Grains of Selim
{{short description|Spice similar to black pepper}}
{{For|other spices sometimes called "Guinea pepper"|Guinea pepper}}
{{No footnotes|date=February 2023}}
Grains of Selim are the seeds of a shrubby tree, Xylopia aethiopica, found in Africa. The seeds have a musky flavor and are used as a spice in a manner similar to black pepper, and as a flavouring agent that defines {{lang|fr|café Touba}}, the dominant style of coffee in Senegal. It is also known as Senegal pepper, Ethiopian pepper, and (historically) Moor pepper and Negro pepper. It also has many names in native languages of Africa, the most common of which is {{lang|wo|diarr}} in the Wolof language (this is the name used on most packages of {{lang|fr|café Touba}}). It is called 'Etso' in the Ewe language of Ghana and Togo. It is sometimes referred to as African pepper or Guinea pepper, but these are ambiguous terms that may refer to Ashanti pepper and grains of paradise, among others.
Description
As a spice, the whole fruit (pod) is used, as the hull of the fruit lends an aromatic note (with the taste being described as an admixture of cubeb pepper and nutmeg with overtones of resin) whilst the seeds lend pungency (they are also quite bitter). Typically the dried fruit is lightly crushed before being tied in a bouquet garni and added to West African soups (stews). In Senegal, the spice is often sold smoked in markets as {{lang|fr|poivre de Sénégal}} (French for 'Senegal pepper'); the whole green fruit is smoked, giving the spice a sticky consistency, and when pounded in a pestle and mortar it makes a spice paste. These, however, tend to be the larger pods of the related species Xylopia striata.
Use in regional cuisines
The pods are crushed and added whole to soups or stews, then removed before serving the food. Paste from smoked and ground pods can be used as a spice rub for fish.
In African cookbooks, especially those from Cameroon, the spice is referred to by the name {{lang|wes|kieng}} - a word of unknown etymology. In northern Cameroon as well as Northern Nigeria, it is one of three spices added to tea, along with dried ginger and cloves.
The Akan of Ghana call it {{lang|ak|hwentia}} or {{lang|ak|hwentea}}, the Ewes of Ghana call it {{lang|ee|Etso}}, while the Ga of Ghana call it {{lang|gaa|so}}. The Ga use it in preparing {{lang|gaa|shito}}, a black, spicy pepper sauce. It is also used in soups and beverages, for example {{lang|gaa|shitodaa}}, a beverage of the Ga. The Ewes use it in soups, porridges and beverages including bisap. Dagbombas in northern Ghana call it {{lang|dag|chimba}}, and it is mainly used in {{lang|dag|spicing coco}} (millet, sorghum, or maize porridge). It is also sometimes used in soups and stews. Other regional names include kimba and kili.
In Senegal, The grains are a key ingredient in Touba-style coffee (called {{lang|fr|café Touba}} in French). Near the end of the roasting phase of making the coffee, grains of Selim, known in Wolof as {{lang|wo|djar}}, are added while the heat is still on. Roasting continues for approximately five more minutes; during this time the sneeze-producing scent of pepper becomes easily discernible.
See also
References
{{refbegin}}
- Davidson, Alan; The Oxford Companion to Food, Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-211579-0}}
- Katzer, Gernot; [http://gernot-katzers-spice-pages.com/engl/Xylo_aet.html "Xylopia aethiopica"], Spice Pages (accessed December 4, 2012)
- {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20070927002641/http://www.celtnet.org.uk/recipes/spice-entry.php?term=Senegal%20Pepper "Senegal Pepper"]}}, Spice Guide, CeltNet (accessed July 19, 2007)
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{{Herbs & spices}}
{{African cuisine}}