Grape seed extract
{{Short description|Industrial derivative of grape seeds}}
{{Distinguish|grapefruit seed extract}}
Grape seed extract is an industrial derivative of whole grape seeds. The extract (GSPE) contains proanthocyanidins. Grape seed extract quality is measured by the content of procyanidins which are formed from proanthocyanidins.{{cite journal |last1=Rue |first1=Emily A. |last2=Rush |first2=Michael D. |last3=van Breemen |first3=Richard B. |title=Procyanidins: a comprehensive review encompassing structure elucidation via mass spectrometry |journal=Phytochemistry Reviews |date=9 May 2017 |volume=17 |issue=1 |pages=1–16 |doi=10.1007/s11101-017-9507-3|pmid=29651231 |pmc=5891158 }} Generally, grape seed extract quality contains 95% procyanidins, but potency varies among products.{{cite journal |last1=Wanwimolruk |first1=S |last2=Phopin |first2=K |last3=Prachayasittikul |first3=V |title=Cytochrome P450 enzyme mediated herbal drug interactions (Part 2). |journal=EXCLI Journal |date=2014 |volume=13 |pages=869–96 |pmid=26417310|pmc=4464477}} Eating foods or beverages high in procyanidin results in an astringent sensation in the mouth.{{cite journal |title=Interaction of astringent grape seed procyanidins with oral epithelial cells |journal=Food Chemistry |date=15 July 2009 |volume=115 |issue=2 |pages=551–557 |doi=10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.12.061 |language=en |issn=0308-8146|last1=Payne |first1=Caroline |last2=Bowyer |first2=Paul K. |last3=Herderich |first3=Markus |last4=Bastian |first4=Susan E.P. }}
Extraction method
The properties of grape seed extract depend on the extraction process used to obtain it and how the grapes were grown. The classic method incorporates extraction with organic solvents such as acetone, acetonitrile, ethyl acetate, and methanol.{{cite journal | last1=Zhu | first1=Lei | last2=Zhang | first2=Yali | last3=Lu | first3=Jiang | title=Phenolic Contents and Compositions in Skins of Red Wine Grape Cultivars among Various Genetic Backgrounds and Originations | journal=International Journal of Molecular Sciences | volume=13 | issue=3 | date=14 March 2012 | issn=1422-0067 | pmid=22489164 | pmc=3317724 | doi=10.3390/ijms13033492 | pages=3492–3510| doi-access=free }} Other methods using hot water have been used, but they are not as effective at maximizing extract production in both quantity and efficiency. High performance liquid chromatography seems to be the most effective analysis along with proton NMR spectroscopy with principal component analysis to ensure accurate composition.
Supplement use and research
Grape seed extract is sold as a dietary supplement.{{cite web |title=Grape Seed Extract |url=https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/grape-seed-extract |publisher=National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, US National Institutes of Health |access-date=24 March 2025|date=February 2025 |language=en}} Oral administration of grape seed extract (dose and frequency unreported) was well tolerated in people over 14 weeks. Side effects may include itchy scalp, dizziness, headache, and nausea.
A 2019 meta-analysis suggested that grape seed extract might help to lower concentrations of LDL cholesterol, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and the inflammatory marker, C-reactive protein. However, each of the studies was small in size, possibly affecting interpretation of the analysis.
A 2016 meta-analysis concluded that grape seed extract, in a dose of under 800 milligrams per day over at least 8 weeks, might help to reduce systolic and diastolic blood pressure.{{cite journal |vauthors=Zhang H, Liu S, Li L, Liu S, Liu S, Mi J, Tian G |title=The impact of grape seed extract treatment on blood pressure changes: A meta-analysis of 16 randomized controlled trials |journal=Medicine (Baltimore) |volume=95 |issue=33 |pages=e4247 |year=2016 |pmid=27537554 |pmc=5370781 |doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000004247 }} People with metabolic syndrome had a more significant outcome (average of a 8½ mmHg decrease in systolic blood pressure) than in healthy subjects. The authors concluded that heterogeneity in the study designs and small sample sizes involved in the meta-analysis introduced uncertainty in the results, and that larger-scale, long-term, multiple-dose studies in people with high blood pressure were warranted.
Cancer
Grape seed extract has been incorrectly described as a cancer cure on social media websites.{{Cite web|author=Wade, Natalie|date=2022|title=Facebook posts falsely tout grape seeds as proven cancer cure|url=https://factcheck.afp.com/doc.afp.com.9XU9LW|website=AFP Fact Check|language=en-GB|archive-date=June 27, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627090456/https://factcheck.afp.com/doc.afp.com.9XU9LW|url-status=live}} There is no clinical evidence that grape seed extract is effective to treat cancer.{{Cite web|date=2024|title=Does a diet rich in grapes prevent and treat cancer?|url=https://www.cancer.org.au/iheard/does-a-diet-rich-in-grapes-prevent-and-treat-cancer|website=Cancer Council Australia|language=en-GB|archive-date=May 29, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529212019/https://www.cancer.org.au/iheard/does-a-diet-rich-in-grapes-prevent-and-treat-cancer|url-status=live}} In 2017, the Food and Drug Administration listed grape seed extract as a fake cancer cure that consumers should avoid.{{Cite web|date=2017|title=187 Fake Cancer "Cures" Consumers Should Avoid|url=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/guidancecomplianceregulatoryinformation/enforcementactivitiesbyfda/ucm171057.htm|website=Food and Drug Administration|language=en-GB|archive-date=May 2, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170502034227/https://www.fda.gov/drugs/guidancecomplianceregulatoryinformation/enforcementactivitiesbyfda/ucm171057.htm
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References
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{{Unproven and disproven cancer treatments}}
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