Grain#Cereal grains

In the grass family, a grain (narrowly defined) is a caryopsis,{{Cite book |last=Simpson |first=Michael G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yC4sDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA262&dq |title=Plant Systematics |date=2019-11-10 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0-12-812629-5 |page=262}} a fruit with its wall fused on to the single seed inside, belonging to a cereal such as wheat, maize, or rice. More broadly, in agronomy and commerce, seeds or fruits from other plant families are called grains if they resemble cereal caryopses. For example, amaranth is sold as "grain amaranth", and amaranth products may be described as "whole grains". The pre-Hispanic civilizations of the Andes had grain-based food systems, but at higher elevations none of the grains belonged the cereal family. All three grains native to the Andes (kaniwa, kiwicha, and quinoa) are broad-leaved plants rather than grasses.{{cite book |series=Office of International Affairs, National Academies of the |year=1989 |title=Lost Crops of the Incas: Little-Known Plants of the Andes with Promise for Worldwide Cultivation |publisher=National Academies Press |location=Washington D.C. |page=124 |doi=10.17226/1398 |isbn=978-0-309-04264-2 |url=http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=1398&page=124 }}

{{main|Cereal}}

Many different species of cereal are cultivated for their grains.{{cite journal |last=McKevith |first=Brigid |title=Nutritional aspects of cereals |journal=Nutrition Bulletin |volume=29 |issue=2 |year=2004 |pages=111–142 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-3010.2004.00418.x |url=https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=d0c5cc48e8512127d6cff1b46bade4d0f823dc68|url-access=subscription }}

File:Wheat-kernel nutrition.png|A wheat kernel, its composition and the nutritional values of its parts.

File:Dinrêyes.jpg|Cereal grain seeds clockwise from top-left: wheat, spelt, oat, barley

File:Gerstenkorrels Hordeum vulgare.jpg|Barley

File:Secale cereale (roggekorrels).jpg|Rye

File:Rice grains (IRRI).jpg|Rice grains by the IRRI

• fonio
• maize (corn)
• millets (of multiple species)
• sorghum

• barley
• oats
• rice
• rye
• spelt
• teff
• triticale
• wheat
• wild rice

{{main|Pseudocereal}}

{{see also|Ancient grains}}

File:Fagopyrum гречка.jpg]]

Starchy grains from broadleaf (dicot) plant families are cultivated as nutritious alternatives to cereals. The three major pseudocereal grains are:{{cite journal |last1=Thakur |first1=Priyanka |last2=Kumar |first2=Krishan |title=Nutritional importance and processing aspects of pseudo-cereals |journal=Journal of Agricultural Engineering and Food Technology |volume=6 |issue=2 |year=2019 |pages=155–160 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332383981}}

• amaranth (Amaranth family) also called kiwicha
• buckwheat (Smartweed family)
• quinoa (Amaranth family, formerly classified as Goosefoot family)

File:Lens culinaris seeds.jpg is a pulse or grain legume.]]

Pulses or grain legumes,{{cite book |last1=Turner |first1=Neil C. |last2=Wright |first2=Graeme C. |last3=Siddique |first3=K.H.M. |title=Advances in Agronomy |chapter=Adaptation of grain legumes (pulses) to water-limited environments |publisher=Elsevier |volume=71 |date=2001 |isbn=978-0-12-000770-7 |doi=10.1016/s0065-2113(01)71015-2 |pages=193–231}} members of the pea family, have a higher protein content than most other plant foods, at around 20%, while soybeans have as much as 35%. As is the case with all other whole plant foods, pulses also contain carbohydrates and fat. Common pulses include:

• chickpeas
• common beans
• common peas (garden peas)
• fava beans
• lentils
• lima beans
• lupins
• mung beans
• peanuts
• pigeon peas
• runner beans
• soybeans

Oilseed grains{{cite journal |last1=Shim |first1=Youn Young |display-authors=etal |title=Food and fuel from Canadian oilseed grains: Biorefinery production may optimize both resources |journal=European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology |volume=119 |issue=9 |year=2017 |doi=10.1002/ejlt.201600358 |at=article 1600358}} are grown primarily for the extraction of their edible oil. Vegetable oils provide dietary energy and some essential fatty acids. They are also used as fuel and lubricants.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R3dTwe5X8Y0C&q=oilseeds+are+also+used+as+fuel+and+lubricants.&pg=PA536|title=World Oilseeds|last=Salunkhe|first=D. K.|date=1992-02-29|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-0442001124}}

File:Canola.jpg]]

• black mustard
• India mustard
• rapeseed (including canola)

File:Sunflowers seeds.jpgs]]

• safflower
• sunflower seed

• flax seed (Flax family)
• hemp seed (Hemp family)
• poppy seed (Poppy family)

Because grains are small, hard and dry, they can be stored, measured, and transported more readily than can other kinds of food crops such as fresh fruits, roots and tubers.{{Cite journal |date=1989 |title=Lost Crops of the Incas: Little-Known Plants of the Andes with Promise for Worldwide Cultivation |url=https://www.1066.co.nz/Mosaic%20DVD/stamford%20bridge/Food%20grain.htm |journal=Office of International Affairs, National Academies |pages=24}} The development of grain agriculture allowed excess food to be produced and stored easily which could have led to the creation of the first temporary settlements and the division of society into classes.{{cite journal|last=Wessel|first=T.|year=1984|title=The Agricultural Foundations of Civilization|journal=Journal of Agriculture and Human Values|volume=1|number=2|pages=9–12|doi=10.1007/BF01530609 }}

This assumption that grain agriculture led to early settlements and social stratification has been challenged by James Scott in his book Against the Grain.{{Cite book |title=Against the Grain: A Deep History of the Earliest States|first=James|last=Scott|authorlink=James C. Scott|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2017|isbn=9780300240214}} He argues that the transition from hunter-gatherer societies to settled agrarian communities was not a voluntary choice driven by the benefits of increased food production due to the long storage potential of grains, but rather that the shift towards settlements was a coerced transformation imposed by dominant members of a society seeking to expand control over labor and resources.

{{Excerpt|grain trade}}

Those who handle grain at grain facilities may encounter numerous occupational hazards and exposures. Risks include grain entrapment, where workers are submerged in the grain and unable to extricate themselves;{{cite web|url=http://extension.entm.purdue.edu/grainlab/content/pdf/QuestionFlowingGrainEntrap.pdf|title=Frequently Asked Questions About Flowing Grain Entrapment, Grain Rescue and Strategies, and Grain Entrapment Prevention Measures|date=April 2011|publisher=Agricultural Safety and Health Program, Purdue University|page=1|access-date=November 4, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217062124/http://extension.entm.purdue.edu/grainlab/content/pdf/QuestionFlowingGrainEntrap.pdf|archive-date=December 17, 2013|url-status=dead}} explosions caused by fine particles of grain dust,{{cite web|url=https://www.osha.gov/dts/shib/shib073105.html|title=Combustible Dust in Industry: Preventing and Mitigating the Effects of Fire and Explosions|last=Occupational Safety and Health Administration|author-link=Occupational Safety and Health Administration|publisher=United States Department of Labor|work=Safety and Health Information Bulletin|access-date=29 October 2013}} and falls.

{{div col|colwidth=30em}}

• Domestication
• Grain drying
• List of dried foods
• Mycoestrogen
• Perennial grain
• Staple foods
• Vegetable fats and oils
• Gluten

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{{Reflist|refs=

{{cite book | last=Lean | first=M.E.J. | title=Fox and Cameron's Food Science, Nutrition & Health, 7th Edition | publisher=CRC Press | year=2006 | isbn=978-1-4441-1337-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eGjNBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA49 | page=49}}}}

{{Commons category|Grain}}

{{Wiktionary}}

{{Wikisource}}

{{Veganism and vegetarianism}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Grain}}

Category:Edible nuts and seeds

Category:Crops

Category:Staple foods

Category:Food ingredients

Category:Types of food