Governor-Generalship of the Steppes

{{Short description|1882–1918 governorate of the Russian Empire}}

{{Infobox former subdivision

| native_name = Степное генерал-губернаторство

| conventional_long_name = Governor-Generalship of the Steppes

| common_name = Steppe Territory

| image_map = Карта Киргизского края.jpg

| nation = Russian Empire

| subdivision = Governorate

| status_text = Governor-Generalship of the Russian Empire

| year_start = 1882

| year_end = 1918

| capital = Omsk

| p1 = West-Siberian Governorate-General

| flag_s1 = Flag of Alash Autonomy.svg

| s1 = Alash Autonomy

| flag_s2 = Flag of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (1918–1925).svg

| s2 = Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic

| today = {{ubl|Kazakhstan|Kyrgyzstan|Russia|Uzbekistan}}

}}

The Governor-Generalship of the Steppes, or General Government of the Steppes ({{langx|ru|Степное генерал-губернаторство|translit=Stepnoye general-gubernatorstvo}}), was a colony{{sfn|Sadvokasova|Sadykova|2014|pp=47–48}}{{sfn|Tebayev|2009|p=268}}{{sfn|Khalid|2021|pp=95–98}} of the Russian Empire located on the Kazakh Steppe and western Siberia.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}

Russia asserted full control over the Kazakh Steppe in the early 19th century, amidst the Russian conquest of Central Asia.{{sfn|Khalid|2021|pp=75–78}} As part of its {{ill|resettlement policy of the Russian Empire|lt=resettlement policy|ru|Переселенчество}}, the Russian government handed over pastures to over 800,000 ethnically-Russian settler-colonists; this, along with the blocking of traditional transhumance routes and lands used to sustain Kazakh practices of nomadic pastoralism, resulted in the disruption of Kazakh customary land law and sedentism among Kazakh nomadic communities.{{sfn|Aldashev|Guirkinger|2017|p=415}} In other cases, Kazakhs became labourers in the service of the Russian settler population. Sedentism, as well as the unequal distribution of land favouring Russian settlers, was the dominant issue in local politics during the early 20th century.{{sfn|Khalid|2021|pp=104}}

A Russophone Kazakh intelligentsia began emerging in the mid-19th century, later growing into an anti-colonial movement that was strengthened by the Russian Revolution of 1905. Beginning with the 1903 arrest of {{ill|Jakyp Aqbayev|kk|Жақып Ақбаев|ru|Акпаев, Жакып}}, Russian colonial authorities frequently arrested or otherwise targeted Kazakh activists, especially during the administration of {{ill|Aleksandr Troynitsky|ru|Тройницкий, Александр Николаевич}} over Semipalatinsk Oblast. This repression resulted in the further growth of nationalist and anti-colonialist activism as the movement grew increasingly politicised, later becoming the Alash movement.{{sfn|Uyama|2015|pp=682–683}}

It consisted of four or five oblasts: Akmolinsk, Semipalatinsk, Turgay, Uralsk and from 1882 to 1899 Semirechensk, having a total area of {{convert|2,240,000|km2|mi2}} and a total population of 3,454,000 (both including Semirechensk) in 1897. Omsk was the capital.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}