Graham Farmer Freeway#Windan Bridge

File:AUS Perth, Central Business District, Fitzgerald Street, View 001 (cropped).jpg

The freeway's western terminus is a hybrid interchange, combining a Full Y interchange with the Mitchell Freeway, an exit to James Street, and an entrance ramp from and exit ramp to Loftus Street. The interchange also incorporates a partial Y interchange that connects Charles Street to the Mitchell Freeway. This is known as the Hamilton Interchange.

Immediately east of the interchange is the Northbridge Tunnel, Western Australia's only freeway tunnel. The {{convert|1.6|km|mi|0|adj=on}} tunnel has three traffic lanes in each direction, with an escape passageway between the carriageways. The tunnel is colloquially known as the "Polly Pipe", a reference not only to the freeway's namesake, but also to the colloquialism "Poly Pipe" in reference to plastic pipes (commonly made from polyethylene or polyvinyl chloride materials) used in reticulation and plumbing.Hyde, John; [http://www.parliament.wa.gov.au/hansard/hans35.nsf/451a59fb51257dd248256c85002bc738/40723c0c98b87b92c8257329000e1fb5?OpenDocument Hansard]{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}; 2002-05-08 Both tunnel portals feature public art installations. At the western end, there is a pictorial history of Northbridge, and at the eastern end, the Aboriginal artist Ron Corbett created images based on indigenous artwork. The transportation of dangerous goods and explosives through the freeway tunnel is prohibited.[http://www.doir.wa.gov.au/documents/safetyhealthandenvironment/dg-explosay-25.pdf Explosay Issue Number 25 (Sept 2000)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050718011832/http://www.doir.wa.gov.au/documents/safetyhealthandenvironment/dg-explosay-25.pdf |date=18 July 2005 }} {{ISSN|1038-7099}} (PDF) Retrieved 13 August 2006.

At the eastern end of the tunnel is the diamond interchange with East Parade, which connects the freeway to East Perth. The East Parade exit ramps allow traffic movements to the opposite entrance ramp, as the westbound entrance ramp also connects to Lord Street, whilst the eastbound exit ramp merges with a ramp from Lord Street. This allows a connection between the city centre and the freeway, via Lord Street.

The freeway then crosses the Swan River over the {{convert|406|m|ft|adj=on}}, six lane Windan Bridge.{{Citation | title=Motorists flock to try out new freeway.(Local) | journal=The Australian (National, Australia) | publication-date=2000-04-25 | publisher=News Limited | page=005 | url=http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/71688106 | access-date=21 January 2012 }}Windan Bridge. Named after the wife of Yallgunga, the head of the Mooro tribe which controlled the northern end of the Swan River in 1833. Geographic name approvals in Western Australia, Jan./Mar. 2000, p.31Minister names new bridge over Swan River, named Windan Bridge after the wife of Yallgunga, .Media statement, Minister for Transport, 9/4/2000 The bridge is one of the more recent constructions of the 19 bridges that cross the river. It includes pedestrian and cycling access.{{cite web | url=http://www.toptrails.com.au/index.php/trails/trail/windan-bridge-loop/ | title=Windan Bridge loop is a great cycle or walk on the banks of the Swan River. - Trails WA }}

Graham Farmer Freeway continues into Burswood as a six lane freeway. There is a diamond interchange with Victoria Park Drive for access to the adjacent Belmont Park Racecourse, and the nearby Optus Stadium and Crown Perth complex. The eastern terminus is a modified diamond interchange with Great Eastern Highway, that includes a looped ramp for the south-westbound to north-eastbound traffic movement. The freeway continues south-east as Orrong Road, an arterial road that is also part of State Route 8.

The September 1993 Burswood Bridge and Road Study recommended the construction of the northern bypass road and a third major river crossing in the East Perth area. The report recommended two options: one with two short tunnels for $235{{nbsp}}million, and another with no tunnels for $155{{nbsp}}million. The first option would have had tunnels from Stirling Street to west of Beaufort Street, and from Lake Street to Fitzgerald Street.{{cite press release |last1=Lewis |first1=Richard |title=Burswood bridge and road study released |url=https://www.wa.gov.au/government/media-statements/Court%20Coalition%20Government/Burswood-bridge-and-road-study-released-19930922 |publisher=Government of Western Australia |access-date=15 June 2025 |date=22 September 1993}} A public comments period began thereafter.{{cite press release |last1=Lewis |first1=Richard |title=Overwhelming response to plans for by-pass road |url=https://www.wa.gov.au/government/media-statements/Court%20Coalition%20Government/Overwhelming-response-to-plans-for-by-pass-road-19931003 |publisher=Government of Western Australia |access-date=15 June 2025 |date=3 October 1993}} Public hearings were held in the first half of 1994.{{cite press release |last1=Lewis |first1=Richard |title=Further comment to be sought on northern city bypass road |url=https://www.wa.gov.au/government/media-statements/Court%20Coalition%20Government/Further-comment-to-be-sought-on-northern-city-bypass-road-19940223 |publisher=Government of Western Australia |access-date=15 June 2025 |date=23 February 1994}} The Metropolitan Planning Council (MPC) recommended in mid-1994 that the road's alignment through East Perth be moved south towards the railway line and lowered, saving 48 properties and impacting 13 new properties. The MPC also recommended that the route be fully tunnelled instead of partially, in response to public submissions.{{cite press release |last1=Lewis |first1=Richard |title=Advertisement of changes to planned northern city bypass road |url=https://www.wa.gov.au/government/media-statements/Court%20Coalition%20Government/Advertisement-of-changes-to-planned-northern-city-bypass-road-19940616 |publisher=Government of Western Australia |access-date=15 June 2025 |date=16 June 1994}} The other options divided Northbridge too much and produce too much noise and air pollution. It was ruled the full tunnel's aesthetic, environmental and social benefits would outweigh the increased cost of $300{{nbsp}}million. Land acquisition began in October 1994.{{cite press release |last1=Lewis |first1=Richard |title=Moves to secure land for future northern bypass |url=https://www.wa.gov.au/government/media-statements/Court%20Coalition%20Government/Moves-to-secure-land-for-future-northern-bypass-19941024 |publisher=Government of Western Australia |access-date=15 June 2025 |date=24 October 1994}} In April 1995, it was announced that the City Northern Bypass would be constructed for $335{{nbsp}}million, funded by a four cents per litre increase in the fuel levy and from the consolidated revenue fund.{{cite web |last1=Court |first1=Richard |title=Unveiling of 10-year road expansion and improvement program |url=https://www.wa.gov.au/government/media-statements/Court%20Coalition%20Government/Unveiling-of-10-year-road-expansion-and-improvement-program-19950420 |publisher=Government of Western Australia |access-date=16 June 2025 |date=20 April 1995}}

The construction of the City Northern Bypass, as it was known at the time, was divided into two contracts. The first contract involved the construction of the Northbridge Tunnel, the interchanges with the Mitchell Freeway and Lord Street, and a {{convert|250|m|adj=on}} rail tunnel for the Midland line to pass under the freeway. Five consortia expressed interest in this contract;{{cite press release |last1=Charlton |first1=Eric |title=Expressions of interest lodged for City Northern Bypass |url=https://www.wa.gov.au/government/media-statements/Court%20Coalition%20Government/Expressions-of-interest-lodged-for-City-Northern-Bypass-19950718 |publisher=Government of Western Australia |access-date=15 June 2025 |date=18 July 1995}} three of them were shortlisted in August 1995: Baulderstone Hornibrook and Clough; the Citypass Consortium, consisting of John Holland, McConnell Dowell and Obayashi Corporation; and Transfield and Thiess.{{cite web |last1=Charlton |first1=Eric |last2=Lewis |first2=Richard |title=Consortia chosen to submit detailed plans for City Northern Bypass |url=https://www.wa.gov.au/government/media-statements/Court%20Coalition%20Government/Consortia-chosen-to-submit-detailed-plans-for-City-Northern-Bypass-19950819 |publisher=Government of Western Australia |access-date=15 June 2025 |date=19 August 1995}} The Baulderstone–Clough Joint Venture was announced as the preferred tenderer in February 1996;{{cite press release |last1=Charlton |first1=Eric |title=Baulderstone Clough Joint Venture to build N Bypass tunnel stage |url=https://www.wa.gov.au/government/media-statements/Court%20Coalition%20Government/Baulderstone-Clough-Joint-Venture-to-build-N-Bypass-tunnel-stage-19960215 |publisher=Government of Western Australia |access-date=15 June 2025 |date=15 February 1996}} the contract was signed three months later for $203.8{{nbsp}}million.{{cite press release |last1=Charlton |first1=Eric |last2=Lewis |first2=Richard |title=Contract to design and construct Northbridge tunnel and roadworks |url=https://www.wa.gov.au/government/media-statements/Court%20Coalition%20Government/Contract-to-design-and-construct-Northbridge-tunnel-and-roadworks-19960513 |publisher=Government of Western Australia |access-date=15 June 2025 |date=13 May 1996}}{{cite web |last1=Kitney |first1=Damon |title=WA joint venture signs $203m Perth tunnel contract |url=https://www.afr.com/politics/wa-joint-venture-signs-203m-perth-tunnel-contract-19960514-k6xom |website=Australian Financial Review |access-date=16 June 2025 |date=14 May 1996}} Construction on the tunnel began in September 1996.

The second contract involved the construction of the bridge across the Swan River and the freeway between East Parade and Great Eastern Highway / Orrong Road. Four consortia submitted expressions of interest: Baulderstone–Clough Joint Venture; Leighton Contractors; Transfield Thiess Joint Venture; and John Holland. The first three were shortlisted in July 1996.{{cite press release |last1=Charlton |first1=Eric |last2=Lewis |first2=Richard |title=Three consortia to prepare detailed plans for section of City N Bypass |url=https://www.wa.gov.au/government/media-statements/Court%20Coalition%20Government/Three-consortia-to-prepare-detailed-plans-for-section-of-City-N-Bypass-19960704 |publisher=Government of Western Australia |access-date=15 June 2025 |date=4 July 1996}} The Transfield Thiess Joint Venture was chosen as the preferred proponent in November 1996;{{cite press release |last1=Charlton |first1=Eric |title=Transfield Thiess joint venture of the City Northern Bypass |url=https://www.wa.gov.au/government/media-statements/Court%20Coalition%20Government/Transfield-Thiess-joint-venture-of-the-City-Northern-Bypass-19961113 |publisher=Government of Western Australia |access-date=15 June 2025 |date=13 November 1996}} the contract was signed in March 1997 for $59.4{{nbsp}}million.{{cite press release |last1=Charlton |first1=Eric |title=City Northern Bypass now fully under way |url=https://www.wa.gov.au/government/media-statements/Court%20Coalition%20Government/City-Northern-Bypass-now-fully-under-way-19970305 |publisher=Government of Western Australia |access-date=15 June 2025 |date=5 March 1997}}{{cite news |last1=Mendez |first1=Torrance |last2=Betty |first2=Leeroy |title=City Bypass By 2000 |work=The West Australian |date=10 March 1997 |page=6}}

In April 1996, the Environmental Protection Authority ruled that the City Northern Bypass would not need a formal environmental assessment as environmental issues could be managed through the standard development processes.{{cite press release |last1=Prince |first1=Kevin |title=No need for formal assessment of Northbridge tunnel (A/Min) |url=https://www.wa.gov.au/government/media-statements/Court%20Coalition%20Government/No-need-for-formal-assessment-of-Northbridge-tunnel-(A-Min)-19960410 |publisher=Government of Western Australia |access-date=15 June 2025 |date=10 April 1996}}

The tunnel was constructed using a top-down method. The roof and walls were poured first, and then the tunnel was excavated. The first section of roof to be poured was the western section, at Fitzgerald Street in March 1997.{{cite news |last1=Mendez |first1=Torrance |title=First Roof Section For Northbridge Tunnel |work=The West Australian |date=29 March 1997 |page=44}} By August 1997, the tunnel construction site had reached {{convert|600|m}} long, with {{convert|400|m}} of walls and {{convert|200|m}} of roof in place, and less than {{convert|100|m}} of tunnel excavated. Due to the area's high water table, dewatering was required.{{cite news |last1=Townsend |first1=John |title=Northbridge Link Burrows Under City Streets, Tunnellers Dig Towards 2000 |work=The West Australian |date=12 August 1997 |page=9}} During construction, a series of public open days for the Northbridge Tunnel were held, the first of which were in March 1998.{{cite press release |last1=Court |first1=Richard |title=Public underground tours of Northbridge tunnel to be available next month |url=https://www.wa.gov.au/government/media-statements/Court%20Coalition%20Government/Public-underground-tours-of-Northbridge-tunnel-to-be-available-next-month-19980217 |publisher=Government of Western Australia |access-date=15 June 2025 |date=17 February 1998}}{{cite press release |last1=Court |first1=Richard |title=Progress on Northbridge Tunnel inspected on first public open day |url=https://www.wa.gov.au/government/media-statements/Court%20Coalition%20Government/Progress-on-Northbridge-Tunnel-inspected-on-first-public-open-day-19980301 |publisher=Government of Western Australia |access-date=15 June 2025 |date=1 March 1998}}{{cite news |last1=Hodge |first1=Francesca |title=Tunnel View Big Public Drawcard |work=The West Australian |date=2 March 1998 |page=5}} As the tunnel passed through Weld Square, two century-old Moreton Bay figs and a kurrajong tree were cut down. Six more century-old trees were relocated.{{cite news |last1=Wilson |first1=Charlene |title=Anger As Old Trees Felled For Tunnel |work=The West Australian |date=7 January 1998 |page=28}} The location of the tunnel in the vicinity of the intersection of Newcastle and Beaufort Streets was changed close to when construction began in that area, locating the tunnel further south, giving local businesses little notice before disruptions began.{{cite news |last1=Mendez |first1=Torrance |title=Traders Fear Big Losses Over Tunnel Route Change |work=The West Australian |date=27 May 1998 |page=10}} As it the most intricate part of the construction process, the intersection was closed in June 1998 and reopened in November 1998.{{cite web |last1=Criddle |first1=Murray |url=https://www.wa.gov.au/government/media-statements/Court%20Coalition%20Government/Reopening-of-Newcastle-and-Beaufort-Sts-this-Sunday-19981128 |title=Reopening of Newcastle and Beaufort Sts this Sunday |publisher=Government of Western Australia |access-date=15 June 2025 |date=28 November 1998}} Breakthrough to the eastern end of the tunnel occurred in January 1999.{{cite news |last1=Flint |first1=John |title=Tunnel Halves Make A Hole |work=The West Australian |date=14 January 1999 |page=3}}{{cite news |last1=Malpeli |first1=Gareth |last2=Flint |first2=John |title=It's Finally, Officially A Completed Tunnel |work=The West Australian |date=15 January 1999 |page=10}}

A $72{{nbsp}}million budget blowout was revealed in May 1998, taking the budget to $407{{nbsp}}million. This was blamed on material cost escalation, Main Roads overhead that was not accounted for in the original budget, and scope increases such as the interchange at Great Eastern Highway and a video traffic monitoring system.{{cite news |last1=Mendez |first1=Torrance |title=Tunnel Costs Blowout Hits $72m |work=The West Australian |date=25 May 1998 |page=30}} Transport Minister Eric Charlton claimed that there was no cost blowout and that "everything is within expectations".{{cite news |last1=Mendez |first1=Torrance |title=Charlton Rejects Tunnel Blowout |work=The West Australian |date=26 May 1998 |page=29}}

File:Windan Bridge1 Moondyne.jpg|alt=Long concrete bridge crossing a river]]

Earthworks for the bridge across the Swan River began in December 1997 and piling began in March 1998. The {{convert|403|m|adj=on}} bridge was constructed using the incremental launch method. The first of nineteen launches occurred in September 1998; the last launch took place in September 1999, by which point construction on the freeway was two months ahead of schedule.{{cite press release |last1=Criddle |first1=Murray |title=Graham Farmer Freeway expected to open to traffic next April or May |url=https://www.wa.gov.au/government/media-statements/Court%20Coalition%20Government/Graham-Farmer-Freeway-expected-to-open-to-traffic-next-April-or-May-19990923 |publisher=Government of Western Australia |access-date=15 June 2025 |date=23 September 1999}} In April 2000, the bridge was named the Windan Bridge, after the wife of Yellagonga, the chief of the Mooro tribe of the Whadjuk Noongar people in the 1830s. The bridge is located roughly on the site where Windan was buried.{{cite press release |last1=Criddle |first1=Murray |title=Minister names new bridge over Swan River |url=https://www.wa.gov.au/government/media-statements/Court%20Coalition%20Government/Minister-names-new-bridge-over-Swan-River-20000409 |publisher=Government of Western Australia |access-date=15 June 2025 |date=9 April 2000}}

In October 1997, Charlton announced that the City Northern Bypass would be named after Australian rules footballer Graham "Polly" Farmer. Farmer had played for East Perth and West Perth in the Western Australian Football League, akin to how the Northbridge Tunnel links West Perth and East Perth. He had also played for Geelong in the Victorian Football League. The broke the tradition of freeways and highways being named after political figures.{{cite press release |last1=Charlton |first1=Eric |title=N.Bypass to be officially named the Graham Farmer Freeway |url=https://www.wa.gov.au/government/media-statements/Court%20Coalition%20Government/N.Bypass-to-be-officially-named-the-Graham-Farmer-Freeway-19971006 |publisher=Government of Western Australia |access-date=15 June 2025 |date=6 October 1997}}{{cite news |last1=Mendez |first1=Torrance |title=Tunnel's A Winner For Polly Farmer |work=The West Australian |date=7 October 1997 |page=3}} The Graham Farmer Freeway was officially opened on 22 April 2000 by Premier Richard Court and Polly Farmer. As part of the opening celebrations, the public were allowed to walk through the Northbridge Tunnel.{{cite news |last1=Robb |first1=Trevor |title=Freewheeling On The Freeway |work=The West Australian |date=22 April 2000 |page=4}}{{cite press release |last1=Criddle |first1=Murray |last2=Court |first2=Richard |title=Premier opens new freeway project - ahead of schedule, on-budget, toll-free [visual] |url=https://www.wa.gov.au/government/media-statements/Court%20Coalition%20Government/Premier-opens-new-freeway-project---ahead-of-schedule,-on-budget,-toll-free-%5Bvisual%5D-20000421 |publisher=Government of Western Australia |access-date=15 June 2025 |date=22 April 2000}} The freeway opened to traffic at 2:30{{nbsp}}am on 24 April 2000.{{cite news |last1=Miller |first1=Nick |title=Thousands Try Out Their Tunnel Vision |work=The West Australian |date=25 April 2000 |page=3}}{{cite news |last1=Martin |first1=Roger |title=Motorists flock to try out new freeway |work=The Australian |date=25 April 2000 |page=5}} The final cost was $374{{nbsp}}million, after Main Roads overhead is removed.{{cite news |last1=Robb |first1=Trevor |title=Tunnel Cost Rises $39m |work=The West Australian |date=10 April 2000 |page=4}}

By October 2000, an average of 65,000 vehicles per day were using the Graham Farmer Freeway, with a peak of 106,000 vehicles on 28 April.{{cite press release |last1=Criddle |first1=Murray |title=Graham Farmer Freeway a spectacular success: Minister |url=https://www.wa.gov.au/government/media-statements/Court%20Coalition%20Government/Graham-Farmer-Freeway-a-spectacular-success:-Minister-20000517 |publisher=Government of Western Australia |access-date=16 June 2025 |date=17 May 2000}} Traffic on Riverside Drive had reduced from 50,000 vehicles per day before the freeway opened to 27,000 per day, and traffic on The Causeway had reduced from 107,000 vehicles per day to 70,000 per day. Traffic had reduced on Adelaide Terrace, Shepperton Road and the Mitchell Freeway off-ramps to James Street and Charles Street as well.{{cite press release |last1=Court |first1=Richard |title=Graham Farmer Freeway makes city travel easier |url=https://www.wa.gov.au/government/media-statements/Court%20Coalition%20Government/Graham-Farmer-Freeway-makes-city-travel-easier-20001015 |publisher=Government of Western Australia |access-date=16 June 2025 |date=15 October 2000}}{{cite news |last1=Robb |first1=Trevor |title=New Freeway Takes The Pressure Off City Roads |work=The West Australian |date=16 October 2000 |page=26}} In May 2000, work commenced at The Causeway on converting one lane in each direction to a bus lane.{{cite press release |last1=Criddle |first1=Murray |title=Causeway bus lanes project a major boost for commuters |url=https://www.wa.gov.au/government/media-statements/Court%20Coalition%20Government/Causeway-bus-lanes-project-a-major-boost-for-commuters-20000514 |publisher=Government of Western Australia |access-date=16 June 2025 |date=14 May 2000}}

In February 2011, Main Roads Western Australia confirmed that it was investigating adding a third lane in each direction through the Northbridge Tunnel by subsuming the emergency stopping lane.{{cite web |last1=Massey |first1=Alex |title='More lanes' for freeway tunnel |url=https://thewest.com.au/news/australia/more-lanes-for-freeway-tunnel-ng-ya-180507 |website=The West Australian |access-date=15 June 2025 |date=16 February 2011}} A project to add a third lane was officially confirmed in March 2012. Also included in the project was an additional lane along the Mitchell Freeway for {{convert|8|km}} to Hutton Street, the widening of several bridges across the Mitchell Freeway, and the construction of an additional on-ramp from the Loftus Street exit from the tunnel. The project was deemed necessary in part due to the increase in traffic caused by the closure of Riverside Drive for the construction of Elizabeth Quay. The total cost was $57{{nbsp}}million.{{cite web |title=Extra freeway lane to ease congestion |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-03-04/freeway-extend/3867344 |website=ABC News |access-date=15 June 2025 |date=4 March 2012}}{{cite press release |last1=Buswell |first1=Troy |last2=Porter |first2=Christian |title=Northbridge tunnel and Mitchell Fwy get wider |url=https://www.wa.gov.au/government/media-statements/Barnett%20Liberal%20National%20Government/Northbridge-tunnel-and-Mitchell-Fwy-get-wider-20120304 |publisher=Government of Western Australia |access-date=15 June 2025 |date=4 March 2012}}

The lane addition was controversial due to the reduction in safety; in the weeks leading up to construction, the Victorian coroner Jennifer Coate released her report into the 2007 Burnley Tunnel crash in Melbourne, which recommended that new tunnels have emergency lanes. Premier Colin Barnett said that the tunnel was always built to have three lanes.{{cite web |title=Barnett defies coroner's tunnel call |url=https://www.watoday.com.au/national/western-australia/barnett-defies-coroners-tunnel-call-20130201-2dp7r.html |website=WAtoday |agency=Australian Associated Press |access-date=15 June 2025 |date=1 February 2013}}{{cite web |last1=Acott |first1=Kent |title=Fears for tunnel lane changes |url=https://thewest.com.au/news/australia/fears-for-tunnel-lane-changes-ng-ya-344113 |website=The West Australian |access-date=15 June 2025 |date=1 February 2013}} The third lane in the eastbound tunnel opened on 16 April 2013,{{cite web |title=Third lane opens in Northbridge Tunnel eastbound |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-04-16/third-lane-opens-in-northbridge-tunnel-eastbound/4631988 |website=ABC News |access-date=15 June 2025 |date=16 April 2013}} and in the westbound tunnel on 29 April 2013. A reduced speed limit was put in place for about a month to allow drivers to get used to the change.{{cite web |title=Westbound section of Northbridge tunnel opens |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-04-29/westbound-section-of-northbridge-tunnel-opens/4656754 |website=ABC News |access-date=15 June 2025 |date=29 April 2013}}{{cite press release |last1=Buswell |first1=Troy |title=New traffic lane open in Northbridge Tunnel |url=https://www.wa.gov.au/government/media-statements/Barnett%20Liberal%20National%20Government/New-traffic-lane-open-in-Northbridge-Tunnel--20130429 |publisher=Government of Western Australia |access-date=15 June 2025 |date=29 April 2013}} By 2014, the rate of crashes in the tunnel was roughly the same as before the extra lanes were added, despite the extra traffic.{{cite web |last1=Hickey |first1=Phil |title=Graham Farmer Tunnel extra lanes hailed a success after just three extra crashes recorded |url=https://www.perthnow.com.au/news/wa/graham-farmer-tunnel-extra-lanes-hailed-a-success-after-just-three-extra-crashes-recorded-ng-1f9cd0e231735dec50cfb5d04dd7ad28 |website=PerthNow |access-date=15 June 2025 |date=13 July 2014}} By 2016, over 110,000 vehicles travelled on the Graham Farmer Freeway per day.{{cite web |last1=Turner |first1=Rebecca |title=Perth's traffic hotspots: What roads and intersections are in need of upgrades? |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-10-07/perth-traffic-hotspots-that-need-fixing/7914496 |website=ABC News |access-date=16 June 2025 |date=7 October 2016}}

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{{reflist}}

• {{cite web |title=What We Thought Would Kill Us: Case Study 6: The Graham Farmer Freeway and Northbridge Tunnel |url=https://committeeforperth.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/What-We-Thought-Would-Kill-Us-6-Graham-Farmer-Freeway-2016.pdf |website=Committee for Perth |date=February 2016}}
• {{cite book |last1=Edmonds |first1=Leigh |author1-link=Leigh Edmonds |title=The Vital Link: The Transition Years: Main Roads Western Australia 1996–2006 |publisher=Main Roads Western Australia |isbn=0-7309-7692-0 |pages=34–38}}

• {{YouTube|Lioh3PjzAjI|25 years of Perth's Graham 'Polly' Farmer Freeway}}
• [https://www.cloughgroup.com/projects/graham-farmer-freeway Graham Farmer Freeway stage 1] on the Clough website
• [https://bgeeng.com/projects/graham-farmer-freeway-stage-2/ Graham Farmer Freeway stage 2] on the BG&E website

{{Road infrastructure in Perth}}

{{Road infrastructure in Western Australia}}

{{WA road routes

|route=State Route 8

|shield={{AUshield|S|8|size=x18px}}

|roads={{WA road routes/R|8}}

}}

Category:Highways and freeways in Perth, Western Australia

Category:Tunnels in Western Australia

Category:Tunnels completed in 2000

Category:Articles containing video clips

Category:Road tunnels in Australia