Gottlieb Wilhelm Leitner
{{Short description|British orientalist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Use British English|date=October 2012}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Gottlieb Leitner
| image = Leitner2.jpg
| caption = Leitner, at the age of 21, while a professor at King's College, London, c. 1861
| birth_name = Gottlieb Wilhelm Leitner
| birth_date = 14 October 1840
| birth_place = Pest, Austrian Empire
| death_date = 22 March 1899 (aged 58)
| death_place = Bonn, German Empire
| citizenship = Great Britain
| occupation = Orientalist
| years_active = 1871–1893
| organization = University of the Punjab
}}
Gottlieb Wilhelm Leitner (14 October 1840 – 22 March 1899), also known as Gottlieb William Leitner, was a British orientalist.
Early life and education
Gottlieb Wilhelm Leitner was born in Pest, Hungary, on 14 October 1840 to a Jewish family.{{Cite ODNB|url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-51109|isbn = 978-0-19-861412-8|doi = 10.1093/ref:odnb/51109|title = The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|year = 2009}}[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=169&letter=L&search=Leitner Jewish Encyclopedia] His mother was Marie Henriette Herzberg. His father, Leopold Saphir, died when Gottlieb was young and his mother then married Johann Moritz Leitner. Gottlieb and his sister Elisabeth (the mother of British politician Leopold Amery) were thereafter known as Leitner.Rubinstein
As a child Leitner showed an extraordinary ability in languages. At the age of eight he went to Constantinople to learn Arabic and Turkish, and by the age of ten he was fluent in Turkish, Arabic and most European languages. At fifteen, he was appointed Interpreter (First Class) to the British Commissariat in the Crimea, with the rank of colonel. When the Crimean War ended, he wanted to become a priest and went to study at King's College London.
It is also reported that during his tour of Muslim countries he adopted a Muslim name of Abdur Rasheed Sayyah. Sayyah in Arabic means a traveller.
As a linguist, he is said to have had acquaintance with some fifty languages, many of which he spoke fluently. At nineteen, he became lecturer in Arabic, Turkish and Modern Greek, and at twenty-one was appointed Professor in Arabic and Muslim Law at King's College London.
Three years later, in 1864, he became Principal of Government College University (Lahore) (then British India, now Pakistan). He was instrumental in the foundation of the University of the Punjab in 1882.{{Cite journal |last1=Bangash |first1=Yaqoob Khan |last2=Virdee |first2=Pippa |date=October 2022 |title=Partitioning the University of the Panjab, 1947 |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00194646221130414 |journal=The Indian Economic & Social History Review |language=en |volume=59 |issue=4 |pages=423–445 |doi=10.1177/00194646221130414 |hdl=2086/22269 |s2cid=253263019 |issn=0019-4646|hdl-access=free }} He took over as first Registrar of University of the Punjab.{{Cite web |last=Lal |first=Chaman |date=26 March 2017 |title=Panjab University: Journey and evolution |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/panjab-university-journey-and-evolution-382148 |access-date=15 March 2023 |website=The Tribune}} He founded many schools, literary associations, public libraries and academic journals, while also dedicating himself to the study of the cultures of the Indian subcontinent. During this period he wrote a scholarly and comprehensive book in Urdu, History of Islam, in two volumes, with the help of an Urdu Muslim scholar, Maulvi Karim-ud-Din, who was at that time District Inspector of Schools in Amritsar, Punjab. These two volumes were later published, in 1871 and 1876. Following the passage of the Royal Titles Act 1876 which declared Queen Victoria Empress of India, Prof. Leitner coined the title Kaysar-i-Hind as the new Empress' official title.
File:Leitner mauvi.jpg. Taken from the Strand Magazine, 1894.]]
He retired from the Indian Civil Service in 1886.{{dubious|In Europe in late 1870s, hardly still working for the ICS?! Maybe 1866!|date=February 2015}}
Return to Europe
He returned to Europe in the late 1870s to pursue studies at Heidelberg University (Germany), and he also undertook work for the Austrian, Prussian, and British governments. His ambition now was to found a centre for the study in Europe of Oriental languages, culture and history. On his return to England in 1881, he sought a suitable site for his proposed institution, and in 1883 came upon the vacant Royal Dramatic College in Woking, a building admirably suited for the purpose.
For the benefit of Muslim students, Leitner commissioned the construction of a mosque. The Shah Jahan Mosque was built in 1889, one of the first mosques in Western Europe and the first purpose-built one in Britain, still in operation. It was built in Indo-Saracenic style, named after Sultan Shah Jahan, Begum of Bhopal (1868–1901).{{Cite web|url=http://islam.ru/en/content/story/first-mosque-uk-was-built-jew|title = First mosque in the UK was built by a Jew | islam.ru}}
Shah Jahan Begum made sizable donations towards the building of the mosque and also contributed generously towards the founding of the "Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College" at Aligarh, which developed into the Aligarh Muslim University.
Inscription on the tomb of Dr G.W. Leitner
File:Gottlieb Leitner Grave Brookwood.jpg]]
Dr. Leitner is buried at Brookwood Cemetery, near Woking.{{cite web | title =Dr G W Leitner | work =Necropolis Notables | publisher =The Brookwood Cemetery Society | url =http://www.tbcs.org.uk/dr_leitner.htm | accessdate =2007-02-23 | url-status =dead | archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20070325184057/http://www.tbcs.org.uk/dr_leitner.htm | archivedate =25 March 2007 }}
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| bgcolor="#efefef" |
| align="center"
|THE LEARNED ARE HONOURED IN THEIR WORK GOTTLIEB WILLIAM LEITNER ORIENTAL INSTITUTE WOKING BORN 14TH OCTOBER 1840 AT BUDAPEST DIED 22ND MARCH 1899 AT BONN ________________________ LINA OLYMPIA LEITNER HIS WIFE DIED 24TH MAY 1912 IN LONDON AGED 64 ________________________ The Lord is my shepherd therefore can I lack nothing. Yea, Though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, I will fear no evil. (Ps. XXIII) ________________________ Al-'ilmu khayrum min al-maali [Learning is better than riches] HENRY LEITNER Only son Born Lahore 1869 – Died London 1945 |
Major works
- On the Sciences of language and of ethnography, with general reference to the language and customs of the people of Hanza: A report of an extempore address. (nach 1856).
- Introduction to a philosophical Grammar of Arabic: Being an attempt to discover a few simple principles in Arabic Grammar. Reprinted and slightly enlarged from the "Panjab Educational Magazine", Lahore 1871
- The Sinin-i-Islam; The races of Turkey; History of Dardistan, songs, legends etc.; Graeco-budhistic discoveries; History of indigenous education in the Panjab since annexation.
- A lecture on the races of Turkey, both of Europe and of Asia, and the state of their education: being, principally, a contribution to Muhammadan education. Lahore 1871.
- A detailed analysis of Abdul Ghafur's dictionary of the terms used by criminal tribes in the Panjab. Lahore 1880.
- History of indigenous education in the Punjab since annexation and in 1882. Calcutta 1882. Reprint Delhi: Amar Prakashan, 1882.
- The Kunza and Nagyr handbook being an introduction to a Knowledge of the language. Calcutta 1889.
- Dardistan in 1866, 1886 and 1893: being an account of the history, religions, customs, legends, fables, and songs of Gilgit, Chilas, Kandia (Gabrial), Yasin, Chitral, Hunza, Aagyr, and other parts of the Hindukush, Reprint der Ausgabe Woking, Oriental Univ. Inst., 1893, New Delhi: Bhavana Books & Prints, 2001 {{ISBN|81-86505-49-0}}
- Dardistan in 1866, 1886 and 1893 : being an account of the history, religions, customs, legends, fables and songs of Gilgit Chilas, Kandia (Gabrial) Yasin, Chitral, Hunza, Nagyr and other parts of the Hindukush; as also a suppl. to the 2. ed. of The Hunza and Nagyr handbook and an epitome of p. 3 of the author's "The languages and races of Dardistan". Reprint of the edition 1889, Karachi: Indus Publ., 1985.
References
{{refbegin}}
- Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
- {{cite web | title=Life of Dr. G.W. Leitner|first=Nasir|last=Ahmad| website=The Woking Muslim Mission, England, 1913-1960s | url=https://www.wokingmuslim.org/pers/dr_leitner.htm}}
- Muhammad Ikram Chaghatai: Writings of Dr. Leitner: Islam, education, Dardistan, politics and culture of Northern areas. Comp. by Muhammad Ikram Chaghatai. Lahore: Government College Research and Publ. Society; Sang-e-Meel Publ., 2002. {{ISBN|969-35-1306-1}}
- J. FL Stocqueler, Life and Labors of Dr Leitner (1875)
- "Portraits of Celebrities at Different Times of their Lives", The Strand Magazine, Volume VII, January–June 1894
- William Rubinstein, The secret of Leopold Amery, Historical Research, vol. 73, no. 181 (June 2000), 175–196.
{{refend}}
{{reflist}}
External links
- [http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=169&letter=L&search=Leitner Jewish Encyclopedia]
- http://www.wokingmuslim.org/pers/dr_leitner.htm
- {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Leitner, Gottlieb Wilhelm|volume=16|page=404}}
{{See also|Leitner}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Leitner, Gottlieb Wilhelm}}
Category:19th-century Hungarian people
Category:19th-century British people
Category:Hungarian orientalists
Category:Academics of King's College London
Category:Alumni of King's College London
Category:Hungarian emigrants to England
Category:Writers from Budapest
Category:Burials at Brookwood Cemetery