GosNIIOKhT
{{Short description|Russian research institute}}
{{more citations needed|date=December 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox institute
| name = GosNIIOKhT
State Research Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology
| image = Здание управления ФГУП «ГосНИИОХТ».jpg
| caption = Management building
| parent = Ministry of Industry and Trade (Russia)
| founder = Soviet Union
| established = {{start date and age|1924|01|10}}
| former_name = Research Institute No. 42
| address = Shosse Entuziastov, 23
| city = Moscow
| website = {{URL|https://gosniiokht.ru/}}
}}
{{Coord|55|45|16|N|37|43|46|E|display=title}}
The State Research Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology ({{Langx|ru|Государственный научно-исследовательский институт органической химии и технологии|translit=Gosudarstvennyy nauchno-issledovatel'skiy institut organicheskoy khimii i tekhnologii}}) (GosNIIOKhT) is a Russian research institute engaged in the development of chemical technologies for use in the national economy and the production of relevant goods and products.
During the cold war, the institute participated in the development of chemical weapons for the Soviet Union, notably the Novichok family of nerve agents, one of the most lethal nerve agent families.{{Cite news |last=Lowe |first=Christian |last2=Tsvetkova |first2=Maria |last3=Deutsch |first3=Anthony |date=20 March 2018 |title=Secret trial shows risks of nerve agent theft in post-Soviet chaos: experts |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-britain-russia-stockpiles/secret-trial-shows-risks-of-nerve-agent-theft-in-post-soviet-chaos-experts-idUSKCN1GQ2RH/ |url-status=live |access-date=22 April 2025 |work=Reuters}}{{Cite journal |last=Chai |first=Peter |last2=Hayes |first2=Bryan |last3=Erickson |first3=Timothy |last4=Boyer |first4=Edward |date=19 June 2019 |title=Novichok agents: a historical, current, and toxicological perspective |url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6039123/ |journal=Toxicology Communications |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=45–48 |doi=10.1080/24734306.2018.1475151 |pmc=6039123 |pmid=30003185 |s2cid=49661943}}
History
GosNIIOKhT was founded in 1924, during the time of the Soviet Union, to conduct research work in organic synthesis and to be for the Soviet state the umbrella organization for it, below which were arrayed a number of satellite institutes.{{cite news |last1=Smithson |first1=Amy E. |last2=Mirzayanov |first2=Vil S. |last3=Lajoie |first3=Roland |last4=Krepon |first4=Michael |title=Chemical Weapons Disarmament in Russia |url=https://www.stimson.org/wp-content/files/file-attachments/Report17_1.pdf |publisher=Henry L. Stimson Center |date=October 1995}}
From the early 1930s, the research institute was engaged in the development of chemical weapons.{{cite news |title=Russia Chemical Overview |url=https://www.nti.org/analysis/articles/russia-chemical/ |publisher=Nuclear Threat Initiative |date=19 June 2015 |access-date=2023-12-11}} Significant numbers of scientists were also assigned to develop anti-crop and anti-animal agents.
Between 1971 and 1993, GosNIIOKhT conducted research and synthesis of the Novichok family of nerve agents.
GosNIIOKhT employed approximately 6,000 people by the dissolution of the Soviet Union. The employees worked in Novocheboksarsk on nerve agent production, in Volgograd on nerve agent production, in Dzerzinsk on blister agent production, in Shikhany on testing, and in Nukus, Uzbekistan on testing.{{cite news |last1=Fedorov |first1=Lev Aleksandrovich |title=Chemical Weapons in Russia: History, Ecology, Politics |url=https://nuke.fas.org/guide/russia/cbw/jptac008_l94001.htm |publisher=Center of Ecological Policy of Russia |date=27 July 1994 |access-date=2023-12-11}}
The Yeltsin government alarmed the international community by stating that it could not afford to keep the GosNIIOKhT facilities open or personnel employed, as that would mean starving scientists would have incentive to work for nefarious organizations.{{cite book |last1=Smithson |first1=Amy E. |title=Toxic Archipelago: Preventing Proliferation from the Former Soviet Chemical and Biological Weapons Complexes |date=December 1999 |publisher=Stimson Center |location=Washington, D.C. |url=https://www.stimson.org/wp-content/files/file-attachments/Toxic_Archipelago_1.pdf}}
By December 1999 the International Science and Technology Center had borne small fruit. In the opinion of one writer, "permitting the ISTC and the other grant programs to sponsor projects that work with Western commercial companies to retool some equipment and kick off the manufacturing of consumer products at these facilities. An advantage to lifting the congressional ban on defense conversion is that the Western commercial partners would have a frequent presence on site—an arrangement likely to foil efforts to produce warfare agents covertly at these facilities. Such an outcome
is far preferable to allowing the skilled labor at these facilities to become increasingly destitute and even desperate... Entire segments of poison gas experts have no contact with the [ISTC] grant programs, especially those within the design bureaus that have specialized skills in the aerosolization of agents and their weaponization."
Currently, its activities include the production of chemical weapons and other hazardous materials. Other areas of work include the development and production of drugs, toxicological research, preclinical testing, chemical technology, and environmental safety.{{Citation needed|date=March 2021}}
=The Navalny affair=
On 15 October 2020, European Union sanctions were imposed on the institute in connection with the poisoning of politician Alexei Navalny.{{Cite web |author= |date=2020-10-15 |title=ЕС ввел санкции по "делу Навального" против Бортникова, Кириенко и еще четырех чиновников |trans-title=The EU imposed sanctions in the “Navalny case” against Bortnikov, Kiriyenko and four other officials |url=https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/4531320|access-date=2020-10-15 |publisher=kommersant.ru}}{{Cite news |author=|first= |date=October 6, 2020 |title=ОЗХО подтвердила данные Германии об отравлении Навального "Новичком" |website=Интерфакс |trans-title=OPCW confirmed Germany's data on Navalny's poisoning with Novichok |url=https://www.interfax.ru/world/730260 |access-date=2023-12-11}} The Council of the European Union's grounds for designation states
{{blockquote|text=The State Scientific Research Institute for Organic Chemistry and Technology (GosNIIOKhT) is a state research institute with the responsibility for the destruction of chemical weapons stocks inherited from the Soviet Union.
The institute in its original role before 1994 was involved in the development and production of chemical weapons including the toxic nerve agent now known as “Novichok”. After 1994, the same facility took part in the government’s programme for the destruction of the stocks of chemical weapons inherited from the Soviet Union.
On 20 August 2020, Alexei Navalny was taken seriously ill and admitted to a hospital in Omsk, Russian Federation. On 22 August 2020, he was transported to a hospital in Berlin, Germany. A specialised laboratory in Germany subsequently found clear evidence, also corroborated by laboratories in France and Sweden, that Alexei Navalny had been poisoned with a toxic nerve agent of the Novichok group. This toxic agent is accessible only to State authorities in the Russian Federation.
The deployment of a toxic nerve agent of the Novichok group would therefore only be possible due to the failure of the institute to carry out its responsibility to destroy the stockpiles of chemical weapons.|source={{CELEX|32020D1482|text=Council Decision (CFSP) 2020/1482 of 14 October 2020 amending Decision (CFSP) 2018/1544 concerning restrictive measures against the proliferation and use of chemical weapons}}}}
=US sanctions=
On 21 March 2021, invoking its authorities under the Countering America’s Adversaries Through Sanctions Act (CAATSA) Section 231, the United States Department of State added GosNIIOKhT to its List of Specified Persons as persons that are part of, or operate for or on behalf of, the defense or intelligence sectors of the Government of the Russian Federation. The Department describes GosNIIOKhT as "a Russian institute with a longstanding role in researching and developing chemical weapons, and GosNIIOKhT developed Russia's Novichok chemical weapons. Since 2016, GosNIIOKhT has expanded its research, development, testing, and evaluation capabilities."
In addition, GosNIIOKhT was designated under the authority of the International Emergency Economic Powers Act and {{Executive Order|13382}}, "Blocking Property of Weapons of Mass Destruction Proliferators and Their Supporters."{{cite web |title=U.S. Sanctions and Other Measures Imposed on Russia in Response to Russia's Use of Chemical Weapons |url=https://www.state.gov/u-s-sanctions-and-other-measures-imposed-on-russia-in-response-to-russias-use-of-chemical-weapons/ |website=State.gov |publisher=United States Department of State |access-date=7 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302183642/https://www.state.gov/u-s-sanctions-and-other-measures-imposed-on-russia-in-response-to-russias-use-of-chemical-weapons/ |archive-date=2 Mar 2021 |date=2 March 2021}}