". Zoological Journal, London 2: 299–310. (Sternothærus trifasciatus, new species, pp. 305–306. (in English and Latin).
• Blanck T, McCord WP, Le MD (2006). On the Variability of Cuora trifasciata. Frankfurt am Main, Germany: Edition Chimaira. 153 pp.
• Blanck T, Protiva T, Zhou T, Li Y, Crow P, Tiedemann R (2017). "New subspecies of Cuora cyclornata (Blanck, McCord & Le, 2006), Cuora trifasciata (Bell, 1825) and Cuora aurocapitata (Luo & Zong, 1988)". Sichuan Journal of Zoology 36 (4): 368–385. (Cuora trifasciata luteocephala, new subspecies). (in Chinese and English).
• Buskirk, James R.; Parham, James F.; Feldman, Chris R. (2005). "On the hybridisation between two distantly related Asian turtles (Testudines: Sacalia × Mauremys)". Salamandra 41: 21–26. [http://cc.usu.edu/~crfeldman/Buskirk_et_al_05.pdf PDF fulltext]{{dead link|date=October 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
• da Nóbrega Alves, Rômulo Romeu; da Silva Vieira, Washington Luiz; Gomes Santana, Gindomar (2008). "Reptiles used in traditional folk medicine: conservation implications". Biodiversity and Conservation 17 (8): 2037–2049. {{doi|10.1007/s10531-007-9305-0}} (HTML abstract, PDF first page)
• Parham, James Ford; Simison, W. Brian; Kozak, Kenneth H.; Feldman, Chris R.; Shi, Haitao (2001). "New Chinese turtles: endangered or invalid? A reassessment of two species using mitochondrial DNA, allozyme electrophoresis and known-locality specimens". Animal Conservation 4 (4): 357–367. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080724021637/http://life.bio.sunysb.edu/ee/wienslab/kozakpdfs/Parham_Simison_Kozak_2001.pdf PDF fulltext] Erratum: Animal Conservation 5 (1): 86 [http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=100113&fulltextType=ER&fileId=S1367943002001117 HTML abstract]

• [http://www.hkras.org Hong Kong Reptile & Amphibian Society]
• [http://www.turtlepuddle.org/cuora/trifasciata.html Cuora trifasciata]
• [http://emys.geo.orst.edu/collection/species/Cuoratrifasciata/Cuoratrifasciata.html Information of species]
• [http://www.asianturtlenetwork.org/field_guide/Cuora_trifasciata.htm Asian Turtle Network: Cuora trifasciata]
• [https://archive.today/20130802044116/http://annual.sp2000.org/2006/show_species_details.php?record_id=1283019 Species 2000]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20070221210205/http://www.mekonginfo.org/mrc_en/contact.nsf/0/20E8529FB36F6E8447256ADF00277CF7/$FILE/wetbieng.html Wetlands Biodiversity of Cambodia] Retrieved 2007-05-04

{{Geoemydidae}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q745210}}

Category:Cuora

Category:Reptiles described in 1825

Category:Reptiles of China

Category:Reptiles of Hong Kong

Category:Turtles of Asia

Category:Critically endangered fauna of China