Gracias al Sacar

According to historian Joan Neuberger, colonial subjects who did not resemble the idealized image of a "traditional Spaniard" were often perceived as socially inferior and were excluded from full legal rights.{{Cite web |last=Neuberger |first=Joan |date=2015-09-01 |title=Purchasing Whiteness: Race and Status in Colonial Latin America |url=https://notevenpast.org/purchasing-whiteness-race-and-status-in-colonial-latin-america/ |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=Not Even Past |language=en-US}}

According to scholars such as Estelle Lau, the document illustrates how racial categories in colonial Latin America operated as social constructs closely tied to wealth, power, and legal recognition.{{Cite journal |last=King |first=James F. |date=1951 |title=The Case of Jose Ponciano de Ayarza: A Document on Gracias al Sacar |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2509358 |journal=The Hispanic American Historical Review |volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=640–647 |doi=10.2307/2509358 |jstor=2509358 |issn=0018-2168|url-access=subscription }} The Spanish colonial caste system, known as the sistema de castas, classified individuals based on a combination of ancestry, phenotype, and social status. Within this system, terms like mulato typically referred to individuals of mixed African and European descent, while pardo was used more broadly in some regions to describe people of mixed ancestry, often including Indigenous heritage.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}}

The life of Juan de Espinosa Medrano provides a notable counterpoint to the notion that colonial social advancement in Spanish America depended solely on legal whitening or purchased status.{{Cite journal |last=Itier |first=César |date=2005-03-24 |title=Espinosa Medrano, Juan de. Apologético en favor de Don Luis de Góngora. Edición anotada de Luis Jaime Cisneros. Lima: Academia Peruana de la Lengua, Universidad de San Martín de Porres, 2005, 293 pp. |url=https://revistas.pucp.edu.pe/index.php/historica/article/view/1330 |journal=Histórica |language=es |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=189–192 |doi=10.18800/historica.200502.009 |issn=2223-375X}}Pedro Lasarte, "Poética y modernidad en Juan de Espinosa Medrano, el Lunarejo," in Estudios sobre Juan de Espinosa Medrano (El Lunarejo), eds. J. Agustín Tamayo and Rodríguez, Lima: Ediciones Biblioteca “Studium”, 1971, p. 221.

http://smjegupr.net/newsite/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/17-Poetica-y-Modernidad-en-Juan-de-Espinose-Medrano.pdf A theologian, playwright, professor, polymath, and priest of Indigenous and noble descent, Espinosa Medrano gained renown through his intellectual achievements, theological writing, and oratorical skill. He was also the author of the most famous literary apologético discourse in colonial Latin America of the Baroque period.{{Cite journal |last=Espinosa Medrano |first=Juan de |date=1973 |title=Apologético en favor de Don Luis de Góngora |url=https://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/items/56359f15-46c8-483c-96f5-e2fa67916624 |journal=Rodríguez, Ana María. La representación de la identidad andina en la obra de Juan de Espinosa Medrano. Bachelor's thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2022. Accessed April 17, 2025.}} According to the Chronicles of the Indies, he mastered Latin, Greek, and Hebrew, and was the first great Quechua writer.{{Cite web |title=Espinosa Medrano: Novena maravilla |url=https://rarebooks.library.nd.edu/exhibits/durand/indies/medrano_novena.html |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=rarebooks.library.nd.edu}}Raquel Chang-Rodriguez, Hidden Messages: Representation and Resistance in Andean Colonial Drama (Bucknell University Press, 1999), 84-5. Antonio Cortéz de la Cruz, one of his disciples, collected Espinosa Medrano's sermons and published them posthumously in Valladolid, in a book entitled La novena maravilla (The Ninth Wonder) (1695).

His prominence was not conferred by gracias al sacar or altered legal classification, but by merit, ecclesiastical authority, and the public recognition of his noble Indigenous lineage and [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Medrano_family_in_Viana,_San_Miguel_street.jpg coat of arms] linked to the noble Houses of Medrano,{{Cite web |title=MEDRANO - Auñamendi Eusko Entziklopedia |url=https://aunamendi.eusko-ikaskuntza.eus/en/medrano/ar-94012/ |access-date=2025-04-17 |website=aunamendi.eusko-ikaskuntza.eus |language=en}} and Espinosa.{{Cite web |title="Espinoza Coat of Arms/Family Crest" Photographic Print for Sale by carpediem6655 |url=https://www.redbubble.com/i/photographic-print/Espinoza-Coat-of-Arms-Family-Crest-by-carpediem6655/10950224.6Q0TX |access-date=2025-04-17 |website=Redbubble |language=en}} According to Cisneros, Espinosa Medrano's rise illustrates that racial identity and legitimacy in the colonial world could, in rare cases, be affirmed through cultural authority and ancestral legitimacy rather than suppressed or bought. His case complicates simplified narratives of social mobility and whiteness in colonial Latin America, highlighting the role of education, rhetoric, and institutional power in shaping alternative paths to prestige.

According to literary scholar Raquel Chang-Rodríguez, Espinosa Medrano's intellectual legacy endured well beyond his lifetime. His disciple, Antonio Cortéz de la Cruz, collected and published his sermons posthumously in La novena maravilla (The Ninth Wonder) in 1695, evidencing continued recognition of his cultural and ecclesiastical prominence.

File:Casta_painting_all.jpg

According to the Diccionario Panhispánico del Español Jurídico (2023), gracias al sacar was classified under "administrative procedure."{{Cite web |last=RAE |title=Definición de procedimiento administrativo de gracias al sacar - Diccionario panhispánico del español jurídico - RAE |url=https://dpej.rae.es/lema/procedimiento-administrativo-de-gracias-al-sacar |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=Diccionario panhispánico del español jurídico - Real Academia Española |language=es}}

Historian Ann Twinam argues that the ideology behind what she terms "purchasing whiteness" emerged during the Bourbon Reforms, when the Spanish Crown sought to raise revenue and reinforce loyalty among the wealthy mixed-race population.{{Cite book |last=Twinam |first=Ann |url=https://www.sup.org/books/history/purchasing-whiteness/excerpt/chapter-1 |title=Purchasing Whiteness: Pardos, Mulattos, and the Quest for Social Mobility in the Spanish Indies |date=January 28, 2015 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=9780804793209 |language=English}} With the support of José de Cistué y Coll, Crown Attorney on the Council of the Indies, the whitening petitions were formalized and disseminated across various Spanish colonies. Some applicants reportedly received their grants in secret, possibly to avoid public backlash or social consequences.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}} Once approved, petitioners were legally reclassified as español (Spaniard), granting them access to social and legal privileges tied to “whiteness.”{{citation needed|date=April 2025}}

According to legal scholar Estelle Lau, access to legal whiteness under the Gracias al Sacar process conferred benefits such as reduced taxation, improved access to education, and expanded civil and religious rights. Lau argues that in colonial Venezuela, wealth could outweigh ancestry in determining social classification, raising the question "does money whiten?"—to which she answers, "a resounding yes."

Access to gracias al sacar was typically limited to individuals who already possessed a certain level of wealth and social standing. For example, affluent free people of mixed ancestry, such as some mulatos, could apply for legal recognition as españoles, whereas impoverished or enslaved individuals were generally excluded.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}} Some petitions were granted in secrecy, possibly to avoid public controversy or backlash from elites concerned about maintaining clear distinctions of status and lineage.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}}

The implementation of gracias al sacar varied across different regions of the Spanish Empire, including parts of what is now Latin America and the United States.

José Ponciano de Ayarza, a wealthy man of mixed African and European ancestry, submitted a petition to attend the University of Santo Tomás in Santa Fe de Bogotá to pursue a degree in philosophy.{{Cite journal |last=King |first=James F. |date=November 1951 |title=The Case of Jose Ponciano de Ayarza: A Document on Gracias al Sacar |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2509358 |journal=The Hispanic American Historical Review |volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=640–647 |doi=10.2307/2509358|jstor=2509358 |url-access=subscription }} At the time, individuals classified as people of color were generally excluded from such institutions. Ayarza’s petition emphasized his loyalty to the Crown, good character, and education. However, archival evidence suggests that financial payment played a decisive role in the Crown’s approval of his request for whiteness status through gracias al sacar.

José de Cistué y Coll served as Crown Attorney on the Council of the Indies from 1778 to 1802. He is credited with formalizing the legal mechanism of gracias al sacar, standardizing its procedures, and drafting template documents that were used throughout the empire.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}}

José Manuel Valdés was a Peruvian physician of African descent who received a decree of gracias al sacar in 1806. The decree allowed him to pursue formal education and a professional career in medicine, which would otherwise have been restricted due to his racial classification.

In Spanish Texas, the policy of gracias al sacar was occasionally applied to Afro-descendant populations.{{Cite journal |last=Richmond |first=Douglas. W. |date=2007 |title=Africa's Initial Encounter with Texas: The Significance of Afro-Tejanos in Colonial Tejas, 1528-1821 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27733919 |journal=Bulletin of Latin American Research |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=200–221 |doi=10.1111/j.1470-9856.2007.00220.x |jstor=27733919 |issn=0261-3050|url-access=subscription }} Historian Douglas W. Richmond has documented how some free and enslaved individuals sought improved social and legal standing—including access to military service, land ownership, and religious roles—through the racial reclassification permitted by gracias al sacar.

In colonial Panama, certificates of whiteness were occasionally granted to notaries and other legal professionals of African descent.[In colonial Panama, certificates of whiteness were occasionally granted to notaries and other legal professionals of African descent.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}} These cases highlight how exceptions to limpieza de sangre (purity of blood) statutes could be negotiated through legal petitions, thereby reshaping access to economic and legal privileges under Spanish rule.{{Cite journal |last=Espelt-Bombín |first=Silvia |date=2014 |title=Notaries of Color in Colonial Panama: Limpieza de Sangre, "Legislation, and Imperial Practices in the Administration of the Spanish Empire" |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/43189030 |journal=The Americas |volume=71 |issue=1 |pages=37–69 |doi=10.1353/tam.2014.0082 |jstor=43189030 |issn=0003-1615|url-access=subscription }}

Scholars such as Edward Telles and Tianna Paschel have argued that the legacy of gracias al sacar reflects broader patterns in Latin America, where racial classification has historically been shaped by factors such as skin color, wealth, and national context. Their research indicates that perceptions of race in the region remain closely tied to social status and physical appearance.{{Cite journal |last1=Telles |first1=Edward |last2=Paschel |first2=Tianna |date=November 2014 |title=Who Is Black, White, or Mixed Race? How Skin Color, Status, and Nation Shape Racial Classification in Latin America |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/679252 |journal=American Journal of Sociology |volume=120 |issue=3 |pages=864–907 |doi=10.1086/679252 |pmid=25848671 |issn=0002-9602|url-access=subscription }}

Contemporary researchers have observed that historical practices like gracias al sacar continue to shape attitudes toward race, social status, and skin color in some parts of Latin America. However, the extent and nature of these lingering effects remain a subject of scholarly debate.

Although the practice of gracias al sacar was officially discontinued after the end of Spanish colonial rule, scholars argue that its underlying logic—linking racial status to social and economic mobility—has persisted in various forms. Historian Joan Neuberger suggests that the concept of changing one's racial classification, once legally sanctioned, later became socially performed through wealth and status in modern Latin American societies.{{Cite web |last=Neuberger |first=Joan |date=2015-09-01 |title=Purchasing Whiteness: Race and Status in Colonial Latin America |url=https://notevenpast.org/purchasing-whiteness-race-and-status-in-colonial-latin-america/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=Not Even Past |language=en-US}}

One modern example discussed in scholarly literature is the 2013 controversy surrounding Cuban intellectual Roberto Zurbano. After publishing an opinion piece in The New York Times critiquing racism in Cuba, Zurbano faced backlash both within Cuba and internationally. Scholar Nelson P. Valdés argues that the incident highlights ongoing tensions around race and identity in Latin America, and how colonial legacies of classification continue to shape public discourse.{{Cite journal |last=Valdés |first=Nelson P. |date=2014 |title=Cuba, Blacks and the "New York Times": The Zurbano Controversey |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24585197 |journal=Afro-Hispanic Review |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=183–186 |jstor=24585197 |issn=0278-8969}}

José Piedra further observes that Latin American literature has also contributed to the continuation of colonial-era ideologies surrounding racial performance and social classification. He explores how notions of "whiteness" continue to be reproduced in cultural narratives, often influencing understandings of identity, belonging, and prestige.{{Cite journal |last=Piedra |first=José |date=1987 |title=Literary Whiteness and the Afro-Hispanic Difference |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/468731 |journal=New Literary History |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=303–332 |doi=10.2307/468731 |jstor=468731 |issn=0028-6087|url-access=subscription }}

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